499:, two gung-ho white upper middle-class radicals enthralled with violent revolution, were the driving force behind forming the SLA and the major theorizers. Both were involved in sexual relationships with DeFreeze. "Popeye" Jackson, a former inmate at Vacaville and prisoners' rights advocate also commented on the adulation of black prisoners as revolutionary fantasy objects by white female radicals. These perspectives affirm Westbrook's theory that sexual politics was more powerful than political ideology for inmates who embraced politics within the BCA, to wit: DeFreeze wanted to impress the fanatical ladies for whom he was a revolutionary fantasy object.
1184:
414:(but it is unclear who asked). There were cultural meetings at the prison on Friday nights, which several hundred outsiders also attended. They opened with a pan African flag and black power salutes. Meeting programs included speeches, poetry readings, plays and debates. The program attracted radical students who saw militant black nationalism as a force that could launch a revolution. Westbrook's purported prior relationship with inmate
212:, where he was raised. He also grew up in this area. His father was Edward Cody Westbrook, who died in Germany while serving as a sergeant in the Army in World War II. His mother, Virginia Ruth (Colston) Westbrook, was first a housewife and then held various jobs while raising their five children. She stressed their education. His siblings were Cody, Naomi (married name Martinez), and Diane and Tanya Hill.
25:
469:
that the weapons cache was provided by law enforcement handlers). Westbrook may not have supervising or foreseen the role of his BCA/educational outreach contacts' in founding a radical group. But he may have had a role facilitating undercover operations with DeFreeze, in line with his purported earlier role facilitating LAPD undercover operations against black radicals.
607:
the kidnapping of Patty Hearst as a decoy action to provide cover for the SLA hit squad before planned actions against the Black
Panthers. Lastly, he said that the Los Angeles shootout in 1974, in which six SLA members died, was a planned elimination of the hit squad to silence them after their security had been too compromised.
545:'s CCS (Criminal Conspiracy Section) and the State of California's Sacramento-based CII (Criminal Identification and Investigation) unit was noted. During this time, DeFreeze was thought likely to have been an informant. (These conclusions were later supported by a 1988 book by Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall.)
593:
Dick
Russell suggested that inmates in California prisons were recruited with a combination of coercion and promises of favored treatment, and later withdrew their consent and faced consequences. Reportedly, DeFreeze was recruited and anointed as Field Marshall Cinque while in Soledad Prison, and was
413:
and became officially recognized by the prison system in 1971. At that time
Westbrook was a graduate student at Berkeley and became the group's "outside visitors coordinator" for educational outreach from students at Bay Area colleges and universities. He reportedly was asked to work with this group
468:
After his escape, when DeFreeze met radicals in the Bay area, he was known for his eagerness to sell firearms, explosives, and related items. Some writers have raised suspicions that he was trying to set up sting operations. His means of acquiring weaponry has remained unexplained (it was theorized
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When a journalist asked
Westbrook in 1974 why he had gone to Vietnam, he answered, "Money, why else? I was told by the American Embassy in Tokyo I could make $ 10,000 working in Vietnam. They said it pays to be black in Nam". PAE's services as a contractor included civilian cover for CIA operatives
606:
and
Russell Little were thought to compromise security after the assassination of Foster; they were the only two SLA members charged with the crimes and were sentenced to prison. Russell suggests they were to be executed by SLA recruits in prison. (Remiro is still in prison.) Further, he described
487:
Westbrook soon went into hiding, in fear for his life. Westbrook contended that he had fallen on the bad side of the SLA's founders because "lesbians" among them objected to his approval of miniskirt-clad black women attending BCA events, and bringing provocative images of women for BCA-affiliated
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Questions about
Westbrook's relationship to the Symbionese Liberation Army arise from his relationships with its key players, including DeFreeze and student participants in the BCA educational outreach project. DeFreeze had received favorable treatment while at Vacaville and Soledad prisons, which
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followed court approval of lenient probation and lack of prosecution earlier on weapons charges while in Los
Angeles. Some reporters have suggested that DeFreeze's escape was arranged by law enforcement in an effort to launch intelligence-gathering and sting operations against Bay Area radicals.
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DeFreeze's arrest records and disposition of cases indicated unusually lenient treatment starting in 1967, when he informed on an accomplice who possessed nearly 200 stolen weapons. The detective on the case moved to a new unit focused on black
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inmates. Of those actions, he said, "Because if you want to dangle a carrot in front of the inmates to get 'em to learn and come to meetings, you don't dangle
Communism. You dangle fine‐looking chicks they'll think maybe they can get next to."
433:, white students who attended Westbrook's African-American Linguistics class, were among those from Berkeley who joined the BCA outreach program. In 1972, DeFreeze invited these three to join his separate study group, Unisight. Another inmate,
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in Los
Angeles has driven the contention that DeFreeze was recruited by Westbrook as an informant to keep tabs on black inmates with radical political sympathies, and on interactions with radical students in the outreach program.
