Colosseum - Knowledge

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the work was completed on 1 July 2016, when the Italian minister of culture, Dario Franceschini, also announced that the funds have been committed to replace the floors by the end of 2018. These will provide a stage that Franceschini says will be used for "cultural events of the highest level." The project also includes creating a services center and restoring the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum. Since 1 November 2017, the top two levels have been opened for guided visits. The fourth level held the marketplace, and the top fifth tier is where the poorest citizens, the plebeians, gathered and watched the show, bringing picnics for the day-long event.

2208: 1856: 535: 1653: 1128: 892: 1109: 1175: 2275: 1256: 1974: 2034: 1087: 91: 2263: 4261: 1517: 2251: 1763: 2196: 1801:. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the 2227: 1284: 1918:, as evidenced by Church history and tradition. On the other hand, other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome, rather than at the Colosseum, citing a lack of still-intact physical evidence or historical records. These scholars assert that "some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum—their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods", but most 1821: 1434: 1210: 881: 1361: 2239: 1218:

authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released, or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of

1407: 2057:, flower blooming, and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city, as well as deliberate transport of species, are also contributing causes. Another reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported either on the fur or in the feces of animals brought there from all corners of the empire. 1098: 1469:) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups. 77: 1268:

feet) wide, with a base area of 24,000 square metres (6 acres). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an ellipse 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

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decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre, in effect, placing it both symbolically and geographically at the heart of Rome.

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crushing defeat of this meek man's Christian religion. But Ignatius understood his death to be a shout of victory. Today a Christian cross stands in the Colosseum of Rome with a plaque that reads, "The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions."

1962:(1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs, although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction. A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book 2308: 2512: 736: 54: 973:

commensurate with Roman practice to add humiliation to the defeated population. Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum. The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials: wood, limestone,

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for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

939: 1343:, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center. It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at 2522: 1418:, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the 1875:

to fund the restoration, work was delayed and began in 2013. The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum's history. The first stage is to clean and restore the Colosseum's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground-level arches. After three years,

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is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger

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The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadia to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used

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that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman

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Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at

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In recent years, the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local

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or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor, and animals would then be introduced. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment

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He was caught up in the general persecution of the church under the emperor Trajan (r. 98–117), brought to Rome, and fed to the lions in the Coliseum around 107 C.E. His feast day is 17 October. Before his execution, Ignatius wrote seven letters to the churches along his route, one each to Ephesus,

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Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for

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mechanisms and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct. However, the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian's behest put an end to the practise of flooding, and thus also to naval battles, early in the Colosseum's

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stone which were set without mortar; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps. However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick

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Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. Vespasian's

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There seems little doubt that some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum-their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods. Most martyrs, however, died for their faith at the Circus Maximus. Some were even executed as members of what the Romans considered a Jewish sect,

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made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643. Since then, 684 species have been identified there. The peak was in 1855 (420 species). Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation, because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry, but much of it has returned. Two

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In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument, and was used as what some modern sources label a "quarry," which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites. This fact is used to support the idea that, at a time when sites associated

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Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in

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terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. In 1377, after the Pope's return to Rome, the Colosseum was restored by a religious order called Arciconfraternita del SS. Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum, who then

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The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use. By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The

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ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." It is often assumed that Jewish prisoners of war were brought back to Rome and contributed to the massive workforce needed for the construction of the amphitheatre. This claim is disputed; it would, nonetheless, be

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Pope St. Pius (1566–72) is said to have recommended persons desirous of obtaining relics to procure some sand from the arena of the Coliseum, which, the pope declared, was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. The opinion of the saintly pontiff, however, does not seem to have been shared by his

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But according to Irenaeus (who spent time in Rome not long after these events took place) Ignatius did in fact meet his end by being torn apart by wild animals for the amusement of the Roman masses, probably in the infamous Colosseum. The crowd there that day would have viewed the spectacle as a

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The public execution of condemned offenders, including Christians, is associated above all with the amphitheater, although there were executions at various other venues. Gladiatorial games, hunting displays, and executions also took place at the Circus Maximus, even after the construction of the

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At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Benedict XIV (1740-58) erected Stations of the Cross in the Coliseum, which remained until February, 1874, when they were removed by order of Commendatore Rosa. St. Benedict Joseph Labre (d. 1783) passed a life of austere devotion, living on alms,

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put to death there and that those said to have been martyred 'in Rome' actually died in the Colosseum. But, despite what we are often told, that is only a guess. One of the possible candidates for martyrdom in the Colosseum is St. Ignatius, a bishop of Antioch (in Syria) at the beginning of the

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The Christians who did die in the Colosseum often did so under dramatic circumstances, thus cementing the legend. The hero St. Ignatius of Antioch, a disciple of St. John the Beloved, was sent to the beasts by Trajan in 107. Shortly after, 115 Christians were killed by archers. When Christians

1966:. Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded 1010:

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius), which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320.

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Public executions were held there during the empire, and it is for these last events that the Colosseum became a Christian shrine. It is disputed whether many early Christian martyrs actually died in the Colosseum, since there is no mention of that in ancient Christian

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The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of

1793:) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the 3872:

In the Middle Ages, for example, when the sanctuaries of the martyrs were looked upon with so great veneration, the Coliseum was completely neglected; its name never occurs in the itineraries, or guide-books, compiler for the use of pilgrims to the Eternal

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Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian in around 70–72 AD (73–75 AD according to some sources). The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished by his son,

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was very closely modelled on the Colosseum. It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II. The architects were Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario

1394:), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name 1686:, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige and were immensely popular. Another major attraction was the animal hunt, or 3902:

The "Mirabilia Romae", the first manuscripts of which date from the twelfth century, cites among the places mentioned in the "Passions" of the martyrs the Circus Flaminius ad pontem Judaeorum, but in this sense makes no allusion to the

1023:(reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when 2794:

Ensoli, Serena (2007). Perrin, Yves (ed.). "Il Colosso di Nerone-Sol a Roma: una 'falsa' imitazione del Colosso di Helios a Rodi. A proposito della testimonianza di Plinio e della ricostruzione del basamento nella valle del Colosseo".

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existence. There is however wide debate over the practicality and logistics of this phenomenon which leads to speculation over its actuality. This is mostly because there is no physical evidence of naumachiae at the Colosseum remains.

