89:
176:
4081:
191:, a physical dose quantity that is dependent on the level of incident radiation and the absorption properties of the irradiated object. Absorbed dose is a physical quantity, and is not a satisfactory indicator of biological effect, so to allow consideration of the stochastic radiological risk, the dose quantities equivalent dose and effective dose were devised by the
114:
are known. A radiation field irradiating only a portion of the body will carry lower risk than if the same field irradiated the whole body. To take this into account, the effective doses to the component parts of the body which have been irradiated are calculated and summed. This becomes the effective dose for the whole body, dose quantity
75:
The concept of effective dose was developed by
Wolfgang Jacobi and published in 1975, and was so convincing that the ICRP incorporated it into their 1977 general recommendations (publication 26) as "effective dose equivalent". The name "effective dose" replaced the name "effective dose equivalent" in
113:
does not consider the tissue irradiated, but only the radiation type. Various body tissues react to ionising radiation in different ways, so the ICRP has assigned sensitivity factors to specified tissues and organs so that the effect of partial irradiation can be calculated if the irradiated regions
1690:
This included a proposal to discontinue use of equivalent dose as a separate protection quantity. This would avoid confusion between equivalent dose, effective dose and dose equivalent, and to use absorbed dose in Gy as a more appropriate quantity for limiting deterministic effects to the eye lens,
96:
According to the ICRP, the main uses of effective dose are the prospective dose assessment for planning and optimisation in radiological protection, and demonstration of compliance with dose limits for regulatory purposes. The effective dose is thus a central dose quantity for regulatory purposes.
263:
Some tissues like bone marrow are particularly sensitive to radiation, so they are given a weighting factor that is disproportionately large relative to the fraction of body mass they represent. Other tissues like the hard bone surface are particularly insensitive to radiation and are assigned a
1673:
The concept of effective dose was introduced in 1975 by
Wolfgang Jacobi (1928–2015) in his publication "The concept of an effective dose: a proposal for the combination of organ doses". It was quickly included in 1977 as “effective dose equivalent” into Publication 26 by the ICRP. In 1991, ICRP
243:
The sum of effective doses to all organs and tissues of the body represents the effective dose for the whole body. If only part of the body is irradiated, then only those regions are used to calculate the effective dose. The tissue weighting factors summate to 1.0, so that if an entire body is
871:
53:. It takes into account the type of radiation and the nature of each organ or tissue being irradiated, and enables summation of organ doses due to varying levels and types of radiation, both internal and external, to produce an overall calculated effective dose.
100:
The ICRP also says that effective dose has made a significant contribution to radiological protection as it has enabled doses to be summed from whole and partial body exposure from external radiation of various types and from intakes of radionuclides.
679:
1191:
The ICRP tissue weighting factors are chosen to represent the fraction of health risk, or biological effect, which is attributable to the specific tissue named. These weighting factors have been revised twice, as shown in the chart above.
123:
An effective dose will carry the same effective risk to the whole body regardless of where it was applied, and it will carry the same effective risk as the same amount of equivalent dose applied uniformly to the whole body.
691:
1627:
defines its usage of the term effective dose; "Any reference to an effective dose means the sum of the effective dose to the whole body from external radiation and the committed effective dose from internal radiation."
2588:
1686:
At the ICRP 3rd
International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection in October 2015, ICRP Task Group 79 reported on the "Use of Effective Dose as a Risk-related Radiological Protection Quantity".
1674:
publication 60 shortened the name to "effective dose." This quantity is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "dose equivalent" because of the earlier name, and that misnomer in turn causes confusion with
1229:
2568:
192:
1694:
It was also proposed that effective dose could be used as a rough indicator of possible risk from medical examinations. These proposals will need to go through the following stages:
1031:
2573:
23:
1141:
1092:
559:
260:
The ICRP tissue weighting factors are given in the accompanying table, and the equations used to calculate from either absorbed dose or equivalent dose are also given.
1215:
989:
960:
926:
2578:
2295:
3755:
3439:
3088:
2454:
1361:
1185:
1163:
897:
3569:
3581:
3073:
3909:
2104:"Image Quality and Radiation Dose of Lower Extremity CT Angiography Using 70 kVp, High Pitch Acquisition and Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction"
1651:
In the US, cumulative equivalent dose due to external whole-body exposure is normally reported to nuclear energy workers in regular dosimetry reports.
3181:
866:{\displaystyle E=\sum _{T}W_{T}\sum _{R}W_{R}\cdot {\frac {\displaystyle \int _{T}D_{R}(x,y,z)\rho (x,y,z)dV}{\displaystyle \int _{T}\rho (x,y,z)dV}}}
4017:
244:
radiated with uniformly penetrating external radiation, the effective dose for the entire body is equal to the equivalent dose for the entire body.
