1489:. It was marked by an extensive proliferation of specialist vocabulary, applying different names to the same feature in different animals. The elements can be shown to have already been part of French and English hunting terminology by the beginning of the 14th century. In the course of the 14th century, it became a courtly fashion to extend the vocabulary, and by the 15th century, the tendency had reached exaggerated and even satirical proportions. Other synonyms for "terms of venery" include "company nouns," "gatherations," and "agminals."
1339:. An example of such a metonymic shift in the plural-to-singular direction is the following sentence: "Mathematics is my favorite academic subject". The word "mathematics" may have originally been plural in concept, referring to mathematic endeavors, but metonymic shift (the shift in concept from "the endeavors" to "the whole set of endeavors") produced the usage of "mathematics" as a singular entity taking singular verb forms. (A true
1128:
1335:
the project. Their accomplishment is collective, and the emphasis is not on their individual identities, but they are still discrete individuals; the word choice "team have" manages to convey both their collective and discrete identities simultaneously. Collective nouns that have a singular form but take a plural verb form are called
1334:
A good example of such a metonymic shift in the singular-to-plural direction (which exclusively takes place in
British English) is the following sentence: "The team have finished the project." In that sentence, the underlying thought is of the individual members of the team working together to finish
1346:
Nominally singular pronouns can be collective nouns taking plural verb forms, according to the same rules that apply to other collective nouns. For example, it is correct usage in both
British English and American English usage to say: "None are so fallible as those who are sure they're right." In
1282:, collective nouns almost always take singular verb forms (formal agreement). In cases that a metonymic shift would be revealed nearby, the whole sentence should be recast to avoid the metonymy. (For example, "The team are fighting among themselves" may become "the team
1584:, intended as a mark of erudition of the gentlemen able to use them correctly rather than for practical communication. The popularity of the terms in the modern period has resulted in the addition of numerous lighthearted, humorous or facetious collective nouns.
663:
Early Proto-Indo-European used the suffix *ehâ‚‚ to form collective nouns, which evolved into the Latin neuter plural ending -a, as in "datum/data". Late Proto-Indo-European used the ending *t, which evolved into the
English ending -th, as in "young/youth".
1347:
that case, the plural verb is used because the context for "none" suggests more than one thing or person. This also applies to the use of an adjective as a collective noun: "The
British are coming!"; "The poor will always be with you."
1974:, Berners' 1486 publication of this gentlemen's catalogue of wildlife and hunting included 165 collective nouns for animal species, and is said to make her one of the earliest female authors writing in the English language.
1534:(1486) runs to 164 items, many of which, even though introduced by "the compaynys of beestys and fowlys", relate not to venery but to human groups and professions and are clearly humorous, such as "a Doctryne of doctoris"
1696:
Hodgkin, John (1909). "Proper Terms: An attempt at a rational explanation of the meanings of the
Collection of Phrases in 'The Book of St Albans', 1486, entitled 'The Compaynys of besties and fowls and similar lists",
584:
in everyday speech are not specific to one kind of thing. For example, the collective noun "group" can be applied to people ("a group of people"), or dogs ("a group of dogs"), or objects ("a group of stones").
2710:
1901:
William Sayers, "Animal vocalization and human polyglossia in Walter of
Bibbesworth's 13th-century domestic treatise in Anglo-Norman French" in Sign System Studies (Tartu, 2009) pp. 173–187
1225:
finished the project."). Conversely, in the
English language as a whole, singular verb forms can often be used with nouns ending in "-s" that were once considered plural (e.g., "Physics
1977:
Yet, the only documented evidence of this woman's existence is the attribution 'Explicit Dam
Julyans Barnes in her boke of huntyng', which appeared in the original edition. >>
1196:
1521:(early 15th century). The focus on collective terms for groups of animals emerged in the later 15th century. Thus, a list of collective nouns in Egerton MS 1995, dated to
559:
1912:
Lexicon of the
Mediaeval German Hunt: A Lexicon of Middle High German Terms (1050–1500), Associated with the Chase, Hunting with Bows, Falconry, Trapping and Fowling
1952:
592:, which identify groups of specific animals. For example, "pride" as a term of venery always refers to lions, never to dogs or cows. Other examples come from
2147:
1180:
Two examples of collective nouns are "team" and "government", which are both words referring to groups of (usually) people. Both "team" and "government" are
1501:
in the mid-1200s, is the earliest source for collective nouns of animals in any
European vernacular (and also the earliest source for animal noises). The
1294:
is expected to release a new phone this year"), unless the plural is explicit in the proper noun itself, in which case it is taken as plural ("The
1982:
says, in part, "Berners' 1486 publication of this gentlemen's catalogue of wildlife and hunting included 165 collective nouns for animal species".
