297:
72:
457:
were an important part of social life in the Roman Empire, particularly for those whose personal resources were limited. In addition to burial societies and drinking and dining clubs, inscriptions and other documents attest to the regulated existence of numerous professional and trade guilds,
312:
were accompanied by bread and wine for a meal: the "love feast" on
February 22 when Roman families commemorated their beloved dead; a "Violet Day" on March 22; a "Rose Day" on May 11; and the founding of the college on November 8. The full cycle of events was:
91:) of the college, to preserve the memory of her husband, Marcus Ulpius Capito, and the procurator Flavius Apollonius, for whom he had worked. Capito is commemorated in the inscription as
847:
397:
were distributed on a benefits scale based on the member's place in the college hierarchy, and the amounts also varied by occasion. For the emperor's birthday, the patrons (
857:
138:("Health, Wellbeing, Salvation, Security") in 180 BC, she was rarely cultivated apart from Aesculapius, and her devotees at Rome were typically Greek.
165:. Commemoration of the emperor's birthday was the only observance required of the college that specifies a site other than its headquarters:
842:
236:
The college was limited to sixty members, and admitted new members only to replace those who had died. The membership fee was half the
365:
184:
172:
127:
852:
837:
525:
519:
198:
450:
146:
441:
or statute by which the college was constituted was approved on March 11, 153 AD. The inscription that preserves it
153:. The name of Flavius Apollonius, the procurator who was the joint honoree of the college, indicates that he was a
474:
88:
23:
391:
are flower festivals during the blooming season of violets and roses when tombs were adorned with garlands.
36:
for whom he had worked. It is known from a lengthy inscription, dated March 11, 153 AD, that preserves the
296:
29:
766:
edited by Simon
Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth (Oxford University Press, 1996, 3rd edition), p. 1335.
216:
from Salvia
Marcellina, who also provided the building for its meetings. An additional grant of 10,000
134:
had come to Rome in 293 BC. Although Hygia had been officially recognized as the counterpart of Roman
220:
for memorial dinners was made by
Publius Aelius Zeno, the brother of Salvia's deceased husband and a
106:
According to the inscription, the building in which the college was housed took the form of a shrine
616:
382:
228:, and fund its expenses through interest charges on amounts borrowed from its capital endowment.
33:
71:
52:
158:
48:
224:(male patron) of the college. The charter stipulated that the college would operate as a
449:
organized among Rome's lower classes, most of which were focused on a trade or a deity.
201:
is one of several indications that the divinized Flavii were also regarded as healers.
150:
56:
831:
815:
454:
326:
254:. A member could bequeath his place to his son or brother, or to one of his freedmen
76:
154:
123:
98:
60:
44:
445:
is one of the most important pieces of evidence in understanding the various
289:, the College of Aesculapius and Hygia would have a monthly business meeting
95:, "best and most devoted husband". Apollonius had overseen the art galleries
210:
55:
at Rome. In addition to its commemorative purpose, the college served as a
818:, "Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status,"
162:
109:
43:
under which the college was constituted. The college was located on the
459:
131:
119:
115:
37:
605:
The
Deification of Abstract Ideas in Roman Literature and Inscriptions
300:
The college celebrated the birthday of
Antoninus Pius on September 19
225:
801:
Donahue, "Toward a
Typology of Roman Public Feasting," pp. 104–105.
727:
John F. Donahue, "Toward a
Typology of Roman Public Feasting," in
295:
250:
245:
192:
178:
135:
70:
701:
to
Catacombs: Collective Burial in Pagan and Christian Rome," in
619:, "Paean and Paeanists of Serapis and the Flavian Emperors," in
335:
308:, "handouts" in the form of cash gifts; and four occasions when
753:
Donahue, "Toward a
Typology of Roman Public Feasting," p. 105.
32:
named Salvia Marcellina, in honor of her dead husband and the
261:
At the time of its founding, the president of the college (
812:
The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World
494:
Patronage and Power: Studies on Social Networks in Corinth
458:
performing arts troupes, veterans' groups, and religious
47:
on the outskirts of Rome, between the first and second
703:
Commemorating the Dead: Texts and Artifacts in Context
209:
The college was established by an endowment of 50,000
197:". This cultic link between Aesculapius–Hygia and the
621:
Nomodeiktes: Greek Studies in Honor of Martin Ostwald
553:
The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies
321:, gifts given at the end of the New Year celebrations
555:(Cambridge University Press, 1982, 2nd ed.), p. 131.