167:
is the integration time in years following the intake. The commitment period is taken to be 50 years for adults, and to age 70 years for children.
3547:
3042:
3552:
2619:
2024:
1957:
1941:
1925:
3068:
3037:
2982:
1624:
1222:
3393:
2701:
2583:
2102:
Zhang, Zhuoli; Qi, Li; Meinel, Felix G.; Zhou, Chang Sheng; Zhao, Yan E.; Schoepf, U. Joseph; Zhang, Long Jiang; Lu, Guang Ming (2014).
1752:
3945:
3824:
3564:
3473:
3017:
2563:
2288:
2251:
4130:
3403:
2229:"Use of Effective Dose", John Harrison. 3rd International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection, October 2015, Seoul.
3388:
3383:
3266:
3083:
1525:
225:
received in irradiated body tissues, and the result is further corrected for the tissues or organs being irradiated using factor
3468:
3451:
2604:
1727:
1645:
1259:
2243:
3829:
3676:
3576:
3559:
2386:
1199:
still uses the ICRP's 1977 tissue weighting factors in their regulations, despite the ICRP's later revised recommendations.
4135:
3955:
3809:
3408:
3283:
3275:
3174:
3149:
2669:
2614:
2609:
2281:
1637:
1438:
1425:
1196:
152:
is the sum of the products of the committed organ or tissue equivalent doses and the appropriate tissue weighting factors
4120:
4066:
4000:
3932:
3922:
3900:
3671:
3639:
3270:
3730:
3698:
3681:
2905:
3804:
3539:
3279:
3137:
2992:
2965:
2657:
4045:
3713:
3703:
3022:
2875:
2343:
1747:
1578:
Ionizing radiation is generally harmful and potentially lethal to living things but can have health benefits in
4115:
4110:
4084:
4035:
3814:
3693:
3666:
3427:
3212:
3167:
2960:
2734:
2653:
2640:
2635:
1985:
1648:(TEDE) is the sum of external effective dose with internal committed dose; in other words all sources of dose.
1599:
1587:
1485:
1456:
1345:
109:
The calculation of effective dose is required for partial or non-uniform irradiation of the human body because
46:
2870:
60:(Sv) which represents a 5.5% chance of developing cancer. The effective dose is not intended as a measure of
3983:
3819:
3760:
3745:
3634:
3456:
3432:
2900:
2694:
2431:
1877:
1332:
187:
Ionizing radiation deposits energy in the matter being irradiated. The quantity used to express this is the
996:
4040:
3854:
3723:
3654:
3461:
3141:
3052:
2726:
2661:
2558:
2491:
76:
1991. Since 1977 it has been the central quantity for dose limitation in the ICRP international system of
4125:
3718:
3649:
3515:
3398:
3317:
3224:
3145:
2880:
2665:
2474:
1412:
4061:
3750:
3688:
3510:
3002:
2890:
2847:
2797:
2486:
2479:
2318:
2304:
2115:
1903:
1732:
1655:
1252:
77:
27:
4007:
3885:
3708:
3444:
3119:
3078:
2997:
2910:
2501:
2411:
1399:
674:{\displaystyle E=\sum _{T}W_{T}\cdot H_{T}=\sum _{T}W_{T}\sum _{R}W_{R}\cdot {\overline {D}}_{T,R}}
136:
which is the internal dose resulting from inhaling, ingesting, or injecting radioactive materials.
2271: – an account of chronological differences between USA and ICRP dosimetry systems
2178:
Jacobi W (1975). "The concept of effective dose - A proposal for the combination of organ doses".
1963:
1891:
1105:
1049:
120:. It is a "protection" dose quantity which can be calculated, but cannot be measured in practice.
4105:
3995:
3844:
3839:
3740:
3623:
3478:
3229:
3114:
2935:
2915:
2895:
2779:
2687:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2203:
1512:
50:
3834:
3799:
3794:
3735:
3483:
3332:
3007:
2885:
2822:
2787:
2391:
2195:
2151:
2133:
2084:
2066:
2020:
1953:
1921:
1822:
Journal of
Radiological protection Vol.35 No.3 2015. "Obituary - Wolfgang Jacobi 1928 - 2015."
