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817:, the need to specify how the parties participate in the joint venture and the intention not to establish a "community" with partly own interests (the partnership as such). According to this concept, despite the very broad formula of a civil partnership provided for entities that undertake to cooperate in a designated way to achieve a common economic goal (which is a common element for both types of contracts), the partnership contract do not exhaust all forms of cooperation and automatic qualification of consortium contracts as partnerships is not allowed.
730:. The second term is usually used to describe various types of agreements where two or more parties cooperate in conducting business activities. This manifests e.g. in the joint distribution of profit, sharing cash, assets, knowledge or abilities. As there are no legal provisions regulating in detail the consortium or joint venture, the relations between the parties participating in this type of agreement—when choosing a joint venture as a collaboration agreement or a special
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787:) are listed in one category with the consortium and the pool. Cooperation agreements concluded under German law are not of a uniform legal nature. There is a great wealth of legal forms of cooperation that could be cautiously qualified as consortium agreements. This is in particular a civil law partnership in its internal and occasional variants (
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that the four partner companies faced; they were both shareholders of, and subcontractors to, the consortium. The companies collaborated on development of the Airbus range, but guarded the financial details of their own production activities and sought to maximize the transfer prices of their sub-assemblies.
655:
or even money circles, they are typically informal associations of people saving money together with a commonly shared goal: buying something with the same value. In this association its members contribute by paying equal amount installments (usually monthly or weekly) towards a common fund. On every
480:
Airbus
Industries was formed in 1970 as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers. The retention of production and engineering assets by the partner companies in effect made Airbus Industries a sales and marketing company. This arrangement led to inefficiencies due to the inherent conflicts of interest
555:
The aircraft first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. Due to its multi-role design, it was able to replace several different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces. The Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) became the only export operator of the
Tornado in addition to
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are an integral part of the traditional banking system, where there are clubs for purchasing real estate and cars, and even for plastic surgery costs. Over seven million people have engaged in these formal savings associations over the past years, adding to over U$ 10 billion in credit. Since these
577:
and competition, is the word used when companies otherwise competitors collaborate in a consortium to cooperate on areas non-strategic for their core businesses. They prefer to reduce their costs on these non-strategic areas and compete on other areas where they can differentiate better.
709:
who undertake to carry out certain works in order to implement a joint project which consortium members would not be able to carry out themselves. The consortium agreement is not explicitly regulated by the French legislator, but it is admissible in the light of the principle of
639:. Some of the work done at the institute includes, "assessment and validation of new and novel food safety and preservation technologies, processing and packaging systems, microbiological and chemical methods, health promoting food components, and risk management strategies."
807:
legal system, the legal nature of the consortium agreement is disputed. According to the prevailing approach, a consortium is a form of cooperation, different from a civil law partnership, undertaken between economically independent entities already operating on the
407:) are affiliated with the ACA. These institutions assist the ACA in reviewing grant and fellowship applications, conducting workshops, and providing technical assistance. The ACA works to serve higher education in the rural regions of these five states.
656:
installment the common fund reaches the goal value and someone is awarded this sum and from this point forward this person own the association the remaining amount, just as in a loan. This process repeats until every member is awarded the entire sum.
668:
clubs have up to thousands of members, products purchased are awarded through lottery and bidding processes and the common fund administrators charge a fixed fee in order to take responsibility and guarantee the integrity of the process.
812:
in order to implement a specific undertaking that is a segment of the regular activities of these entities, based on an unnamed contract and characterized by a temporary nature, minimization of institutionalization, and lack of separate
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regulated by § 421 BGB, while internally there is sometimes a release from this liability. Joint ventures often include credit syndicates (Kreditkonsortien), securities issuing consortia, including mainly shares
551:
The
Tornado was developed and built by Panavia Aircraft GmbH, a tri-national consortium consisting of British Aerospace (previously British Aircraft Corporation), MBB of West Germany, and Aeritalia of Italy.
659:
These informal associations are specially popular among immigrants since they are a cheaper alternative to traditional financing and usually require no formal papers, credit history or even a bank account.
492:(the British partner company) transferred their Airbus production assets to a new company, Airbus SAS. In return, they got 80% and 20% shares respectively. BAE would later sell its share to EADS.
689:, has important theoretical and practical significance. The French legal system does not provide a definition and does not explicitly use the concept of a joint venture or consortium (
352:. These consortia have pooled the resources of their member colleges and the universities to share human and material assets as well as to link academic and administrative resources.
139:
1250:
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693:). The consortium agreement in France is a purely contractual cooperative contract that does not entail the creation of a third party. The consortium has no
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191:(or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal.
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244:
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For example, the GENIVI Alliance, now called COVESA, is a not-for-profit consortium between different car makers in order to ease building an
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in
Massachusetts, and Consórcio Nacional Honda are among the oldest and most successful higher education consortia in the world. The
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383:. Collectively these higher education institutions serve approximately 42,500 students. Six research universities in the region (
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Outside the United States, these savings clubs can be formal and have proper legislation. In some countries, like Brazil,
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249:
423:. In England it is common for a consortium to buy out financially struggling football clubs in order to keep them out of
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Commonly known in the United States as a rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) and also called
Savings Clubs,
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An example of a for-profit consortium is a group of banks that collaborate to make a loan—also known as a
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Contract signed with the AdOptica consortium in Italy – ADS International and
Microgate, partnered with
75:
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the view prevails that the consortium is a type of internal civil law partnership (§ 705–740 of the
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868:"Contract Signed for Final Design and Construction of Largest Adaptive Mirror Unit in the World"
783:). Sometimes, special purpose partnerships established to jointly use construction facilities (
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An example of a non-profit consortium is the
Appalachian College Association (ACA) located in
285:
239:
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1133:
M. Czerwiński, Grupa wykonawców w prawie zamówień publicznych, Wolters Kluwer, Warsaw 2020,
1116:
M. Czerwiński, Grupa wykonawców w prawie zamówień publicznych, Wolters Kluwer, Warsaw 2020,
1099:
M. Czerwiński, Grupa wykonawców w prawie zamówień publicznych, Wolters Kluwer, Warsaw 2020,
1082:
M. Czerwiński, Grupa wykonawców w prawie zamówień publicznych, Wolters Kluwer, Warsaw 2020,
988:
980:
276:, formerly known as the Committee on Institutional Cooperation, includes the members of the
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742:. A consortium agreement governed by the general law of contract, similar to an ordinary
324:. The aforementioned Claremont Consortium (known as the Claremont Colleges) consists of
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887:
Done, Kevin (2 February 2001). "Survey - Europe
Reinvented: Airbus has come of age".