304:
Two types of distributions for members were funded:
273:, "caretakers". The body of regular members was the
149:by observing the birthday of the reigning emperor,
623:(University of Michigan Press, 1993), pp. 360–361.
507:The Roman Community at Table During the Principate
83:The college was founded by Salvia Marcellina, the
566:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult
731:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 105.
607:(University of Chicago Press, 1907), pp. 14–15.
28:founded in the mid-2nd century AD by a wealthy
848:2nd-century establishments in the Roman Empire
814:(Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 17, 20;
568:(University of Illinois Press, 2006), p. 138.
8:
509:(University of Michigan Press, 2004), p. 85.
265:was Gaius Ofilius Hermes. Some members were
240:, a publicly funded burial allowance of 250
675:(Princeton University Press, 2013), p. 175.
496:(Sheffield Academic Press, 1992), p. 66.
485:
145:also had an obligation to take part in
7:
167:in templo Divorum in aede divi Titi,
858:Organizations based in ancient Rome
705:(Walter de Gruyter, 2008), p. 187.
14:
810:Michael Peachin, introduction to
443:(Lex Collegi Aesculapi et Hygiae)
248:(reigned 96–98 AD) for the Roman
764:The Oxford Classical Dictionary,
742:The Economy of the Roman Empire,
686:The Economy of the Roman Empire,
634:The Economy of the Roman Empire,
269:, exempt from fees. Others were
18:College of Aesculapius and Hygia
579:Paul's Macedonian Associations
526:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
520:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
293:at which a dinner was served.
1:
790:The Roman Community at Table,
777:The Roman Community at Table,
716:The Roman Community at Table,
660:The Roman Community at Table,
647:The Roman Community at Table,
592:The Roman Community at Table,
540:The Roman Community at Table,
244:instituted under the emperor
199:Temple of Vespasian and Titus
75:Head of Aesculapius from the
581:(Mohr Siebeck, 2003), p. 45.
425:, and the regular members 4
122:. It had a marble statue of
843:Roman religion inscriptions
362:commemorating the birthday
118:, with an attached covered
874:
475:Roman funerals and burial
93:maritus optimus piissimus
853:2nd-century inscriptions
820:Journal of Roman Studies
673:The Roman Market Economy
126:, a god of healing. The
103:at the imperial palace.
838:Society of ancient Rome
79:(latter 2nd century AD)
603:Harold Lucius Axtell,
551:Richard Duncan-Jones,
451:Voluntary associations
301:
80:
822:73 (1983), pp. 81–82.
299:
281:Meetings and benefits
74:
577:Richard S. Ascough,
181:within the precinct
332:March 14, a dinner
130:of Aesculapius and
20:was an association
697:John Bodel, "From
617:Robert E.A. Palmer
564:Roger D. Woodard,
302:
81:
505:John F. Donahue,
409:each received 12
370:of Antoninus Pius
340:presented by the
177:of the divinized
63:for its members.
865:
823:
808:
802:
799:
793:
786:
780:
773:
767:
760:
754:
751:
745:
738:
732:
725:
719:
712:
706:
695:
689:
682:
676:
669:
663:
656:
650:
643:
637:
630:
624:
614:
608:
601:
595:
588:
582:
575:
569:
562:
556:
549:
543:
536:
530:
516:
510:
503:
497:
490:
373:November 8, the
277:, "the people".