1236:
In British English, it is generally accepted that collective nouns can take either singular or plural verb forms depending on the context and the
1229:
my favorite academic subject"). This apparent "number mismatch" is a natural and logical feature of human language, and its mechanism is a subtle
1474:
The tradition of using "terms of venery" or "nouns of assembly", collective nouns that are specific to certain kinds of animals, stems from an
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morphological methods, there are fewer collectives formed this way. As with all derived words, derivational collectives often differ
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890:"Der Gebirgszug" and "die Bergkette" also mean "mountain range", drawing on the words "der Zug" = train, and "die Kette" = chain.
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1960:<< People have been coming up with terms to describe animal groupings for hundreds of years, but it wasn't until The
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as individuals. That is also the British English practice with names of countries and cities in sports contexts (e.g., "
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lexicon even if they were originally meant to be humorous and have long ceased to have any practical application.
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1970:, a 15th-Century Benedictine prioress from England, that they were recorded extensively. Also known by the title
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generally accept that collective nouns take either singular or plural verb forms depending on context and the
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1187:(consider: "one team", "two teams", "most teams"; "one government", "two governments", "many governments").
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Alkemade et al. (eds), Linguistic Studies Offered to Berthe Siertsema (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1980), pp. 181-93
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1573:, in 1595. The book's popularity had the effect of perpetuating many of these terms as part of the
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There are also several endings that can be used to create collectives, such as "welt" and "masse".
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shift that it implies, while in some other forms of English the verb agreement is less flexible.
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under the heading of "termis of venery &c.", extends to 70 items, and the list in the
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1701:, Part III, pp. 1–187, Kegan, Paul, Trench & Trübner & Co, Ltd, London.
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1711:. Penguin. (First published Grossman Publishers 1968.) (Penguin first reprint 1977
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Even in their original context of medieval venery, the terms were of the nature of
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American and British English grammatical differences § Subject-verb agreement
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for denoting collective nouns. Because derivation is a slower and less productive
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often signify a collective. Sometimes, the relationship is easily recognizable:
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is a word referring to a collection of things taken as a whole. Most collective
573:
1485:. The fashion of a consciously developed hunting language came to England from
1421:
Abbreviations provide other "exceptions" in American usage concerning plurals:
1286:
are fighting among themselves" or simply "The team is infighting.") Collective
1000:
example has different words in the collective form and in the individual form:
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1425:"Runs Batted In" becomes "RBIs". "Smith had 10 RBIs in the last three games."
1326:
company in North America". Such phrases might look plural, but they are not.
2977:
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this weekend"). More explicit examples of collective proper nouns include "
1875:
Meier, Hans H. (1980). "Agminals in English: Group Words in Word Groups".
1565:
became very popular during the 16th century and was reprinted frequently.
1201:
Confusion often stems from the way that different forms of English handle
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1387:
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1230:
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is plain to see, the derived words take on a distinct meaning. This is a
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1152: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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51:
1744:
A Mess of Iguanas... A Whoop of Gorillas: An Amazement of Animal Facts
1008:
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accounts for many collective words and various languages have common
178:
1028:
827:
819:
588:
Some collective nouns are specific to one kind of thing, especially
1432:
When only the name is plural but not the object, place, or person:
1428:"Revised Statutes Annotated" or RSAs. "The RSAs contain our laws."
