28:. It can be used to estimate the total health effects of a process or accidental release involving ionizing radiation to an exposed population. The total collective dose is the dose to the exposed human population between the time of release until its elimination from the environment, perhaps integrating to time equals infinity. However, doses are generally reported for specific populations and a stated time interval. The
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assumptions implicit in the calculation of collective effective dose (e.g., when applying the LNT model) conceal large biological and statistical uncertainties. Specifically, the computation of cancer deaths based on collective effective doses involving trivial exposures to large populations is not reasonable and should be avoided.
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The ICRP states; "Collective effective dose is an instrument for optimisation, for comparing radiological technologies and protection procedures. Collective effective dose is not intended as a tool for epidemiological studies, and it is inappropriate to use it in risk projections. This is because the
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This is analogous to observing that if a person takes 100 aspirins at one time there will be a single death, and then asserting that the same single death will occur on average as a result of 100 persons each taking one aspirin—in other words, it is like claiming that no matter how the 100
71:. For example, it is impossible to be sure of future population sizes and habits (e.g. diet and agricultural practices). Also the effects of a given radiation dose in the future may be greater (longer life expectancies) or less (improvements in cancer treatment) than for current exposures.
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Both LNT and the concept of "collective dose" are criticized as speculative, lacking empirical evidence and based on unproved assumption that radiation "effect is cumulative over one’s lifetime, regardless of how low the rate of delivery of that dose (dose rate)".
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person-aspirins is distributed, the resulting number of deaths will be the same on average. Since we know that a single aspirin will not, in general, produce a single death even in 100 people, there must be something wrong with the expectation.
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tests in isolated areas often resulted in doses of less than 1 mSv to any individual. All the thousands of atmospheric tests that occurred in the 20th century together now cause a 30,000 man-Sv collective dose each year from
253:"Epidemiology Without Biology: False Paradigms, Unfounded Assumptions, and Specious Statistics in Radiation Science (with Commentaries by Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake and Christopher Busby and a Reply by the Authors)"
32:(ICRP) states: "To avoid aggregation of low individual doses over extended time periods and wide geographical regions the range in effective dose and the time period should be limited and specified.
78:) it is necessary to make assumptions about the habits and population sizes of future generations, and sometimes it is assumed that population sizes and behaviour remain the same for all time.
48:(LNT) for health effects. Particularly the collective dose will not give a good indication of health consequences where the doses to some individuals are large enough to cause to
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The methodology for assessing the radiological consequences of routine releases of radionuclides to the environment used in PC-CREAM 08
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can expose future generations to ionizing radiation and the calculation of the collective dose from such releases will contain
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310:. Didcot: Health Protection Agency. p. 10.
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759:List of civilian radiation accidents
728:Wireless device radiation and health
723:Biological dose units and quantities
673:Electromagnetic radiation and health
304:Smith JG (2009). Simmonds JR (ed.).
224:Smith JG (2009). Simmonds JR (ed.).
157:Committed effective dose equivalent
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764:1996 Costa Rica accident
425:Acoustic radiation force
206:Valentin J, ed. (2007).
738:Radiation heat-transfer
591:Gravitational radiation
779:1990 Zaragoza accident
774:1984 Moroccan accident
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769:1987 Goiânia accident
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184:References
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795:Half-life
668:Dosimetry
503:Gamma ray
450:Microwave
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