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the three original partner nations. Including all variants, 992 aircraft were built.
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27:
Association of two or more individuals and/or organizations to achieve a common goal
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488:(created by the merger of French, German and Spanish Airbus partner companies) and
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204:
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902:
Sparaco, Pierre (19 March 2001). "Climate
Conducive For Airbus Consolidation".
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151:– for design and construction of the largest adaptive mirror unit in the world
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30:
This article is about the type of voluntary association. For other uses, see
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and universities spread across the central
Appalachian mountains in
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athletic conference. The participants in Five Colleges, Inc. are:
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Neither consortium nor joint venture have a legal definition in
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253:
1174:
1060:"Associação Brasileira de Administradoras de Consórcios - ABAC"
1036:"The Alternative to Traditional Banking You've Never Heard Of"
948:"Are Savings Clubs a Good Alternative to Traditional Banking?"
672:
Legal nature of the consortium agreement in selected countries
608:
604:
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36:
762:). In external relations, consortium members may decide on
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795:) and a structure simply referred to as the "consortium."
973:"Rotating Savings and Credit Associations in Bolivia 1"
791:), as well as a partnership of building contractors (
300:. Another example of a successful consortium is the
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1251:List of industry trade groups in the United States
924:. Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from
207:", "association", or "society", and derives from
971:Adams, Dale W; Canavesi, Marie L. (2019-03-04),
701:. The contract is concluded between two or more
419:. This type of loan is more commonly known as a
1186:
519:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
144:
8:
714:interpreted from articles 6 and 1134 of the
633:Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
437:in the 1970s, initially was a consortium of
1160:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "passim".
685:, the consortium, considered a sub-type of
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643:Consortium for installment-based purchases
529:this issue before removing this message.
992:
359:. The association consists of 35 private
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1246:List of food industry trade associations
1034:Valerie Vande Panne (26 November 2018).
977:Informal Finance in Low-Income Countries
138:
859:
1029:
1027:
264:in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic U.S.,
252:in its early October evening glory in
746:, does not create a separate entity.
7:
1166:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
904:Aviation Week & Space Technology
691:groupements momentanés d’entreprises
621:Institute for Food Safety and Health
461:, and Koch Alaska Pipeline Company.
213:("shared in property"), itself from
65:adding citations to reliable sources
523:create a more balanced presentation
298:University of Massachusetts Amherst
268:consortium in Southern California,
160:
1333:(Greater China and Southeast Asia)
775:) also referred to as investment (
623:is a consortium consisting of the
25:
615:Government, academia and industry
147:Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
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625:Illinois Institute of Technology
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431:Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
41:
979:, Routledge, pp. 313–323,
590:World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
52:needs additional citations for
1236:Inter-professional association
1:
592:, which is a consortium that
433:, the company that built the
330:Claremont Graduate University
250:University Consortium of Pori
629:Food and Drug Administration
435:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
389:University of North Carolina
771:), construction consortia (
764:joint and several liability
32:Consortium (disambiguation)
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738:or the provisions of the
338:Claremont McKenna College
274:Big Ten Academic Alliance
262:Big Ten Academic Alliance
985:10.4324/9780429034572-23
789:Gelegenheitsgesellschaft
397:West Virginia University
310:Ohio Wesleyan University
1226:Employers' organization
588:Another example is the
583:In-Vehicle Infotainment
393:University of Tennessee
350:Keck Graduate Institute
270:Five College Consortium
1258:Cooperative federation
1202:Business organizations
785:Planungsgesellschaften
777:Investitionskonsortien
401:University of Virginia
385:University of Kentucky
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1430:Types of organization
1373:Consumer organization
1163:Catholic Encyclopedia
744:partnership agreement
635:, and members of the
361:liberal arts colleges
302:Five Colleges of Ohio
290:Mount Holyoke College
247:
142:
779:) and profit pools (
61:improve this article
1389:Business networking
1361:Oppositional groups
1231:Chamber of commerce
769:Emissionskonsortien
712:freedom of contract
342:Harvey Mudd College
599:technologies like
569:, deriving from a
357:Richmond, Kentucky
322:Denison University
318:College of Wooster
266:Claremont Colleges
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18:College consortium
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1399:Company registers
1337:Business alliance
1241:Trade association
1139:978-83-8187-313-0
1122:978-83-8187-313-0
1105:978-83-8187-313-0
1088:978-83-8187-313-0
1004:978-0-429-03457-2
848:Trade association
716:French Civil Code
695:legal personality
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521:. Please help to
513:This section may
286:Hampshire College
240:University system
219:("together") and
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306:Oberlin College
282:Amherst College
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346:Pitzer College
326:Pomona College
314:Kenyon College
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1294:Conglomerate
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1107:(PL), p. 121
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1090:(PL), p. 107
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1067:. Retrieved
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952:Investopedia
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