1871:, entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a €25 million restoration of the Colosseum. Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011, taking up to two and a half years. Due to the controversial nature of using a 839:("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world"). This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, 1074:

inhabited a northern portion of it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make

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would be staged. Those condemned to death would be sent into the arena, naked and unarmed, to face the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces. Acrobats and magicians would also perform, usually during the

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The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the

1120:(1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for 1280:

wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

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and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

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with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century

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banned the practice of gladiator fights in 399 and again in 404. Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under

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The pamphlet was so completely successful that four years later, the jubilee year of 1675, the exterior arcades were closed by order of Clement X; from this time the Coliseum became a sanctuary.

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Magnesia, Tralles, and Philadelphia, two to the church at Smyrna, and one to Smyrna's bishop, Polycarp. The letters are a rich source about early theology, liturgy, and church organization.

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The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions.

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numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the

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The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet). It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is

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was connected by tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the

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reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive.

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of the amphitheatre. Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor

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Neronia VII. Rome, l'Italie et la Grèce. Hellénisme et philhellénisme au premier siècle après J.-C. Actes du VIIe colloque international de la SIEN (Athènes, 21-23 octobre 2004)

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Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways that were once used for transporting wild animals and gladiators to the arena, opened to the public in summer 2010.

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class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

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However, there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the

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concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition, other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been.

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refused to pray to the gods for the end of a plague in the latter part of the second century, Marcus Aurelius had thousands killed in the Colosseum for blasphemy.

3294: 2005:, before he died in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains its Christian connection today. A 1915: 1152: 590:, meaning "gigantic" or "colossean". By the year 1000 the Latin name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre from the nearby "Colossus Solis". 3324: 3135:. Co-tenants: the Roman Senate and the Camera Apostolica. "In 1519 The Confraternita built the little chapel of Santa Maria della Pietà inside the Colosseum." 1611:

had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the

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was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D. and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum, tradition ascribes it to that place.

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now filled with walls. The walls were added early in the Colosseum's existence when it was decided it would no longer be flooded and used for naval battles.

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Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via

523:), but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed a 4358: 3481: 1078:. The iron clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today. 1062:

caused a population decline in Rome that left the region insecure. The colosseum was largely abandoned by the public and became a popular den for bandits.

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and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted

402:. It could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points in its history, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for 5703: 5418: 4266: 772:. The text states: "This Amphitheatre was commonly called Colosseum, of Neroes Colossus, which was set up in the porch of Neroes house." Similarly, 2547: 1607:, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The 6956: 6435: 6015: 5583: 3616: 3193: 6921: 4235: 4180: 3805: 3759: 3728: 3696: 3661: 3592: 3364: 2938: 2867: 2638: 2496: 2436: 4856: 840: 6370: 3388: 6365: 6136: 6110: 2346: 2274: 1657: 3068: 2262: 6911: 6455: 5408: 4841: 764: 3458: 6786: 6673: 6405: 6275: 4846: 4611: 4367: 4203: 3019: 2954: 2718: 1855: 1752:

in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days. During lunch intervals, executions

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by ordinary spectators. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the

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The exterior of the Colosseum, showing the partially intact outer wall (left) and the mostly intact inner wall (center and right)

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stream ran as well as an artificial lake/marsh. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the

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on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing

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took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle. In the early to mid 14th century, the Pope's

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The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the

1840: 1108: 5970: 5478: 5448: 4008: 1508:) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number. 961: 2451:

William H. Byrnes IV (Spring 2005) "Ancient Roman Munificence: The Development of the Practice and Law of Charity".

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are attested from the 12th and 14th centuries respectively. In the 12th century, the structure was recorded as the

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The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through the centuries. Additionally,

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hundred forty-two species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli, 200 remain.

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Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus

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by the early 16th century, by which time the word could be applied to any amphitheatre. From Middle French:

594: 3014:. Volume I: The Republic and The Twelve Caesars, 280 BC – 96 AD (pp. 468–469, coin # 2536). London: Spink. 863:. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, between the Colosseum and the nearby 6741: 6581: 6445: 6315: 6295: 6255: 5829: 5678: 5643: 5608: 5598: 5543: 5503: 5438: 5320: 5305: 5275: 5183: 4060: 3171: 2993: 2299: 1831:

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance,

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the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under

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Several architectural works have also been modelled on or inspired by, the Colosseum. These include:

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to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the

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era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a

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The Colosseum has appeared in numerous films, artworks and games. It is featured in films such as

1762: 6951: 6881: 6751: 6713: 6340: 6185: 6025: 5733: 5623: 5310: 5159: 5094: 4861: 4778: 4515: 4473: 3621: 3272: 2351: 2238: 2085: 1447: 1422:, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or 1012: 916: 850: 821: 664: 554: 472: 452: 6703: 6180: 5252: 5224: 4271: 1783:

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for

1564:

A view of the interior of the Colosseum; clearing showing the hypogeum (Greek for "underground")

1516: 700:, are attested as referring first to the amphitheatre in Rome, and then to any amphitheatre (as 1283: 1116:

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum.

6746: 6350: 6200: 6121: 5960: 5909: 5799: 5718: 5538: 5340: 5280: 5154: 5143: 5109: 5036: 4946: 4926: 4831: 4643: 4633: 4545: 4530: 4231: 4199: 4176: 3801: 3755: 3749: 3724: 3692: 3682: 3657: 3588: 3360: 3015: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2863: 2714: 2634: 2492: 2432: 2176: 2129: 2046: 1978: 1952:– but not the Colosseum – as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a 1864: 1832: 1615:(Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools. 1398:

derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

1136: 1055: 423: 4035: 3241: 3229: 3217: 6524: 6420: 6285: 6240: 6230: 5995: 5924: 5884: 5809: 5757: 5748: 5738: 5673: 5398: 5246: 5218: 4961: 4866: 4773: 4689: 4591: 4540: 4490: 4456: 4426: 4192:

A Monument to Dynasty and Death: The Story of Rome's Colosseum and the Emperors Who Built It

4168: 3612: 2704: 2151: 1949: 1919: 1315: 1295: 1287: 1195: 1004: 932: 797: 748: 717: 709: 701: 687: 612: 577: 550: 476: 371: 363: 290: 282: 231: 1820: 1580:

to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.