1737:
1591:
1579:
3772:
3661:
3520:
3292:
3244:
3012:
2532:
2527:
2187:
2141:
2123:
2074:
2058:
1911:
1451:
1316:
2015:
967:
938:
904:
88:
3870:
3322:
3288:
3261:
3256:
3190:
3124:
3109:
2925:
2837:
2827:
2426:
2401:
1742:
1722:
1675:
1603:
1595:
492:
331:
110:
34:
2119:
1907:
175:
4012:
2972:
2930:
2920:
2842:
2832:
2802:
2517:
2464:
2381:
2328:
2146:
2103:
2079:
2046:
1583:
1499:
1480:
1170:
1148:
882:
133:
4099:
3644:
3613:
3601:
3596:
3354:
3249:
3047:
2807:
2792:
2371:
1942:"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection"
1916:
1717:
1386:
1276:
188:
69:
2207:
4027:
3880:
3875:
3782:
3606:
3591:
3525:
3027:
2987:
2852:
2496:
2416:
2353:
2256:
1607:
1573:
68:
of acute tissue damage that is certain to happen, that is measured by the quantity
2679:
2128:
1892:"1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection"
3950:
3505:
3337:
3327:
3307:
3297:
3239:
3234:
3203:
2769:
2537:
2469:
2406:
1553:
315:
3586:
3349:
3344:
3312:
2817:
2764:
2421:
1678:. The tissue weighting factors were revised in 1990 and 2007 due to new data.
427:
38:
2137:
2070:
3913:
3849:
3302:
3104:
2977:
2812:
2759:
2749:
2710:
2459:
2376:
2323:
2062:
195:(ICRU) and the ICRP to calculate the biological effect of an absorbed dose.
2155:
2088:
1594:
of years or decades after exposure. High doses can cause visually dramatic
2199:
3936:
2754:
2739:
2522:
37:
in all specified tissues and organs of the human body and represents the
3965:
3368:
3032:
2553:
2436:
2273:
2191:
1292:
443:
395:
363:
57:
3960:
1644:
to refer to a similar quantity to the ICRP effective dose. The NRC's
1539:
379:
298:
92:
External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry
3987:
3198:
3159:
2857:
2744:
508:
411:
2045:
Brisbane, Wayne; Bailey, Michael R.; Sorensen, Mathew D. (2016).
1770:
1768:
475:
459:
347:
198:
To obtain an effective dose, the calculated absorbed organ dose
3163:
2683:
2277:
179:
Graphic showing relationships of protection dose quantities in
193:
International
Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
216:
to give a weighted average of the equivalent dose quantity
180:
16:
Probability of ill health effects from ionizing radiation
1664:, (SDE) which is actually the effective dose to the skin
1640:
has retained in the US regulation system the older term
991:
is the radiation weighting factor defined by regulation
207:
is first corrected for the radiation type using factor
1658:, (DDE) which is properly a whole-body equivalent dose
1173:
1151:
1108:
1052:
999:
970:
941:
907:
885:
819:
746:
694:
562:
962:
is the tissue weighting factor defined by regulation
4054:
4026:
3982:
3931:
3908:
3898:
3863:
3780:
3771:
3622:
3538:
3498:
3417:
3376:
3367:
3211:
3197:
3097:
3061:
2948:
2778:
2725:
2718:
2628:
2597:
2546:
2510:
2445:
2362:
2311:
2244:"The Confusing World of Radiation Dosimetry - 9444"
24:
International
Commission on Radiological Protection
2011:Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is:
1179:
1157:
1135:
1086:
1025:
983:
954:
920:
891:
865:
673:
1704:Reconsideration by Committees and Main Commission
2047:"An overview of kidney stone imaging techniques"
1831:ICRP publication 103 executive summary para 101
1305:CT of the chest, lung cancer screening protocol
3175:
2695:
2289:
1840:ICRP publication 103 executive summary para j
1223:
1033:is the mass-averaged absorbed dose in tissue
8:
1858:ICRP publication 103, para 22 & glossary
899:is the effective dose to the entire organism
41:health risk to the whole body, which is the
2455:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring
2168:The UK Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999
1374:CT of abdomen and pelvis, low dose protocol
3905:
3787:
3777:
3373:
3217:
3208:
3182:
3168:
3160:
2722:
2702:
2688:
2680:
2296:
2282:
2274:
1818:
1816:
1230:
1216:
928:is the equivalent dose absorbed by tissue
2145:
2127:
2078:
1915:
1385:CT of abdomen and pelvis, with + without
1172:
1150:
1107:
1094:is the absorbed dose from radiation type
1057:
1051:
1011:
1001:
998:
975:
969:
946:
940:
912:
906:
884:
824:
761:
751:
744:
735:
725:
715:
705:
693:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
609:
596:
583:
573:
561:
234:, to produce the effective dose quantity
4018:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
1990:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009
1206:
1143:is the density as a function of location
268:Weighting factors for different tissues
266:
264:disproportionally low weighting factor.