1638:
A Conspiracy of Ravens: a compendium of collective nouns for birds
627:
1840:
Strunk & White, The Elements of Style (4th ed., 2000), p. 10.
1653:
A Barrel of Monkeys: a compendium of collective nouns for animals
2252:
2165:
1510:
1401:
This does not, however, affect the tense later in the sentence:
581:
2129:
1948:
1932:
1306:
is once again the world's largest producer of vehicles", and "
1205:
with collective nouns—specifically, whether or not to use the
1121:
905:
has a similar pattern but sometimes uses the (unproductive)
1505:
of Twiti (early 14th century) distinguished three types of
1854:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 638.
861:, "sibling of another child" or "child of a sibling" <
2117:"The companyes of bestys & foules" (section from the
1365:" (but in British English, "Creedence Clearwater Revival
596:
such as a group of owls, which is called a "parliament".
1209:: the singular verb form with a collective noun. The
721:
to create collectives. The root word often undergoes
733:
prefix. Nearly all nouns created in that way are of
2895:
2857:
2819:
2791:
2666:
2613:
2535:
2325:
2260:
2251:
2164:
2087:. International Reading Association. p. 271.
1699:Transactions of the Philological Society 1907–1910
1379:won the match" (but in American English, "Arsenal
2083:Harris, Theodore L.; Hodges, Richard E. (1995).
1972:The Book of Hawking, Hunting and Blasing of Arms
1443:a deadly disease mostly affecting SCUBA divers."
1318:is an airline company in Europe". Furthermore, "
1940:
16:Type of noun referring to collections as a unit
2006:, Volume 26, Issue 3, pp. 79–175, August 1909.
1878:Linguistic Studies offered to Berthe Siertsema
1719:); in 1993 it was republished in Penguin with
1240:shift that it implies. For example, "the team
1052:- to produce a large number of derived words:
2141:
1709:An Exaltation of Larks, or The "Veneral" Game
1026:
1016:
1006:
553:
8:
1343:sense of "mathematics" followed naturally.)
1233:shift in the concepts underlying the words.
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2134:
2126:
1991:1901 facsimile reprint, E. Stock, London (
1509:of animals, and three different terms for
560:
546:
33:
1945:"Why a group of hippos is called a bloat"
1168:Learn how and when to remove this message
2004:Transactions of the Philological Society
1569:edited and commented on the list in his
1937:Why a group of hippos is called a bloat
1764:
1191:Agreement in different forms of English
1108:Metonymic merging of grammatical number
642:from the original words, acquiring new
599:Different forms of English handle verb
36:
2022:. Psychology Press. pp. 133–134.
1955:from the original on August 12, 2021.
7:
1150:adding citations to reliable sources
1024:), but mosquitos as a collective is
787:, "poultry, fowl (birds)" < late
589:
2016:Todd, Loreto; Hancock, Ian (1986).
1798:Rhodes, Chloe (19 September 2014).
748:, "group of hills, mountain range"
692:ending, as evidenced in the recent
607:differently. For example, users of
1943:Medina, Kerry (November 9, 2018).
1800:"Ten of the best collective nouns"
1320:American Telephone & Telegraph
14:
1217:with the singular forms of these
1397:company headquartered in Japan".
1290:are usually taken as singular ("
1254:as an ensemble, while "the team
1126:
187:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
1558:a Disworship of Scottis", etc.
1455:a greatest hits compilation by
1417:primarily popular in the 1960s.
1137:needs additional citations for
1852:Garner's Modern American Usage
1723:as part of the title with the
634:process than the more overtly
151:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
1:
1546:an uncredibilite of Cocoldis"
1522:
1655:. Oxford: Bodleian Library.
1640:. Oxford: Bodleian Library.
1601:, including names for groups
1356:Creedence Clearwater Revival
1258:fighting among themselves" (
1004:An individual mosquito is a
749:
2019:International English Usage
1914:, Walter de Gruyter, 1965,
1881:. Brill. pp. 181–193.
1330:Examples of metonymic shift
1046:uses the collective infix -
682:baggage, drainage, blockade
267:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
3035:
2983:Syntax–semantics interface
1830:. Oxford University Press.