1433: 895:

A map of central Rome during the Roman Empire, with the Colosseum at the upper right corner

835:

celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted:

6733: 6659: 6621: 6480: 6131: 6070: 5934: 5899: 5879: 5834: 5824: 5346: 5129: 4931: 4871: 4793: 4703: 4696: 4586: 4565: 4535: 4495: 4461: 4441: 4411: 4386: 4283: 3058:

The repairs of the damages inflicted by the earthquake of 484 were paid for by the Consul

2517: 2006: 1953: 1798: 1209: 1024: 1020: 880: 668: 584: 506: 456: 415: 347: 6718: 5533: 2962: 1271:

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres (3.5 million

6946: 6626: 6380: 6345: 6235: 6215: 6190: 6080: 5874: 5849: 5683: 5668: 5658: 5371: 5171: 5165: 5149: 5070: 5060: 5008: 4986: 4936: 4895: 4638: 4550: 4421: 4406: 4401: 4391: 4381: 4312: 2548:"Frommer's Events – Event Guide: Good Friday Procession in Rome (Palatine Hill, Italy)" 2327: 2054: 2042: 1967: 1927: 1661: 1577: 1419: 1365: 1360: 1231: 1139:

endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been

1059: 904: 519: 494: 399: 380: 355: 4260: 1143:. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the 6875: 6723: 6636: 6631: 6611: 6576: 6425: 6245: 6220: 6151: 5904: 5859: 5653: 5473: 5269: 4954: 4921: 4788: 4749: 4658: 4648: 4525: 4500: 4478: 4431: 4213: 3254: 3194:"International: Roman Colosseum Lit to Mark Connecticut's Abolition of Death Penalty" 2674: 2425: 2218: 2125: 2067: 1733: 1374: 1333:

were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable

1117: 1016: 957: 908: 644: 624: 539: 444: 384: 59: 820:

links, the statue remained standing well into the Middle Ages and was credited with

6840: 6835: 6767: 6708: 6688: 6654: 6641: 6616: 6305: 6116: 5944: 5939: 5889: 5819: 5688: 5377: 5364: 5081: 4710: 4555: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4468: 4396: 4328: 4013: 3402: 2155: 1990: 1923: 1717: 1697: 1603: 1573: 1427: 1203: 928: 900: 407: 403: 298: 179: 4091:

Bruce Lee and Chuck Norris fight in the Coliseum from the film "Way of The Dragon"

3837: 1097: 6886: 6146: 5985: 5774: 5136: 5022: 4916: 4731: 4724: 4664: 4289: 2781: 2018: 1959: 1844: 1634:, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of. 1311: 1307: 1227: 1219: 1182: 1131:

Allied troops consult a guidebook outside the Colosseum after liberation in 1944

986: 924: 813: 800:

statue was remodeled by the condemned emperor's successors into the likeness of

773: 558: 460: 376: 310: 2293: 2001:

spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on

1045: 471:

that starts in the area around the Colosseum. The Colosseum is depicted on the

6265: 6175: 5043: 4717: 4682: 4301:

3D model of the past and present of the colosseum – The Only Progress is Human

4221: 3517: 3482:"Colosseum Won't Be Restored in a Day, but Work Is Finally Scheduled to Start" 3109: 2654: 2289: 2022: 1693: 1406: 1386: 1276: 1272: 1239: 1235: 1029: 923:

seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose

884: 580: 391: 6778: 4254: 3977: 3945: 3915: 3885: 3855: 3535: 3157: 2810: 159: 146: 6845: 6515: 6290: 6260: 4810: 4416: 2764: 2710: 2112: 1956:, but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason. 1785: 1737: 1675: 1588: 1121: 1075: 969: 419: 314: 194: 3261:. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 1998. 2017:

Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every

968:. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor 735: 53: 4061:"Where Gladiator Was Filmed - Colosseum & Filming Locations Explained" 1560: 1112:

1870 view emphasizing the semi-rural environs of the Colosseum at the time

931:

aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze

859:

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its

82: 17: 6698: 5990: 5015: 4890: 4277:

Website providing information on the Colosseum's history and how to visit

1931: 1868: 1802: 1701: 1640: 1545: 1540: 1522: 1477: 1353: 1339: 1319: 1294:

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three

1070: 999: 994: 899:

The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the

817: 427: 336: 4282: 2686: 2307: 938: 5975: 3455:"Italy Completes a Long Overdue Restoration of Rome's Iconic Colosseum" 2739: 2600: 2491:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Incorporated. p. 26. 2116: 1741: 1725: 1721: 1709: 1705: 1688: 1481: 1344: 657:

collise eke is a meruelous place … þe moost part of it stant at þis day

562: 528: 493:, 'amphitheatre'. Though the modern name Flavian Amphitheatre ( 411: 295: 3309:"The Ancient Romans Would Flood the Colosseum to re-enact sea battles" 1970:

to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary.

887:

of Titus celebrating the inauguration of the Colosseum (minted 80 AD).

437:

Although substantially ruined by earthquakes and stone robbers taking

6000: 2682: 2137: 1745: 1713: 1378: 1334: 1330: 1299: 1140: 860: 809: 801: 439: 431: 4336: 346:). The three emperors who were patrons of the work are known as the 4276: 3381:"Vatican Description of the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum" 1504:, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row ( 6825: 6395: 2828: 2032: 1972: 1898: 1883: 1854: 1819: 1794: 1761: 1749: 1729: 1651: 1559: 1515: 1457: 1432: 1405: 1359: 1303: 1282: 1254: 1208: 1173: 1126: 1107: 1096: 1085: 1044: 982: 937: 912: 890: 879: 734: 538:

Interior of the Colosseum by late nineteenth century photographer

533: 325: 306: 198: 132: 2154:

resembles the current state of the Colosseum. It was designed by

1101:

Overview of the interior of the Colosseum in a 1776 engraving by

561:

was moved to its position beside the amphitheatre by the emperor

324:) in 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir, 3292:

Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby),

2180: 2002: 1476:, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of 974: 920: 832: 760: 615:, the Flavian amphitheatre is attested as the late 13th-century 464: 395: 302: 128: 6782: 4340: 3721:

Getting to Know the Church Fathers: An Evangelical Introduction

1993:(1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected 414:, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, dramas based on 4288: 3786:

second century AD, who was 'condemned to the beasts' at Rome."

1678:

shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called

255: 3669:

since both Jews and Christians refused to reverence the gods.

3031:

Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift Aus Dem Colosseum".

2427:

Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning

1445:, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights ( 989:

recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the

956:

Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the

2929:(First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1977:

Cross dedicated to the Christian martyrs, placed in 2000 by

1630:, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the 3079: 3077: 1124:; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned. 985:, in 80, and the inaugural games were held in 80 or 81 AD. 856:

was applied to the statue rather than to the amphitheatre.