174:
87:
2007:
2005:
1764:
3043:Wireless electronic devices and health
2016:"Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams"
1880:page 40, table A1, retrieved 2011-7-20
1792:ICRP publication 103, para 104 and 105
1211:Effective dose by medical imaging type
553:Calculating from the equivalent dose:
56:The SI unit for effective dose is the
49:and genetic effects, of low levels of
2620:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
2025:Radiological Society of North America
1026:{\displaystyle {\overline {D}}_{T,R}}
132:Effective dose can be calculated for
33:It is the tissue-weighted sum of the
7:
3069:List of civilian radiation accidents
3038:Wireless device radiation and health
3033:Biological dose units and quantities
2983:Electromagnetic radiation and health
1625:Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999
685:Calculating from the absorbed dose:
1753:Committed effective dose equivalent
3825:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
3018:Radioactivity in the life sciences
2252:US Environmental Protection Agency
2220:ICRP publication 103 paragraph 101
1187:is the tissue or organ of interest
14:
1698:Discussion within ICRP Committees
4080:
4079:
2057:(11). Springer Nature: 654–662.
1867:ICRP publication 103 - Glossary.
1810:ICRP report 103 para 104 and 105
1701:Revision of report by Task Group
1602:. Controlled doses are used for
1598:, and/or rapid fatality through
1586:. Its most common impact is the
1582:for the treatment of cancer and
3582:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1728:Total effective dose equivalent
1646:total effective dose equivalent
248:Use of tissue weighting factor
3830:Radioactive iodine uptake test
2387:Computed tomography dose index
1783:ICRP publication 103, glossary
1774:ICRP publication, 103 para 103
1130:
1112:
1081:
1063:
851:
833:
809:
791:
785:
767:
1:
3810:Radionuclide ventriculography
3284:Lower gastrointestinal series
3276:Upper gastrointestinal series
1849:ICRP publication 103 para 101
1638:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1439:Lower gastrointestinal series
1426:Upper gastrointestinal series
1197:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
171:Calculation of effective dose
64:health effects, which is the
4001:Optical coherence tomography
3923:Myocardial perfusion imaging
3511:Dental panoramic radiography
2129:10.1371/journal.pone.0099112
1917:10.1016/0146-6453(91)90066-P
1682:Future use of Effective Dose
1632:US effective dose equivalent
1136:{\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)}
1087:{\displaystyle D_{R}(x,y,z)}
1006:
654:
2906:Cosmic background radiation
139:The dose quantity used is:
4152:
3805:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3280:Small-bowel follow-through
3135:
2993:Lasers and aviation safety
2651:
1571:
22:is a dose quantity in the
4075:
4046:Dynamic angiothermography
3790:
3714:Abdominal ultrasonography
3220:
3133:
3023:Radioactive contamination
2876:Electromagnetic radiation
2866:
2649:
2344:Radioactive contamination
1748:Committed dose equivalent
1642:effective dose equivalent
1552:
1538:
1524:
1511:
1479:
1450:
1357:
1328:
1288:
1258:
1209:
1100:as a function of location
276:Tissue weighting factors
275:
272:
143:Committed effective dose,
4131:Radiation health effects
4036:Non-contact thermography
3815:Radionuclide angiography
3667:Doppler echocardiography
3136:See also the categories
3074:1996 Costa Rica accident
2735:Acoustic radiation force
2652:See also the categories
2641:Radiation-induced cancer
2636:Acute radiation syndrome
2180:Radiat. Environ. Biophys
1948:. ICRP publication 103.
1691:skin, hands & feet.
1600:acute radiation syndrome
1362:CT of abdomen and pelvis
1346:Coronary CT calcium scan
1248:Effective dose in adults
3820:Radioisotope renography
3048:Radiation heat-transfer
2901:Gravitational radiation
2063:10.1038/nrurol.2016.154
1898:. ICRP publication 60.