1773:"Definition of COLLECTIVE"
1467:
1298:are scheduled to play the
1194:
1111:
825:= collective formation of
769:, "luggage, baggage" <
18:
798:, under the influence of
729:as well as receiving the
2403:Exceptional case-marking
1681:George, Patrick (2009).
1666:George, Patrick (2009).
1571:The Gentleman's Academie
1350:Other examples include:
1275:won the competition.").
1213:forms are often used in
624:Morphological derivation
390:Serial verb construction
19:Not to be confused with
2085:The Literacy Dictionary
1828:The Morphology of Dutch
1777:www.merriam-webster.com
1651:Fanous, Samuel (2015).
1636:Fanous, Samuel (2014).
1310:is a large producer of
1244:in the dressing room" (
1103:'silverware', 'cutlery'
828:
820:
809:
793:
328:Honorifics (politeness)
2209:Initial-stress-derived
2062:. Penguin. p. 8.
2060:An Exaltation of Larks
2058:Lipton, James (1993).
1981:
1850:Garner, Bryan (2009).
1742:Shulman, Alon (2009).
1542:a Fightyng of beggers"
1363:El Cerrito, California
1099:'eating utensil' >
1027:
1017:
1007:
982:
974:
964:
956:
946:
938:
928:
920:
882:
874:
864:
856:
846:
838:
801:
782:
777:, "pack, bundle, pile"
772:
764:
759:, "mountain" or "hill"
754:
743:
505:Polypersonal agreement
2720:Inclusive / Exclusive
1826:Booij, Geert (2002).
1499:Walter of Bibbesworth
1468:Further information:
141:Genitive construction
1721:The Ultimate Edition
1683:A filth of starlings
1599:List of animal names
1563:Book of Saint Albans
1550:a Melody of harpers"
1538:a Sentence of Juges"
1531:Book of Saint Albans
1470:List of animal names
1146:improve this article
672:The English endings
394:Traditional grammar
362:Syntax relationships
38:Grammatical features
2600:Relative subsective
2493:Regular / Irregular
2338:Andative / Venitive
2174:Abstract / Concrete
1668:A drove of bullocks
1207:collective singular
857:das Geschwisterkind
659:Proto-Indo-European
312:Comparison (degree)
62:Dative construction
3019:Grammatical number
2159:and their features
2157:Lexical categories
1685:. Patrick George.
1670:. Patrick George.
1594:Grammatical number
1519:Master of the Game
1457:The Rolling Stones
1337:collective plurals
1324:telecommunications
1261:notional agreement
879:, "siblings" <
806:, "wing" < MHG
262:Grammatical aspect
29:collective numeral
2996:
2995:
2801:Casally modulated
2706:Formal / Informal
2595:Pure intersective
2545:Anti-intersective
2531:
2530:
2478:Preterite-present
2119:Book of St Albans
1963:Book of St Albans
1931:The lighthearted
1920:978-3-11-081860-4
1888:978-90-04-48314-9
1861:978-0-19-538275-4
1752:978-1-84614-255-0
1737:978-0-670-30044-0
1691:978-0-9562558-1-5
1676:978-0-9562558-0-8
1554:a Gagle of women"
1479:hunting tradition
1308:Texas Instruments
1300:Minnesota Vikings
1296:Green Bay Packers
1221:(e.g., "The team
1178:
1177:
1170:
843:, "plumage" <
570:
569:
465:Topic and Comment
448:Thematic relation
343:Reflexive pronoun
257:Tense–aspect–mood
217:Associated motion
199:Universal grinder
25:collective number
3026:
2575:Non-intersective
2258:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2112:Collective Nouns
2099:
2098:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2049:
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2013:
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1989:
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1795:
1789:
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1769:
1575:Standard English
1527:
1524:
1483:Late Middle Ages
1411:psychedelic rock
1280:American English
1247:formal agreement
1173:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1130:
1122:
1063:'mountain range'
1059:'mountain' >
1032:
1022:
1012:
985:
977:
967:
959:
949:
941:
933:'mountain range'
931:
925:'mountain' >
923:
885:
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859:
849:
841:
831:
823:
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804:
796:
785:
775:
767:
757:
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603:with collective
562:
555:
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296:General features
211:Related to verbs
46:Related to nouns
34:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2891:
2853:
2815:
2787:
2715:Gender-specific
2662:
2609:
2527:
2413:Germanic strong
2321:
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2108:
2103:
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2070:
2057:
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2047:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1968:Juliana Berners
1959:
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1633:
1631:Further reading
1590:
1567:Gervase Markham
1525:
1472:
1466:
1464:Terms of venery
1332:
1316:British Airways
1219:countable nouns
1215:British English
1199:
1193:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1131:
1120:
1112:Main articles:
1110:
1041:
994:
900:
875:die Geschwister
706:
670:
661:
656:
621:
609:British English
594:popular culture
590:terms of venery
578:collective noun
566:
537:
536:
495:
487:
486:
433:
425:
424:
363:
355:
354:
324:(verbal number)
322:Pluractionality
297:
289:
288:
212:
204:
203:
183:
124:Collective noun
106:Construct state
47:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2959:
2957:Procedure word
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Complementizer
2912:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:Gender-neutral
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Bound variable
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:Ambitransitive
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2106:External links
2104:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2069:978-0140170962
2068:
2050:
2041:
2028:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1939:" ... see e.g.
1924:
1910:Dalby, David.
1903:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1842:
1833:
1818:
1790:
1779:. 22 June 2024
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1740:
1702:
1694:
1679:
1664:
1649:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1620:Plurale tantum
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1515:Gaston Phoebus
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1383:won the game")
1370:
1331:
1328:
1304:General Motors
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1118:Plurale tantum
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
996:The following
993:
990:
989:
988:
970:
952:
934:
899:
896:
892:
891:
888:
870:
852:
834:
778:
760:
705:
702:
669:
666:
660:
657:
655:
652:
632:word formation
620:
617:
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Empty category
514:
509:
508:
507:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
473:
472:
462:
461:
460:
455:
445:
440:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
392:
387:
382:
381:
380:
375:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
348:Reflexive verb
345:
335:
330:
325:
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
191:
190:
189:
184:
182:
181:
176:
171:
167:
160:
155:
154:
153:
148:
138:
133:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
108:
103:
102:
101:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
72:Quirky subject
69:
64:
54:
48:
45:
44:
41:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3031:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Nouns by type
3007:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Interrogative
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Interrogative
2837:
2835:
2834:Demonstrative
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2783:Prepositional
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Strong / Weak
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Interrogative
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Demonstrative
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Prepositional
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Interrogative
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Demonstrative
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Germanic weak
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Frequentative
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Autocausative
2346:
2344:
2343:Anticausative
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Transgressive
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:0-87207-138-3
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2031:
2029:0-415-05102-9
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:pp. 115–117).
1988:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1966:, written by
1965:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:(paperback),
1730:
1729:0-14-017096-0
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:0-14-004536-8
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Lipton, James
1703:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:9781851244454
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:9781851244096
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Measure words
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:, written by
1496:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1369:founded ...")
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1172:
1169:
1161:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1135:This section
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
991:
986:
984:
978:
976:
971:
968:
966:
960:
958:
953:
950:
948:
942:
940:
935:
932:
930:
924:
922:
917:
916:
915:
913:
912:
908:
904:
897:
895:
889:
886:
884:
883:die Schwester
878:
876:
871:
868:
866:
865:die Schwester
860:
858:
853:
850:
848:
842:
840:
835:
832:
830:
824:
822:
817:
813:
811:
805:
803:
797:
795:
790:
786:
784:
779:
776:
774:
768:
766:
761:
758:
756:
747:
745:
740:
739:
738:
736:
735:neuter gender
732:
728:
724:
720:
718:
714:
710:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:. Though the
683:
679:
675:
667:
665:
658:
653:
651:
649:
646:and even new
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
575:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Incorporation
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
491:
490:
483:
480:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
429:
428:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
359:
358:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
293:
292:
285:
282:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:Evidentiality
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
208:
207:
200:
197:
195:
192:
188:
185:
180:
177:
175:
172:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
161:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:Countability
109:
107:
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2971:Pro-sentence
2945:Onomatopoeia
2935:Interjection
2908:Measure word
2691:Distributive
2585:Postpositive
2565:Intersective
2518:Unaccusative
2463:Performative
2433:Intransitive
2393:Ditransitive
2219:Noun adjunct
2198:
2118:
2084:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2033:. Retrieved
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1941:
1936:
1927:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1877:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:The Guardian
1803:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1743:
1720:
1708:
1698:
1682:
1667:
1652:
1637:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1518:
1513:of animals.