643:, in use by the middle of the 15th century and employed by 258: 246: 4143:

Comic Book Movies and Superhero Movie News - SuperHeroHype

2827:; the form quoted from the Pseudo-Bede is that printed in 1548:. Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the 1538:), covering an elaborate underground structure called the 1065:

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great

422:. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the 240: 2862:(in Italian). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 67. 1461:) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the 759:, which he used in the preparation of his translation of 3325:"Colosseum to open gladiator passageways for first time" 2542: 2540: 2360: – Ancient Roman stadium, a landmark of Rome, Italy 2342:

List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

2041:

The Colosseum has a wide and well-documented history of

1583:

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the

849:). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the 3129:

Arciconfraternita del SS. Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum

1455:, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens ( 1069:, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable 335:). Further modifications were made during the reign of 3403:"Rome Colosseum repair to be funded by Tods shoe firm" 1997:

around the arena, which remained until February 1874.

1843:(which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum on 1465:) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the 935:

was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.

37:"Colosseo" redirects here. For the metro station, see 6907:

Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century

3012:

Roman Coins and Their Values – The Millennium Edition

2625:

Edmondson, J. C.; Mason, Steve; Rives, J. B. (2005).

2431:(First ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1318:

orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian

501:) is often used, there is no evidence it was used in 270: 252: 237: 234: 27:

Ancient Roman amphitheatre, a landmark of Rome, Italy

243: 6760: 6732: 6672: 6602: 6595: 6514: 6324: 6274: 6160: 6099: 5953: 5767: 5747: 5397: 5356: 5261: 5238: 5200: 5118: 5053: 4971: 4909: 4802: 4766: 4741: 4674: 4621: 4610: 4576: 4374: 3172:"On Italy's passionate opposition to death penalty" 3062:, who put two inscriptions to celebrate his works ( 2859:

Aurea Roma: dalla città pagana alla città cristiana

1206:40 billion ($ 19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). 261: 249: 204: 190: 185: 175: 138: 118: 4009:"Rome's Colosseum Was Once a Wild, Tangled Garden" 3684:Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire 3323: 2424: 1948:("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the 2799:(in French). Brussels: Éditions Latomus: 406–427. 2679:Studi e ricerche sull'Anfiteatro Flavio Puteolano 2140:the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the 2009:stands in the Colosseum, with a plaque, stating: 1158: 876:Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations 831:In the 8th century, an epigram attributed to the 684:this Emperour, beynge with the Senate at Collisee 611:, 'Amphitheatre of the Colossus'. In the 487:Originally, the building's Latin name was simply 3357:The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II 2844:The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity 2338: – List of Roman Amphitheatres in the World 2132:, features a depiction of the Colosseum. At the 2107:, or "Congress Hall", (1935, unfinished) at the 1480:. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, 743:The earliest citation for the name Colosseum in 792:After Nero's suicide and the civil wars of the 3259:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization 2842:(Munich) 1926:66f, 251, and in Roberto Weiss, 2706:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 1151:, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the 443:, the Colosseum is still a renowned symbol of 6794: 4352: 3714: 3712: 3253:Ian Archibald Richmond, Donald Emrys Strong, 1916:persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 1622:, comprising an armory to store weapons; the 1189:around the arena and the extensive vegetation 695: 8: 4112:"'Jumper' shoot had rare access to Coliseum" 3504:"Colosseum To Open Top Levels to the Public" 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 1748:is said to have celebrated his victories in 1226:the Colosseum in recent years have included 1049:Map of medieval Rome depicting the Colosseum 708:in 1367). By 1460, an equivalent existed in 383:for its association with their family name ( 46: 6451:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria 3972: 3970: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 1679: 606: 505:. This name refers to the patronage of the 488: 6801: 6787: 6779: 6599: 6336:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum 4618: 4359: 4345: 4337: 4259: 3295:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 3033:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 2856:Ensoli, Serena; La Rocca, Eugenio (2000). 2838:(Paris), 1862:543, noted in F. Schneider, 1441:The tier above the senators, known as the 557:. The giant bronze sculpture of Nero as a 45: 812:, the sun god, by adding the appropriate 6962:Burned buildings and structures in Italy 6501:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum 5419:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 4305: 3781:, p. 103: "It is likely that Christians 2955:"The-Colosseum.net:Before the Colosseum" 828:remodeled the statue's face as his own. 2370: 2191: 2165:entrance was inspired by the Colosseum. 6892:80s establishments in the Roman Empire 6436:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia 5424:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican 3271:Downey, Charles T. (9 February 2005). 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 1410:The raked areas that once held seating 788:Related to the Colossus of Nero statue 776:, translating the Middle French name: 593:The spelling was sometimes altered in 113:Click on the map for a fullscreen view 5704:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio 4175:. Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 3536:"Catholic Encyclopedia: The Coliseum" 3480:Povoledo, Elisabetta (31 July 2012). 2846:(Oxford:Blackwell) 1973:8 and note 5. 2734: 2732: 2730: 2685:, Italia: G. Macchiaroli, 1955. OCLC 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2466:"BBC's History of the Colosseum p. 1" 2391:"BBC's History of the Colosseum p. 2" 2354: – Ancient Roman open-air venues 1926:were executed for their faith at the 1904:View of the interior of the Colosseum 1488:Each tier was divided into sections ( 1090:The Colosseum in a 1757 engraving by 517:an adjective pertaining to the title 370: 350:, and the amphitheatre was named the 289: 7: 6111:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy 5459:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana 4272:A 3D model of Colosseum on Sketchfab 4137:Schreur, Brandon (10 January 2024). 3754:. Infobase Publishing. p. 359. 3617:"Myths and Secrets of the Colosseum" 3336:from the original on 11 January 2022 3244:, BBC News Online, 4 September 2005. 2926:Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2513:"The New Seven Wonders of the World" 1638:ticket checks, or an anchor for the 1492:) by curved passages and low walls ( 1364:Entrance LII of the Colosseum, with 1027:celebrated his consulship with some 6897:1st-century establishments in Italy 6127:Column of the Immaculate Conception 6056:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere 3554:"Colosseum & Christian Martyrs" 3430:"The Colosseum's Badly Needed Bath" 2347:List of tourist attractions in Rome 1658:Ave Imperator, morituri te salutant 780:used by the architectural theorist 451:. It is one of Rome's most popular 6456:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome 5409:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 2268:Seating tiers at the east entrance 1889:The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer 1824:Aerial view of the Colosseum, 2021 1626:, where machinery was stored; the 25: 6406:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica 6371:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna 4847:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 3995:within the walls of the Coliseum. 3502:Donati, Silvia (5 October 2017). 3242:Sir Elton's free gig thrills Rome 3170:Young, Gayle (24 February 2000). 2840:Rom und Romgedanke im Mittelalter 2627:Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome 1520:The Colosseum arena, showing the 661:John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners 549:is believed to be derived from a 398:(volcanic rock), and brick-faced 90: 6471:Museum of the Liberation of Rome 6416:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio 6366:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica 6356:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna 4817:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 4291:The New Student's Reference Work 4007:Cooper, Paul (5 December 2017). 3298:. Oxford University Press, 1929. 3060:Decius Marius Venantius Basilius 2749:Oxford English Dictionary Online 2610:Oxford English Dictionary Online 2455:vol. 57, issue 3, pp. 1043–1110. 2320: 2306: 2292: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2206: 2194: 2025:procession to the amphitheater. 1859:Colosseum under renovation, 2015 1664:, those who will die salute you) 1437:Diagram of the levels of seating 1213:One of Many Colosseum Feral Cats 230: 89: 81: 75: 52: 6476:National Museum of Oriental Art 6376:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum 5805:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari 5790:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI 3704:Colosseum (Humphrey 1987, 121). 3428:Silvers, Eric (25 April 2014). 3232:, BBC News Online, 12 May 2003. 3220:, BBC News Online, 12 May 2002. 2128:from 1928 to 2000, designed by 2093:Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire 1674:The Colosseum was used to host 1179:Interior of the Colosseum, Rome 673: 567: 341: 330: 319: 6496:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum 5291:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas 4196:Johns Hopkins University Press 3838:"The-Colosseum.net: 1300–1700" 3798:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places 3654:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places 3585:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places 3518:"The-Colosseum.net: Antiquity" 3322:Squires, Nick (23 June 2010). 