1662:shallow dose equivalent
1614:Regulatory nomenclature
1333:Coronary CT angiography
1203:By medical imaging type
128:Usage for internal dose
105:Usage for external dose
78:radiological protection
28:radiological protection
3855:Gastric emptying study
3089:1990 Zaragoza accident
3084:1984 Moroccan accident
3053:Linear energy transfer
2727:Non-ionizing radiation
2492:Semiconductor detector
2448:measurement techniques
2051:Nature Reviews Urology
1181:
1159:
1137:
1088:
1027:
985:
956:
922:
893:
867:
675:
184:
93:
3516:X-ray motion analysis
3399:X-ray microtomography
3318:Hysterosalpingography
3225:Pneumoencephalography
3079:1987 Goiânia accident
2881:Synchrotron radiation
2871:Earth's energy budget
2853:Radioactive materials
2848:Particle accelerators
2511:Protection techniques
2475:Scintillation counter
1413:Intravenous pyelogram
1182:
1160:
1138:
1089:
1028:
986:
984:{\displaystyle W_{R}}
957:
955:{\displaystyle W_{T}}
923:
921:{\displaystyle H_{T}}
894:
868:
676:
178:
91:
4136:Radiation protection
4041:Contact thermography
3751:Emergency ultrasound
3689:Transcranial Doppler
3440:Abdominal and pelvis
3150:Radiation protection
3003:Radiation protection
2891:Black-body radiation
2798:Background radiation
2713:(physics and health)
2670:Radiation protection
2487:Radiation monitoring
2480:Proportional counter
2365:quantities and units
2319:Background radiation
2305:Radiation protection
1890:Vennart, J. (1991).
1801:ICRP publication 103
1733:Deep-dose equivalent
1656:deep-dose equivalent
1253:background radiation
1171:
1149:
1106:
1050:
997:
968:
939:
905:
883:
692:
560:
4121:Physical quantities
4008:Confocal microscopy
3886:Indium-111 WBC scan
3709:Echoencephalography
3445:Virtual colonoscopy
3120:Radiation hardening
3062:Radiation incidents
2998:Medical radiography
2957:Radiation syndrome
2911:Cherenkov radiation
2502:Whole-body counting
2412:Mean glandular dose
2349:Radioactive sources
2120:2014PLoSO...999112Q
1966:on 16 November 2012
1908:1991JRP....11..199V
1707:Public Consultation
1588:induction of cancer
1507:5 weeks - 6 months
1251:Equivalent time of
269:
3996:Optical tomography
3845:Dacryoscintigraphy
3840:Immunoscintigraphy
3479:Whole body imaging
3230:Dental radiography
3115:Radioactive source
2936:Radiation exposure
2916:Askaryan radiation
2896:Particle radiation
2780:Ionizing radiation
2339:Internal dosimetry
2334:Ionizing radiation
2192:10.1007/BF01328971
2053:(Review article).
1946:Annals of the ICRP
1896:Annals of the ICRP
1486:X-ray of extremity
1195:The United States
1177:
1155:
1133:
1084:
1039:by radiation type
1023:
981:
952:
918:
889:
863:
860:
818:
730:
710:
671:
634:
614:
578:
267:
185:
94:
51:ionizing radiation
4093:
4092:
4055:Target conditions
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3894:
3893:
3835:Bone scintigraphy
3800:Scintimammography
3795:Cholescintigraphy
3640:contrast-enhanced
3534:
3533:
3494:
3493:
3484:Full-body CT scan
3384:General operation
3363:
3362:
3333:Angiocardiography
3157:
3156:
3138:Radiation effects
3008:Radiation therapy
2944:
2943:
2886:Thermal radiation
2823:Neutron radiation
2788:Radioactive decay
2677:
2676:
2658:Radiation effects
2629:Radiation effects
2392:Counts per minute
2021:RadiologyInfo.org
1959:978-0-7020-3048-2
1927:978-0-08-041144-6
1738:Dose area product
1580:radiation therapy
1565:
1564:
1180:{\displaystyle T}
1158:{\displaystyle V}
1009:
892:{\displaystyle E}
861:
721:
701:
657:
625:
605:
569:
551:
550:
524:Remainder of body
26:(ICRP) system of
4143:
4083:
4082:
3906:
3788:
3778:
3662:Echocardiography
3521:Hounsfield scale
3374:
3293:Cholecystography
3218:
3209:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3098:Related articles
3013:Radiation damage
2838:Nuclear reactors
2723:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2533:Radon mitigation
2528:Potassium iodide
2446:Instruments and
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2255:. Archived from
2248:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2131:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:. Archived from
1938:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1498:Lower extremity
1232:
1225:
1218:
1207:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1062:
1061:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1002:
990:
988:
987:
982:
980:
979:
961:
959:
958:
953:
951:
950:
933:
927:
925:
924:
919:
917:
916:
898:
896:
895:
890:
872:
870:
869:
864:
862:
829:
828:
766:
765:
756:
755:
745:
740:
739:
729:
720:
719:
709:
680:
678:
677:
672:
670:
669:
658:
650:
644:
643:
633:
624:
623:
613:
601:
600:
588:
587:
577:
270:
256:
239:
233:
224:
215:
206:
166:
160:
151:
119:
47:cancer induction
35:equivalent doses
4151:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4116:Medical imaging
4111:Medical physics
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4071:
4050:
4022:
3970:
3956:PET mammography
3927:
3890:
3876:Gallium-67 scan
3871:Octreotide scan
3859:
3767:
3618:
3530:
3490:
3413:
3394:High-resolution