1502:
1494:The Treatise
1492:
1491:
1473:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1314:here", and "
1288:proper nouns
1283:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1264:) refers to
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:) refers to
1245:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1206:
1200:
1182:
1179:
1164:
1155:
1144:Please help
1139:verification
1136:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1089:'ship' >
1086:
1080:
1079:'tree' >
1076:
1070:
1069:'bird' >
1066:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
980:
979:'leaf' >
972:
962:
961:'bird' >
954:
944:
943:'bone' >
936:
926:
918:
909:
901:
893:
880:
872:
862:
854:
844:
839:das Gefieder
836:
826:
818:
807:
799:
791:
783:das GeflĂĽgel
780:
770:
762:
752:
741:
730:
715:
707:
681:
677:
673:
671:
662:
644:connotations
640:semantically
622:
598:
587:
577:
571:
482:Veridicality
373:Transitivity
317:Egophoricity
131:Definiteness
123:
99:Measure word
87:Instrumental
67:Dative shift
2920:Conjunction
2686:Disjunctive
2623:Conjunctive
2570:Nominalized
2473:Predicative
2317:Verbal noun
2268:Attributive
1746:. Penguin.
1739:(hardcover)
1526: 1452
1361:founded in
1312:electronics
1211:plural verb
851:, "feather"
794:gevlĂĽgel(e)
744:das Gebirge
727:suffixation
648:denotations
636:syntactical
605:count nouns
574:linguistics
418:Predicative
338:Reciprocity
307:Boundedness
227:Conjugation
194:Specificity
3003:Categories
2988:Yes and no
2903:Classifier
2887:Possessive
2849:Quantifier
2844:Possessive
2821:Determiner
2793:Adposition
2765:Resumptive
2750:Reciprocal
2745:Possessive
2725:Indefinite
2653:Pronominal
2605:Subsective
2580:Possessive
2550:Collateral
2523:Unergative
2513:Transitive
2428:Inchoative
2423:Impersonal
2363:Catenative
2302:Participle
2297:Infinitive
2229:Relational
2199:Collective
2179:Adjectival
2035:2011-04-04
1811:23 January
1759:References
1395:video game
983:gebladerte
951:'skeleton'
887:, "sister"
869:, "sister"
802:der FlĂĽgel
765:das Gepäck
690:productive
619:Derivation
532:Markedness
527:Inflection
512:Declension
443:Mirativity
252:Mirativity
158:Noun class
146:Possession
114:Count noun
94:Classifier
82:Comitative
77:Nominative
2978:Prop-word
2940:Ideophone
2867:Discourse
2806:Inflected
2755:Reflexive
2730:Intensive
2537:Adjective
2508:Stretched
2498:Separable
2488:Reflexive
2383:Denominal
2378:Defective
2358:Captative
2353:Auxiliary
2292:Gerundive
2282:Nonfinite
2204:Countable
1922:, p. xli.