3273:"The Colosseum Was a Skydome?" 3218:Colosseum stages peace concert 2521:. July 8, 2007. Archived from 2170:Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana 372:[aɱfiteˈaːtroˈflaːvjo] 1: 6957:World Heritage Sites in Italy 4267:Virtual tour of the Colosseum 3796:Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). 3652:Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). 3583:Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). 3457:. 3 July 2016. Archived from 3230:McCartney rocks the Colosseum 2771:XXXIV.45; Cassius Dio LXV.15. 2163:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1474:maenianum secundum in legneis 977:, tiles, cement, and mortar. 469:"Way of the Cross" procession 447:and was listed as one of the 301:in the centre of the city of 210:; 1944 years ago 6922:Roman amphitheatres in Italy 6461:Museum of Roman Civilization 6391:Keats–Shelley Memorial House 5870:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne 5414:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 4036:"Roman Holiday at Colosseum" 3824: 3778: 3723:. Brazos Press. p. 44. 3689:University of Michigan Press 3681:Potter, David Stone (1999). 3570: 3355:Champlin, Joseph M. (1994). 2752:(3rd, online ed.), 2011 2613:(3rd, online ed.), 2011 2377: 1880:Significance in Christianity 1500:), and were subdivided into 1159:Significance in Christianity 945:Lexikon der gesamten Technik 747:is the 1600 translation, by 678:) in about 1533 referred to 659:. An English translation by 6553:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus 6431:Museo di Roma in Trastevere 6401:Museo Archeologico Ostiense 6137:Hospital of the Holy Spirit 5709:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura 5316:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker 5286:Catacombs of San Sebastiano 3751:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 2699:Richardson, L. Jr. (1992). 2655:"The Colosseum – History 1" 2550:. Frommer's. Archived from 2336:List of Roman amphitheatres 1841:Scriptural Way of the Cross 1329:Two hundred and forty mast 716:; by 1495 had appeared the 6978: 6810:New 7 Wonders of the World 6694:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi 5780:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi 5554:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini 5549:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina 4822:Temple of Apollo Palatinus 4190:Elkins, Nathan T. (2019). 4173:Guida Archeologica di Roma 3629:(1): 15–17. Archived from 3085:"History of the Colosseum" 2487:Baldwin, Eleonora (2012). 2468:. Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 2393:. Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 1873:public–private partnership 1451:). The next level up, the 1103:Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1092:Giovanni Battista Piranesi 919:in 64 AD, following which 846:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 449:New 7 Wonders of the World 434:, and a Christian shrine. 390:The Colosseum is built of 103:Shown within Augustan Rome 36: 32:Colosseum (disambiguation) 29: 6912:National museums of Italy 6859: 6816: 6650: 6486:Palazzo delle Esposizioni 5915:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli 5815:Palazzo della Cancelleria 5213:Column of Marcus Aurelius 4993:Basilica of Junius Bassus 4837:Temple of Hercules Victor 4827:Temple of Apollo Sosianus 4654:Arch of Septimius Severus 4087:"Google Arts and Culture" 3800:. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. 3719:Litfin, Bryan M. (2007). 3656:. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. 3587:. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. 2923:Claridge, Amanda (1998). 2815:The Catholic Encyclopedia 1985:At the insistence of St. 1954:Christian religious order 1797:(Corfiot) Greeks and the 1553:hinged platforms, called 1347:and housed in the nearby 794:Year of the Four Emperors 782:Roland Fréart de Chambray 124:Regio III Isis et Serapis 111: 70: 51: 6684:Appian Way Regional Park 6491:Pigorini National Museum 6411:Museo Civico di Zoologia 6046:della Piazza dei Quiriti 5758:List of churches in Rome 5699:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re 5524:S. Croce in Via Flaminia 5499:S. Cecilia in Trastevere 5484:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio 5464:S. Apollinare alle Terme 5444:S. Anastasia al Palatino 5429:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 5208:Column of Antoninus Pius 4885:Largo di Torre Argentina 4857:Temple of Minerva Medica 4852:Temple of Jupiter Tonans 4228:Harvard University Press 3748:Flinn, Frank K. (2006). 3359:. Liguori Publications. 3160:in Catholic Encyclopedia 2994:"Building the Colosseum" 2701:Johns Hopkins University 2423:Roth, Leland M. (1993). 2148:Vancouver Public Library 2109:Nazi Party Rally grounds 1867:, head of the shoe firm 1789:(more properly known as 1351:, were used to work the 1298:storeys surmounted by a 865:Temple of Venus and Roma 651:, in which he remarked: 6572:Portonaccio sarcophagus 6559:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa 6536:Colossus of Constantine 6531:Augustus of Prima Porta 6506:Venanzo Crocetti Museum 6466:Museum of the Ara Pacis 6441:Museo Nazionale Etrusco 6361:Galleria Doria Pamphilj 6251:Via della Conciliazione 6211:Piazza della Repubblica 5840:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini 5795:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga 5634:S. Maria della Vittoria 5529:S. Croce in Gerusalemme 5479:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola 5434:S. Agnese fuori le mura 4901:Porta Maggiore Basilica 4602:Obelisk of Montecitorio 3558:tribunesandtriumphs.org 3434:The Wall Street Journal 3146:Encyclopædia Britannica 3010:Sear, David R. (2000). 2998:tribunesandtriumphs.org 2769:Pliny's Natural History 2631:Oxford University Press 1987:Leonard of Port Maurice 1302:on which stands a tall 942:Cross-section from the 777: 753:Urbis Romae topographia 683: 656: 640: 632: 628: 620: 551:colossal statue of Nero 511:Amphitheatrum Caesareum 6742:Festa della Repubblica 6582:Sistine Chapel ceiling 6446:Museo Nazionale Romano 6316:Parco degli Acquedotti 6296:Villa Borghese gardens 6256:Via dei Fori Imperiali 5830:Palazzo della Consulta 5714:S. Silvestro in Capite 5619:S. Maria in Trastevere 5614:S. Maria sopra Minerva 5589:S. Maria in Montesanto 5449:S. Andrea delle Fratte 5321:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus 5306:Mausoleum of Maxentius 5276:Catacombs of Domitilla 5184:Villa of the Quintilii 4116:The Hollywood Reporter 3409:. BBC. 21 January 2011 2300:Catholic Church portal 2256:The Colosseum at night 2213:The Colosseum and the 2038: 2015: 1982: 1911: 1896: 1860: 1825: 1780: 1680: 1671: 1565: 1527: 1438: 1411: 1369: 1291: 1260: 1238:(September 2005), and 1214: 1190: 1132: 1113: 1105: 1094: 1050: 997:, who constructed the 962:First Jewish–Roman War 949: 896: 888: 740: 729: 721: 713: 705: 696: 691: 607: 598: 542: 498: 489: 367: 359: 286: 6902:Amphitheatres in Rome 6863:Great Pyramid of Giza 6734:Events and traditions 6541:La Bocca della Verità 6386:Jewish Museum of Rome 5880:Palazzo del Quirinale 5724:S. Sofia a Via Boccea 5584:S. Maria degli Angeli 5574:S. Maria Ausiliatrice 5454:S. Andrea della Valle 5296:Mausoleum of Augustus 5230:Five-Columns Monument 5178:Insula dell'Ara Coeli 5030:Portico Dii Consentes 4998:Basilica of Maxentius 3982:Catholic Encyclopedia 3950:Catholic Encyclopedia 3920:Catholic Encyclopedia 3890:Catholic Encyclopedia 3860:Catholic Encyclopedia 3049:Cass. Dio lxxviii.25. 