3359:
3323:Skeletal survey
3289:Cholangiography
3202:
3193:
3191:Medical imaging
3188:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3129:
3125:Havana syndrome
3110:Nuclear physics
3093:
3057:
2950:
2940:
2926:Unruh radiation
2862:
2843:Nuclear weapons
2828:Nuclear fission
2774:
2714:
2708:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2654:Medical physics
2645:
2624:
2593:
2542:
2506:
2447:
2441:
2402:Equivalent dose
2364:
2358:
2307:
2302:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1743:Cumulative dose
1723:Collective dose
1714:
1684:
1676:equivalent dose
1671:
1634:
1621:
1616:
1604:medical imaging
1596:radiation burns
1576:
1570:
1469:CT of the spine
1400:CT Colonography
1293:CT of the chest
1275:With + without
1237:
1236:
1205:
1169:
1168:
1147:
1146:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1000:
995:
994:
971:
966:
965:
942:
937:
936:
929:
908:
903:
902:
881:
880:
820:
757:
747:
731:
711:
690:
689:
648:
635:
615:
592:
579:
558:
557:
493:Salivary glands
292:
287:
282:
258:
255:
249:
235:
232:
226:
223:
217:
214:
208:
205:
199:
173:
162:
159:
153:
145:
130:
115:
111:equivalent dose
107:
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4013:Endomicroscopy
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3992:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3286:
3273:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Health physics
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:Dark radiation
2928:
2923:
2921:Bremsstrahlung
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Nuclear fusion
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Alpha particle
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Lead shielding
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Geiger counter
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Effective dose
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Committed dose
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Health physics
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2238:
2237:External links
2235:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2186:(2): 101–109.
2170:
2161:
2094:
2037:
2001:
1987:10 CFR 20.1003
1977:
1958:
1933:
1926:
1882:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1683:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1633:
1630:
1620:
1619:UK regulations
1617:
1615:
1612:
1584:thyrotoxicosis
1572:Main article:
1569:
1568:Health effects
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:(bone density)
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:CT angiography
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1260:CT of the head
1256:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1166:
1154:
1144:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
992:
978:
974:
963:
949:
945:
934:
915:
911:
900:
888:
874:
873:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
827:
823:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
764:
760:
754:
750:
743:
738:
734:
728:
724:
718:
714:
708:
704:
700:
697:
683:
682:
668:
665:
662:
656:
653:
647:
642:
638:
632:
628:
622:
618:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
591:
586:
582:
576:
572:
568:
565:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
295:
294:
289:
284:
278:
277:
274:
257:
253:
246:
230:
221:
212:
203:
172:
169:
157:
134:committed dose
129:
126:
106:
103:
85:
82:
20:Effective dose
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4148:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4086:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Ga-68-DOTATOC
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Intravascular
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3614:Synthetic MRI
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Electron beam
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3355:Orbital x-ray
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:Bronchography
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:Radioactivity
3139:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
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2899:
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2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
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2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Beta particle
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Cluster decay
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:Main articles
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:Radioactivity
2659:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:Organisations
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Absorbed dose
2370:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:Main articles
2310:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2262:on 2016-12-21
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:(6): e99112.
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:(2–4). 2007.