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and suggestions that he was an informant. But, this account was overshadowed by reports of the shootout with the LAPD in Los
Angeles and burning of the house where DeFreeze and five other members of the SLA had holed up.
312:, an organization of black prisoners, to participate in discussion groups on politics and social justice, and assist in education. Westbrook organized student volunteers to work with prisoners, who included DeFreeze.
289:'s Criminal Conspiracy Section and the State of California's Criminal Identification and Investigation Unit. During that time radical black militant organizations were a top target of those units. According to writer
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Westbrook was involved in student politics on campus. He was President of the Pan African Student Union at UC Berkeley for two consecutive terms. In 1979, he hosted a question-answer session with noted author
367:, which has some roots in West African languages. He told a journalist, "It's a brand new field, my own field. I made it up". As a teaching assistant, he taught African-American Linguistics in Berkeley's
382:. It assisted African immigrants and African Americans with resources, to educate mainstream society about how African Americans learn, and to assist immigrants in adjusting to American society.
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BCA founder David Inua described DeFreeze as unintelligent, lacking leadership ability, and incapable of formulating the SLA communiques that he purportedly wrote. Inua said he thought
278:. He worked with PAE for five years there, as the United States became increasingly embroiled in warfare, in an effort to prevent South Vietnam from being overtaken by communists.
181:, he established a program of prison outreach and approved students from the Bay Area to serve as volunteers. Some of the participants from Berkeley and two former prisoners at
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Westbrook attended Chambersburg primary and high schools, graduating with honors in 1955. After graduation he and his elder brother, Cody, traveled from Pennsylvania to
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Westbrook had previously served with a contractor in Vietnam for the US Army that provided services to the CIA. After returning to the United States, he worked for the
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Cinque: A Dropout Who Has Been in Constant Trouble; School Dropout On Welfare Wanted to Sell Bombs Recommendation Ignored Cooperation Indicated Charges Dropped
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following DeFreeze's escape from Soledad prison, where he had been transferred. Wheeler later escaped from Vacaville and joined his associates in Berkeley.
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in its Criminal Conspiracy Section and the State of California's Criminal Identification and Investigation Unit. In 1970 he started graduate work at
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agent, and had worked as a "torturer" for the CIA in Vietnam. They classified him as "an enemy to be shot on sight". They also claimed he was an
846:, 1979. Westbrook is seated on the left (Baldwin's right). A reference to the Jonestown mass killing in Part II dates the video to after 1978.
177:(September 14, 1937 – August 3, 1989) was an American teacher and linguist who worked in the fields of minority education and literacy. At the
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in September 1970. By this time, he had mastered several foreign languages — Korean, Japanese, Italian, German, and French. He also studied
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In an unusual path, Westbrook served in the Army, followed by the Air Force. After an assignment in South Korea, he was assigned in 1960 to
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579:. Further, he said that the Black Cultural Association was used by law enforcement to monitor radicals among students and prison inmates.
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1256:"Revolution's End: The Patty Hearst Kidnapping, Mind Control, and the Secret History of Donald DeFreeze and the SLA by Brad Schreiber"
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Theories that the SLA was conceived of as a disguised CIA hit squad gained currency in some leftist circles. These were discussed in
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351:. In 1975, he completed his master's thesis on the dual linguistic heritage of African Americans, which he called "Black English
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was selected as a target by government forces because of he was considered too friendly with the Black Panthers in Oakland.
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Revolution's End: The Patty Hearst Kidnapping, Mind Control, and the Secret History of Donald DeFreeze and the SLA
35:
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allowed to escape to do the government's bidding. Russell said that the main target of the SLA hit squad was the
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308:, Westbrook had set up a program of prisoner outreach for student volunteers. They worked with members of the
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293:, circumstantial evidence suggests that Westbrook could have begun a working relationship at the time with
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259:. During that period he became friends with Steven Mbandi and later visited him in his home country of
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where he excelled, particularly at languages. He was an honors student. He was selected to travel to
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in February 1974, the SLA placed Westbrook on their death list by April. They claimed he was a
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and constructing 44 Province Detention Centers. Westbrook later denied working for the CIA.
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821:: The FBI's Secret Wars against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement
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He established his own educational consulting company, Minority Consultants, located on
571:, co-written with William Hoffman, Headley presented evidence that DeFreeze had been a
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He worked in the fields of minority education and literacy. While a student, he won a
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Years later Westbrook had contact with DeFreeze when the latter was in prison at the
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in California. Upon completion of military service in 1967, he taught English at the
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In 1968, Westbrook returned to the United States, where he began working with the
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were among the founding members in 1973 of the radical leftist group known as the
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They presented 400 pages of documentation, and detailed the following findings:
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While in Tokyo he was recruited for a civilian position in South Vietnam with
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in Vacaville. By then working as a teaching assistant and later professor at
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511:'s father and another member's family contracted with private investigator
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695:"Colston Richard Westbrook's life story, (1937 - 1989) - ForeverMissed.com"
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371:. He continued to teach the class after completing his doctoral degree.