2959:www.the-colosseum.net 2525:on September 30, 2007 2280:The Colosseum in 2013 2201:The Colosseum in 2021 2080:The Way of the Dragon 2036: 2011: 1999:Benedict Joseph Labre 1995:Stations of the Cross 1976: 1964:Roma ex ethnica sacra 1945:Mirabilia Urbis Romae 1902: 1887: 1858: 1837:Stations of the Cross 1823: 1765: 1655: 1618:Also nearby were the 1563: 1519: 1436: 1416:Codex-Calendar of 354 1409: 1363: 1286: 1258: 1212: 1187:Stations of the Cross 1177: 1168:Catholic Encyclopedia 1149:Stations of the Cross 1130: 1111: 1100: 1089: 1060:relocation to Avignon 1048: 1037:for their high cost. 1033:, criticised by King 941: 894: 883: 826:Constantine the Great 769:Ab Urbe Condita Libri 739:The Colosseum in 2008 738: 608:amphitheatrum colisei 537: 499:Amphitheatrum Flavium 455:and has links to the 360:Amphitheatrum Flavium 160:41.89028°N 12.49222°E 39:Colosseo (Rome Metro) 6587:Velletri Sarcophagus 6547:Laocoön and His Sons 6301:Villa Doria Pamphili 6206:Piazza della Minerva 6031:di Piazza d'Aracoeli 5920:Palazzo del Viminale 5865:Palazzo di Giustizia 5694:Sacro Cuore di Maria 5679:Ss. Quattro Coronati 5664:S. Pietro in Vincoli 5649:S. Nicola in Carcere 5644:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo 5629:S. Maria in Via Lata 5604:S. Maria in Aracoeli 5594:S. Maria in Cosmedin 5569:S. Lorenzo in Lucina 5564:S. Lorenzo in Damaso 5559:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo 5504:Ss. Celso e Giuliano 5489:S. Camillo de Lellis 5105:Theatre of Marcellus 4877:House of the Vestals 3311:. 15 September 2016. 3089:Wonders of the World 2780:Hist. Aug. Com. 17; 2146:The exterior of the 2142:Panathinaiko Stadium 2134:2004 Summer Olympics 2123:Summer Olympic Games 1596:Supporting buildings 1246:Physical description 1155:who perished there ( 964:in 70 AD led to the 745:Early Modern English 686:.... Similarly, the 553:on the model of the 525:Flavian Amphitheatre 352:Flavian Amphitheatre 322: 69–79 AD 291:[kolosˈsɛːo] 30:For other uses, see 6851:Christ the Redeemer 6821:Great Wall of China 6107:Altare della Patria 5768:Castles and palaces 5639:S. Martino ai Monti 5609:S. Maria del Popolo 5599:S. Maria in Domnica 5544:S. Francesca Romana 5514:Ss. Cosma e Damiano 5336:Tombs of Via Latina 5331:Tomb of the Scipios 5326:Tomb of the Haterii 5301:Mausoleum of Helena 5100:Stadium of Domitian 5090:Gardens of Maecenas 5066:Circus of Maxentius 5003:Basilica of Neptune 4980:Basilica Argentaria 4784:Baths of Diocletian 4757:Cloaca Circi Maximi 4629:Arch of Constantine 4597:Obelisk of Minerveo 3330:The Daily Telegraph 3116:. The-Colosseum.Net 2965:on 24 February 2021 2358:Stadium of Domitian 2314:Architecture portal 2215:Arch of Constantine 1936:Ignatius of Antioch 1472:Another level, the 1324:Classical mythology 1035:Theodoric the Great 757:Bartolomeo Marliani 531:(modern Pozzuoli). 503:classical antiquity 453:tourist attractions 309:, just east of the 156: / 48: 6752:Rome Film Festival 6714:Villa Aldobrandini 6341:Capitoline Museums 6186:Clivus Capitolinus 5845:Palazzo Giustinani 5785:Castel Sant'Angelo 5729:S. Stefano Rotondo 5311:Pyramid of Cestius 5160:Palace of Domitian 5095:Gardens of Sallust 4942:Forum of Vespasian 4862:Temple of Portunus 4779:Baths of Caracalla 4118:. 19 December 2006 3622:Skeptical Inquirer 3198:Death Penalty Info 2767:, "Vespasian" 18; 2453:Rutgers Law Review 2352:Roman amphitheatre 2061:In popular culture 2039: 1983: 1934:(died about 202), 1912: 1897: 1861: 1826: 1781: 1672: 1566: 1528: 1512:Arena and hypogeum 1453:maenianum secundum 1439: 1412: 1370: 1292: 1261: 1215: 1191: 1133: 1114: 1106: 1095: 1067:earthquake in 1349 1051: 966:Siege of Jerusalem 950: 917:Great Fire of Rome 911:, through which a 897: 889: 741: 724:, and by 1548 the 665:Antonio de Guevara 649:Solace of Pilgrims 555:Colossus of Rhodes 543: 165:41.89028; 12.49222 6932:Rome R. XIX Celio 6927:Roman archaeology 6869: 6868: 6861:Honorary status: 6776: 6775: 6747:Rome Quadriennale 6674:Metropolitan City 6668: 6667: 6351:Galleria Borghese 6226:Piazza San Pietro 6201:Piazza del Popolo 6196:Piazza d'Aracoeli 6169:and public spaces 6051:di Piazza Nicosia 6041:di Piazza Farnese 6036:di Piazza Colonna 5910:Palazzo Valentini 5800:Palazzo Barberini 5494:S. Carlo al Corso 5393: 5392: 5384:Ponte Sant'Angelo 5341:Tomb of Priscilla 5281:Catacombs of Rome 5155:House of Augustus 5144:Domus Transitoria 5110:Theatre of Pompey 5037:Porticus Octaviae 4927:Forum of Augustus 4832:Temple of Hadrian 4644:Arch of Gallienus 4634:Arch of Dolabella 4592:Flaminian Obelisk 4368:Landmarks of Rome 4335: 4334: 4325:Succeeded by 4319:Landmarks of Rome 4284:"Colosseum" 4237:978-0-674-01895-2 4226:. Cambridge, MA: 4194:. Baltimore, MD: 4182:978-88-04-11896-1 4169:Coarelli, Filippo 3842:the-colosseum.net 3807:978-1-59884-655-3 3761:978-0-8160-7565-2 3730:978-1-4412-0074-7 3698:978-0-472-08568-2 3663:978-1-59884-655-3 3613:Polidoro, Massimo 3594:978-1-59884-655-3 3522:the-colosseum.net 3366:978-0-89243-679-8 3127:Names the order: 2940:978-0-19-288003-1 2869:978-88-8265-126-8 2640:978-0-19-926212-0 2554:on 7 January 2009 2498:978-1-118-16629-1 2438:978-0-06-430158-9 2130:Giuseppe Cassioli 2047:Domenico Panaroli 2021:the Pope leads a 1979:Pope John Paul II 1920:Christian martyrs 1865:Diego Della Valle 1833:Pope Benedict XVI 1414:According to the 1349:Castra Misenatium 1153:Christian martyrs 1145:Passion of Christ 1137:Pope Benedict XIV 1056:Frangipani family 467:leads a torchlit 408:public spectacles 368:Anfiteatro Flavio 222: 221: 16:(Redirected from 6969: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6780: 6600: 6525:Apollo Belvedere 6421:Museo delle Mura 6241:Via dei Coronari 6231:Piazza di Spagna 5925:Palazzo Wedekind 5885:Palazzo Pamphilj 5810:Palazzo Borghese 5719:S. Sisto Vecchio 5247:Porticus Aemilia 5219:Column of Phocas 5201:Column monuments 4962:Forum Holitorium 4867:Temple of Saturn 4774:Baths of Agrippa 4690:Aqua Alexandrina 4622:Triumphal arches 4619: 4491:Castra Praetoria 4361: 4354: 4347: 4338: 4309:Preceded by 4306: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4255:Official website 4241: 4209: 4186: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3793: 3787: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3387:. 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Archived from 2951: 2945: 2944: 2920: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2853: 2847: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2736: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2690: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2597: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2430: 2420: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2210: 2198: 2152:British Columbia 1950:Circus Flaminius 1908:C. W. Eckersberg 1893:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1777:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1685: 1668:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1624:Summum Choragium 1443:maenianum primum 1402:Interior seating 1290:of the Colosseum 1288:Superposed order 1196:Benito Mussolini 1005:seating capacity 933:Colossus of Nero 798:Colossus of Nero 749:Philemon Holland 699: 677: 675: 667:'s biography of 613:High Middle Ages 610: 583:formed from the 571: 569: 492: 477:5 euro cent coin 420:mock sea battles 374: 345: 343: 334: 332: 323: 321: 293: 277: 273: 268: 267: 264: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 218: 216: 211: 171: 170: 168: 167: 166: 161: 157: 154: 153: 152: 149: 93: 92: 85: 79: 56: 49: 21: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6937:Round buildings 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6855: 6812: 6807: 6777: 6772: 6756: 6728: 6704:Hadrian's Villa 6676:of Rome Capital 6675: 6664: 6660:Monte Testaccio 6646: 6591: 6510: 6481:Palazzo Colonna 6327: 6320: 6278: 6270: 6181:Campo de' Fiori 6168: 6156: 6100:Other landmarks 6095: 6071:Quattro Fontane 5949: 5935:Villa Farnesina 5930:Palazzo Zuccari 5900:Palazzo Ruspoli 5835:Palazzo Farnese 5825:Palazzo Colonna 5763: 5743: 5624:S. Maria in Via 5400: 5389: 5352: 5347:Vigna Randanini 5257: 5253:Trajan's Market 5234: 5225:Trajan's Column 5196: 5130:Domus Augustana 5114: 5049: 4967: 4932:Forum of Caesar 4905: 4872:Temple of Vesta 4842:Temple of Janus 4798: 4794:Baths of Trajan 4762: 4737: 4704:Aqua Anio Novus 4697:Aqua Anio Vetus 4670: 4613: 4606: 4587:Lateran Obelisk 4572: 4375:Walls and gates 4370: 4365: 4326: 4321: 4310: 4281: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4212: 4206: 4189: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3968: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3933:contemporaries. 