1605:Mass noun
1507:droppings
1449:Hot Rocks
1438:The bends
1413:band who
1341:mass-noun
1270:Newcastle
1238:metonymic
1231:metonymic
1203:agreement
1183:countable
1158:July 2020
1101:manÄťilaro
1044:Esperanto
1039:Esperanto
1014:(plural:
987:'foliage'
969:'poultry'
965:gevogelte
907:circumfix
847:die Feder
711:uses the
686:etymology
613:metonymic
601:agreement
500:Agreement
494:Phenomena
432:Semantics
398:Predicate
385:Branching
222:Clusivity
119:Mass noun
21:mass noun
3014:Rhetoric
2967:Pro-verb
2962:Pro-form
2859:Particle
2811:Stranded
2760:Relative
2740:Personal
2658:Relative
2643:Locative
2633:Genitive
2458:Negative
2388:Deponent
2368:Compound
1953:Archived
1588:See also
1582:kennings
1388:Nintendo
1266:the team
1252:the team
1083:'forest'
947:gebeente
929:gebergte
833:, "bird"
821:gifugili
773:der Pack
755:der Berg
477:Volition
438:Contrast
368:Argument
333:Polarity
247:Telicity
237:Modality
170:Singular
2952:Preverb
2829:Article
2775:Subject
2668:Pronoun
2503:Stative
2468:Phrasal
2443:Lexical
2398:Dynamic
2373:Copular
2273:Converb
2189:Animacy
1783:23 June
1625:Synesis
1503:Venerie
1481:of the
1476:English
1405:"Cream
1374:Arsenal
1284:members
1114:Synesis
1097:manÄťilo
1093:'fleet'
1073:'flock'
1071:birdaro
1061:montaro
998:Swedish
992:Swedish
911:ge- -te
810:gevĂĽgel
698:signage
668:English
654:Affixes
628:affixes
458:Patient
413:Adjunct
403:Subject
378:Valency
52:Animacy
2930:Coverb
2925:Copula
2779:Object
2696:Donkey
2615:Adverb
2590:Proper
2555:Common
2438:Labile
2307:Supine
2287:Gerund
2278:Finite
2243:Verbal
2234:Strong
2224:Proper
2091:
2066:
2026:
1957:QUOTE:
1935:item "
1918:
1885:
1858:
1750:
1735:
1727:
1715:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1615:Plural
1487:France
1091:Ĺťiparo
1081:arbaro
1019:myggor
723:umlaut
713:prefix
709:German
704:German
408:Object
302:Affect
242:Person
179:Plural
163:Number
136:Gender
2896:Other
2877:Modal
2701:Dummy
2453:Modal
2448:Light
2326:Types
2261:Forms
2184:Agent
1511:herds
1322:is a
1292:Apple
1185:nouns
1067:birdo
1057:monto
1009:mygga
957:vogel
903:Dutch
898:Dutch
829:fogal
814:<
582:nouns
470:Focus
453:Agent
284:Voice
277:Tense
27:, or
2882:Noun
2628:Flat
2483:Pure
2253:Verb
2238:Weak
2214:Mass
2194:Bare
2166:Noun
2089:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1813:2019
1785:2024
1748:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1561:The
1415:were
1377:have
1367:were
1273:have
1223:have
1116:and
1087:Ĺťipo
1077:arbo
1029:mygg
975:blad
939:been
921:berg
750:<
725:and
694:coin
678:-ade
676:and
674:-age
576:, a
272:Mood
174:Dual
57:Case
1949:BBC
1933:BBC
1556:, "
1552:, "
1548:, "
1544:, "
1540:, "
1536:, "
1381:has
1359:was
1278:In
1256:are
1148:by
816:OHG
789:MHG
731:ge-
700:".
696:, "
572:In
3005::
2969:/
2781:/
2777:/
2713:/
2280:/
2236:/
1951:.
1947:.
1802:.
1775:.
1707:.
1523:c.
1453:is
1441:is
1409:a
1407:is
1393:a
1391:is
1242:is
1227:is
1049:ar
914::
737::
717:ge
650:.
23:,
2149:e
2142:t
2135:v
2121:)
2097:.
2072:.
2038:.
1891:.
1864:.
1815:.
1787:.
1754:.
1693:.
1678:.
1663:.
1648:.
1459:"
1446:"
1436:"
1386:"
1372:"
1354:"
1171:)
1165:(
1160:)
1156:(
1142:.
1034:.
719:-
561:e
554:t
547:v
31:.
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