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:UNSCEAR-2008
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Radioactivity
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:latent period
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1504:0.3 - 1.6 mSv
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:radiocontrast
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:radiocontrast
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:Single series
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1242:Target organs
1241:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1174:
1167:
1152:
1145:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1003:
993:
976:
972:
964:
947:
943:
935:
932:
913:
909:
901:
886:
879:
878:
877:
857:
854:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
830:
825:
821:
815:
812:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
788:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
762:
758:
752:
748:
741:
736:
732:
726:
722:
716:
712:
706:
702:
698:
695:
688:
687:
686:
666:
663:
660:
651:
645:
640:
636:
630:
626:
620:
616:
610:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
584:
580:
574:
570:
566:
563:
556:
555:
554:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
322:
319:
317:
313:
312:
308:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
285:
280:
279:
271:
265:
261:
252:
247:
245:
241:
238:
229:
220:
211:
202:
196:
194:
190:
189:absorbed dose
182:
177:
170:
168:
165:
156:
149:
144:
140:
137:
135:
127:
125:
121:
118:
112:
104:
102:
98:
90:
83:
81:
79:
73:
71:
70:absorbed dose
67:
63:
62:deterministic
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
29:
25:
21:
4126:Radiobiology
4062:Acute stroke
4028:Thermography
3783:scintigraphy
3773:Radionuclide
3761:pre-hospital
3607:Tractography
3526:Radiodensity
3428:calcium scan
3389:Quantitative
3146:Radiobiology
3028:Radiobiology
2988:Laser safety
2666:Radiobiology
2497:Survey meter
2417:Monitor unit
2396:
2363:Measurement
2354:Radiobiology
2264:. Retrieved
2257:the original
2250:
2240:
2225:
2216:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2019:
1992:. Retrieved
1986:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1949:
1945:
1936:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1622:
1608:radiotherapy
1577:
1574:Radiobiology
1513:Dental X-ray
1194:
1190:
1096:
1041:
1035:
930:
875:
684:
552:
262:
259:
250:
242:
236:
227:
218:
209:
200:
197:
186:
163:
154:
147:
142:
141:
138:
131:
122:
116:
108:
99:
95:
74:
65:
61:
55:
42:
32:
19:
18:
3951:Cardiac PET
3724:renal tract
3699:Gynecologic
3631:Techniques
3602:restriction
3577:Angiography
3560:Neurography
3506:Fluoroscopy
3452:Angiography
3433:angiography
3377:Techniques:
3338:Aortography
3328:Angiography
3308:Cystography
3298:Mammography
3240:Myelography
3235:Sialography
3204:radiography
2770:Ultraviolet
2765:Radio waves
2538:Respirators
2470:Ion chamber
2242:M.A. Boyd.
1994:25 November
1554:Mammography
1542:combination
1481:Extremities
1457:Spine X-ray
1317:Chest X-ray
316:Bone Marrow
43:probability
4100:Categories
3864:Full body:
3650:endoscopic
3624:Ultrasound
3553:functional
3350:Lymphogram
3345:Venography
3313:Arthrogram
2951:and health
2949:Radiation
2818:Cosmic ray
2598:Regulation
2266:2014-05-26
2031:2017-10-23
1902:(1–3): 8.
1759:References
1284:16 months
428:Oesophagus
39:stochastic
4106:Radiology
4067:Pregnancy
3946:Brain PET
3914:gamma ray
3850:DMSA scan
3704:Obstetric
3597:diffusion
3592:Sequences
3570:perfusion
3462:Pulmonary
3409:Cone beam
3303:Pyelogram
3105:Half-life
2978:Dosimetry
2813:Gamma ray
2760:Microwave
2750:Starlight
2711:Radiation
2610:NRC (USA)
2559:HPS (USA)
2460:Dosimeter
2377:Becquerel
2324:Dosimetry
2138:1932-6203
2071:1759-4812
1531:0.001 mSv
1517:0.005 mSv
1490:0.001 mSv
1464:6 months
1358:Abdominal
1311:6 months