3925: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3808: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3777: 3773: 3762: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3731: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3699: 3691:. p. 227. 3680: 3679: 3675: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3633:on 18 June 2018 3611: 3610: 3606: 3595: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3461:on 28 July 2020 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3391:on 3 June 2013. 3379: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3257:. "Colosseum", 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3009: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2922: 2921: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2738: 2737: 2728: 2721: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2633:. p. 114. 2624: 2623: 2619: 2599: 2598: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2518:Hindustan Times 2511: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2489:Rome day by day 2486: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2422: 2421: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2269: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2245: 2242: 2233: 2230: 2221: 2211: 2202: 2199: 2190: 2063: 2031: 2007:Christian cross 1930:. According to 1882: 1853: 1818: 1791:navalia proelia 1650: 1613:Ludus Matutinus 1598: 1514: 1404: 1337:, known as the 1253: 1248: 1222:in April 2012. 1084: 1043: 1025:Anicius Maximus 1021:Valentinian III 991:inaugural games 878: 873: 790: 672: 669:Marcus Aurelius 566: 507:Flavian dynasty 485: 473:Italian version 457:Catholic Church 416:Roman mythology 348:Flavian dynasty 340: 329: 318: 275: 271: 233: 229: 214: 212: 209: 164: 162: 158: 155: 150: 147: 145: 143: 142: 114: 107: 106: 105: 104: 101: 100: 99: 98: 94: 86: 66: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6975: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6942:Ruins in Italy 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6917:Outdoor arenas 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 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6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:di Ponte Sisto 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5895:Palazzo Riario 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5875:Palazzo Mattei 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855:Palazzo Madama 5852: 5850:Lateran Palace 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5751: 5749:Other churches 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5399:Roman Catholic 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5372:Pons Fabricius 5368: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5172:Villa of Livia 5169: 5166:Villa Gordiani 5162: 5157: 5152: 5150:Flavian Palace 5147: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5123: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5071:Circus of Nero 5068: 5063: 5061:Circus Maximus 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5009:Basilica Ulpia 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4987:Basilica Julia 4983: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4947:Trajan's Forum 4944: 4939: 4937:Forum of Nerva 4934: 4929: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4639:Arch of Drusus 4636: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4496:Janiculum Wall 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4452:San Sebastiano 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4382:Aurelian Walls 4378: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4323: 4316: 4313:Circus of Nero 4304: 4303: 4298: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4248: 4247:External links 4245: 4243: 4242: 4236: 4214:Hopkins, Keith 4210: 4204: 4187: 4181: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4129: 4103: 4078: 4067:. 18 July 2023 4052: 4027: 3999: 3978:"The Coliseum" 3966: 3946:"The Coliseum" 3937: 3916:"The Coliseum" 3907: 3886:"The Coliseum" 3877: 3856:"The Coliseum" 3847: 3829: 3817: 3806: 3788: 3771: 3760: 3740: 3729: 3708: 3697: 3673: 3662: 3644: 3604: 3593: 3575: 3563: 3545: 3527: 3509: 3494: 3472: 3446: 3420: 3394: 3372: 3365: 3347: 3314: 3300: 3285: 3263: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3185: 3162: 3150: 3137: 3110:"MEDIVM AEVVM" 3101: 3073: 3051: 3042: 3023: 3003: 2985: 2983:Elkins, p. 23. 2976: 2946: 2939: 2882: 2868: 2848: 2811:"The Coliseum" 2802: 2786: 2773: 2756: 2726: 2719: 2691: 2675:Mairui, Amedeo 2667: 2646: 2639: 2617: 2565: 2536: 2504: 2497: 2479: 2457: 2444: 2437: 2404: 2382: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2331: 2328:History portal 2317: 2303: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2212: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2179:, overlooking 2177:McCaig's Tower 2174: 2166: 2159: 2144: 2119: 2062: 2059: 2055:bird migration 2030: 2027: 1968:Pope Clement X 1928:Circus Maximus 1881: 1878: 1852: 1849: 1817: 1814: 1734:Caspian tigers 1698:hippopotamuses 1649: 1646: 1597: 1594: 1578:Vestal Virgins 1513: 1510: 1494:praecinctiones 1420:Vestal Virgins 1403: 1400: 1366:Roman numerals 1265:Roman theatres 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1232:Paul McCartney 1198:in the 1930s. 1185:, showing the 1147:and installed 1083: 1080: 1042: 1039: 909:Palatine Hills 877: 874: 872: 869: 851:masculine noun 833:Venerable Bede 824:. The emperor 822:magical powers 789: 786: 680:Middle English 676: 161–180 653:Middle English 637:Middle English 595:Medieval Latin 570: 117–138 484: 481: 424:early medieval 418:, and briefly 381:archaeologists 220: 219: 206: 202: 201: 192: 188: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 140: 136: 135: 120: 116: 115: 112: 109: 108: 102: 96: 95: 88: 87: 80: 74: 73: 72: 71: 68: 67: 58:View from the 57: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6974: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6724:Villa Farnese 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6671: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:Raphael Rooms 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6426:Museo di Roma 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6328:art galleries 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6246:Via del Corso 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Piazza Navona 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6152:Spanish Steps 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6142:Milizie Tower 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122:Capocci Tower 6120: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066:Quattro Fiumi 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Palazzo Spada 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Palazzo Malta 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:Palazzo Chigi 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674:S. Pudenziana 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5396: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5270:Casal Rotondo 5267: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5189:Villa of the 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054:Entertainment 5052: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4955:Forum Boarium 4952: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4922:Imperial fora 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 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4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4437:San Pancrazio 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4223:The Colosseum 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4205:9781421432557 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3818: 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3043: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020:1-902040-35-X 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763:Mentioned in 2760: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720:9780801843006 2716: 2713:. p. 7. 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2392: 2386: 2383: 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