51:near the oldest
873:
872:
868:
867:
866:
864:
863:
862:
828:
827:
826:
809:
805:
800:
796:
787:
783:
774:
770:
762:C.R. Phillips,
761:
757:
752:
748:
739:
735:
726:
722:
713:
709:
696:
692:
683:
679:
670:
666:
657:
653:
644:
640:
631:
627:
615:
611:
602:
598:
589:
585:
576:
572:
563:
559:
550:
546:
537:
533:
517:
513:
504:
500:
491:
487:
483:
471:
455:confraternities
435:
375:natalis collegi
283:
234:
207:
189:of the Divine
169:"in the shrine
159:Flavian emperor
69:
12:
11:
5:
871:
869:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
830:
829:
825:
824:
803:
794:
781:
768:
755:
746:
740:Duncan-Jones,
733:
720:
707:
690:
684:Duncan-Jones,
677:
664:
651:
638:
632:Duncan-Jones,
625:
609:
596:
583:
570:
557:
544:
531:
511:
498:
492:John K. Chow,
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
470:
467:
434:
431:
379:
378:
371:
358:September 19,
356:
350:
344:
330:
322:
282:
279:
263:quinquennalis)
233:
230:
206:
203:
161:, most likely
151:Antoninus Pius
87:(female chief
68:
65:
57:burial society
53:Temple of Mars
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
870:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
821:
817:
816:Fergus Millar
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
791:
785:
782:
778:
772:
769:
765:
759:
756:
750:
747:
743:
737:
734:
730:
724:
721:
717:
711:
708:
704:
700:
694:
691:
687:
681:
678:
674:
671:Peter Temin,
668:
665:
661:
655:
652:
648:
642:
639:
635:
629:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
606:
600:
597:
593:
587:
584:
580:
574:
571:
567:
561:
558:
554:
548:
545:
541:
535:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
515:
512:
508:
502:
499:
495:
489:
486:
480:
476:
473:
472:
468:
466:
464:
463:
462:(sodalitates)
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:quinquennalis
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
389:
385:
384:Dies Violaris
376:
372:
369:
367:
361:
357:
355:
351:
349:
348:Dies Violaris
345:
343:
342:quinquennalis
339:
337:
331:
329:
328:
327:Cara Cognatio
324:February 22,
323:
320:
316:
315:
314:
311:
307:
298:
294:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
194:
188:
186:
180:
176:
174:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Imperial cult
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
104:
102:
100:
94:
90:
86:
78:
77:Palatine Hill
73:
66:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
25:
19:
819:
811:
806:
797:
789:
784:
776:
771:
763:
758:
749:
741:
736:
729:Roman Dining
728:
723:
715:
710:
702:
698:
693:
685:
680:
672:
667:
659:
654:
646:
641:
633:
628:
620:
612:
604:
599:
591:
586:
578:
573:
565:
560:
552:
547:
539:
534:
524:
518:
514:
506:
501:
493:
488:
461:
446:
442:
438:
436:
433:Significance
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
387:
383:
380:
374:
366:dies natalis
363:
359:
354:Dies Rosalis
353:
347:
341:
333:
325:
318:
309:
305:
303:
290:
286:
284:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
255:
249:
241:
238:funeraticium
237:
235:
221:
217:
213:
208:
190:
182:
170:
166:
142:
140:
107:
105:
99:pinacothecae
96:
92:
84:
82:
40:
21:
17:
15:
460:sodalities
317:January 8,
291:(conventus)
285:Like other
124:Aesculapius
61:dining club
30:Roman woman
832:Categories
779:pp. 86–89.
699:Columbaria
649:pp. 85–86.
542:pp. 85–86.
523:6.10214 =
481:References
405:) and the
346:March 22,
232:Membership
49:milestones
45:Appian Way
34:procurator
788:Donahue,
775:Donahue,
714:Donahue,
658:Donahue,
645:Donahue,
590:Donahue,
538:Donahue,
419:curatores
395:Sportulae
360:sportulae
310:sportulae
306:sportulae
271:curatores
256:(liberti)
211:sesterces
143:collegium
24:collegium
469:See also
447:collegia
352:May 11,
287:collegia
163:Domitian
155:freedman
120:solarium
110:aedicula
744:p. 364.
688:p. 131.
636:p. 364.
415:immunes
388:Rosalis
319:strenae
275:populus
267:immunes
205:Funding
185:templum
116:pergola
67:Purpose
38:statute
792:p. 85.
718:p. 87.
662:p. 85.
594:p. 85.
413:, the
226:lender
89:patron
529:7213.
403:pater
399:mater
251:plebs
246:Nerva
222:pater
179:Titus
173:aedes
157:of a
136:Salus
132:Hygia
85:mater
41:(lex)
453:and
437:The
417:and
401:and
386:and
381:The
336:cena
214:(HS)
193:Divi
141:The
128:cult
114:and
59:and
16:The
439:lex
834::
465:.
429:.
427:HS
423:HS
421:8
411:HS
258:.
242:HS
218:HS
377:.
368:)
364:(
338:)
334:(
195:)
191:(
187:)
183:(
175:)
171:(
112:)
108:(
101:)
97:(
26:)
22:(
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