1270:8 months
1245:Exam type
1165:is volume
1110:ρ
1007:¯
831:ρ
822:∫
789:ρ
749:∫
742:⋅
723:∑
703:∑
655:¯
646:⋅
627:∑
607:∑
590:⋅
571:∑
4085:Category
3937:positron
3457:Coronary
2755:Sunlight
2740:Infrared
2615:ONR (UK)
2605:IRR (UK)
2584:SRP (UK)
2523:Glovebox
2427:Roentgen
2208:44791936
2156:24915439
2108:PLOS ONE
2089:27578040
1712:See also
1561:7 weeks
1548:8 years
1534:3 hours
1493:3 hours
1475:2 years
1446:3 years
1433:2 years
1407:2 years
1394:7 years
1369:3 years
1340:4 years
1324:10 days
1300:2 years
161:, where
66:severity
3984:Optical
3966:PET-MRI
3746:Carotid
3741:Scrotal
3635:doppler
3565:Cardiac
3474:Thyroid
3418:Targets
3369:CT scan
2966:chronic
2589:UNSCEAR
2554:Euratom
2437:Sievert
2200:1178826
2147:4051648
2116:Bibcode
2080:5443345
1904:Bibcode
1878:Annex A
1669:History
1636:The US
1623:The UK
1590:with a
1558:0.4 mSv
1461:1.5 mSv
1420:1 year
1380:1 year
1353:1 year
1321:0.1 mSv
1308:1.5 mSv
478:surface
444:Thyroid
396:Bladder
380:Breasts
364:Stomach
291:ICRP103
58:sievert
3961:PET-CT
3736:Breast
3731:Rectal
3655:duplex
3587:Breast
3424:Heart
3148:, and
2668:, and
2206:
2198:
2154:
2144:
2136:
2087:
2077:
2069:
1970:17 May
1956:
1924:
1545:25 mSv
1540:PET-CT
1520:1 day
1391:20 mSv
1366:10 mSv
1337:12 mSv
876:Where
299:Gonads
286:ICRP60
281:ICRP26
273:Organs
3988:Laser
3910:SPECT
3719:renal
3548:Brain
3499:Other
3199:X-ray
2961:acute
2858:X-ray
2745:Light
2260:(PDF)
2247:(PDF)
2204:S2CID
1472:6 mSv
1452:Spine
1443:8 mSv
1430:6 mSv
1417:3 mSv
1404:6 mSv
1377:3 mSv
1350:3 mSv
1329:Heart
1297:7 mSv
1289:Chest
1281:4 mSv
1267:2 mSv
547:1.00
538:Total
533:0.12
519:0.01
509:Brain
503:0.01
487:0.01
470:0.01
454:0.04
438:0.04
422:0.04
412:Liver
406:0.04
390:0.12
374:0.12
358:0.12
342:0.12
332:Colon
326:0.12
309:0.08
293:2007
183:units
3756:FAST
3469:Head
2579:IRPA
2574:ICRP
2569:ICRU
2564:IAEA
2407:Gray
2196:PMID
2152:PMID
2134:ISSN
2085:PMID
2067:ISSN
1996:2012
1972:2012
1954:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1606:and
1526:DEXA
544:1.00
541:1.00
530:0.05
527:0.30
484:0.01
481:0.03
476:Bone
467:0.01
460:Skin
451:0.05
448:0.03
435:0.05
419:0.05
403:0.05
387:0.05
384:0.15
371:0.12
355:0.12
352:0.12
348:Lung
339:0.12
323:0.12
320:0.12
314:Red
306:0.20
303:0.25
288:1990
283:1977
84:Uses
3933:PET
3901:ECT
3899:3D/
3781:2D/
3682:ICE
3677:TEE
3672:TTE
3540:MRI
3271:DXR
3267:DXA
3262:KUB
3257:AXR
3245:CXR
2432:Rem
2422:Rad
2188:doi
2142:PMC
2124:doi
2075:PMC
2059:doi
2023:by
1912:doi
45:of
4102::
3939:):
3916:):
3645:3D
3213:2D
3144:,
3140:,
2664:,
2660:,
2656:,
2249:.
2202:.
2194:.
2184:12
2182:.
2150:.
2140:.
2132:.
2122:.
2110:.
2106:.
2083:.
2073:.
2065:.
2055:13
2049:.
2018:.
2013:-
2004:^
1950:37
1944:.
1920:.
1910:.
1900:21
1894:.
1815:^
1767:^
1610:.
240:.
181:SI
146:E(
80:.
72:.
30:.
3986:/
3935:(
3912:(
3291:/
3282:/
3278:/
3269:/
3201:/
3183:e
3176:t
3169:v
2703:e
2696:t
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2297:e
2290:t
2283:v
2269:.
2210:.
2190::
2158:.
2126::
2118::
2112:9
2091:.
2061::
2034:.
1998:.
1974:.
1930:.
1914::
1906::
1231:e
1224:t
1217:v
1175:T
1153:V
1131:)
1128:z
1125:,
1122:y
1119:,
1116:x
1113:(
1097:R
1082:)
1079:z
1076:,
1073:y
1070:,
1067:x
1064:(
1059:R
1055:D
1042:R
1036:T
1019:R
1016:,
1013:T
1004:D
977:R
973:W
948:T
944:W
931:T
914:T
910:H
887:E
858:V
855:d
852:)
849:z
846:,
843:y
840:,
837:x
834:(
826:T
816:V
813:d
810:)
807:z
804:,
801:y
798:,
795:x
792:(
786:)
783:z
780:,
777:y
774:,
771:x
768:(
763:R
759:D
753:T
737:R
733:W
727:R
717:T
713:W
707:T
699:=
696:E
681:.
667:R
664:,
661:T
652:D
641:R
637:W
631:R
621:T
617:W
611:T
603:=
598:T
594:H
585:T
581:W
575:T
567:=
564:E
516:–
513:–
500:–
497:–
464:–
432:–
416:–
400:–
368:–
336:–
254:T
251:W
237:E
231:T
228:W
222:T
219:H
213:R
210:W
204:T
201:D
164:t
158:T
155:W
150:)
148:t
117:E
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