519:, held a press conference in San Francisco to announce their findings.
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on campus. His views on equity and justice often created controversy.
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The CIA Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists
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to research the group. On May 4, 1974, Headley, along with writer
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These individuals were among the founding members in 1973 of the
355:." He focused on how many African-American students customarily
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Westbrook married Eposi Mary Ngomba, whom he met on a visit to
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A year before the kidnapping Patty Hearst had visited convict,
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997:
Vegas P.I.: The Life and Times of America's Greatest Detective
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Vegas P.I.: The Life and Times of America's Greatest Detective
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Vegas P.I.: The Life and Times of America's Greatest Detective
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for "unconvincing evidence" and "thin analysis of sources.")
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ran an article about the relationship of DeFreeze and the
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to live with their maternal grandmother. Colston attended
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Westbrook enrolled in the Linguistics department at the
783:"Cinque: A Dropout Who Has Been in Constant Trouble"
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Not long after the SLA's denunciation of Westbrook,
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
619:. They had four children and lived in California.
231:to represent Contra Costa College under President
200:and taught at the university after completing it.
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921:http://freeingjohnsinclair.aadl.org/node/200649
332:. He understood and had a working knowledge of
977:Patty Hearst - urban guerrilla brought to heel
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861:The Man and the Mystery Behind the Sla Terror
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208:Westbrook was born on September 14, 1937, in
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237:People to People Student Ambassador Program
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243:Military and government contracting career
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1300:University of California, Berkeley alumni
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598:, and that Oakland School Superintendent
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:American teacher and linguist (1937–1989)
816:Churchill, Ward & Vander Wall, Jim,
1275:20th-century African-American academics
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1061:from the original on February 14, 2018.
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838:video of Westbrook hosting a talk by
795:from the original on October 26, 2017
270:, a US government contractor for the
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397:Student activism and prison outreach
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1063:(Note: This book was criticized by
627:Westbrook died of cancer at Kaiser
369:Department of Afro-American Studies
328:at Berkeley with Bwana Kaaya, from
322:University of California, Berkeley
306:University of California, Berkeley
253:International Christian University
198:University of California, Berkeley
179:University of California, Berkeley
14:
385:He served as dean of students at
297:, an alleged informant for LAPD.
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762:Notes from the Land of the Cobra
588:men's entertainment/storytelling
503:Private investigation of the SLA
268:Pacific Architects and Engineers
23:
1280:20th-century American academics
1010:"Patty Hearst article (part 1)"
34:needs additional citations for
728:, Manitou Communications, 2006
631:on August 3, 1989. He was 51.
1:
781:Kifner, John (May 17, 1974).
557:Los Angeles Police Department
543:Los Angeles Police Department
287:Los Angeles Police Department
194:Los Angeles Police Department
365:their own dialect of English
1305:Academics from Pennsylvania
960:The Bakersfield Californian
955:SLA targets three for death
931:Headley, L and Hoffman, W,
493:Patricia "Mizmoon" Soltysik
407:California Medical Facility
302:California Medical Facility
272:Central Intelligence Agency
1321:
1285:Symbionese Liberation Army
1104:Symbionese Liberation Army
460:Symbionese Liberation Army
446:Symbionese Liberation Army
441:, was also in this group.
405:was formed in 1968 at the
403:Black Cultural Association
310:Black Cultural Association
210:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
187:Symbionese Liberation Army
142:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
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175:Colston Richard Westbrook
135:Colston Richard Westbrook
1037:Schreiber, Brad (2016).
152:August 3, 1989 (aged 51)
940:, Thunder's Mouth, 1993
530:, who later became the
393:from 1978 until 1989.
629:Oakland Medical Center
541:Westbrook's work with
699:www.forevermissed.com
391:San Pablo, California
341:Fulbright Scholarship
249:Travis Air Force Base
919:, January 22, 1976,
819:Agents of Repression
387:Contra Costa College
233:Dwight D. Eisenhower
221:Contra Costa College
217:Richmond, California
167:Contra Costa College
43:improve this article
1045:Skyhorse Publishing
1014:www.maebrussell.com
596:Black Panther Party
156:Oakland, California
58:"Colston Westbrook"
892:The New York Times
788:The New York Times
768:The New York Times
693:Westbrook, Eposi.
552:The New York Times
138:September 14, 1937
1244:
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1130:Patricia Soltysik
1065:Publishers Weekly
656:files.eric.ed.gov
649:"Document Resume"
577:agent provocateur
549:On May 17, 1974,
472:After kidnapping
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125:Colston Westbrook
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1113:Founding members
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913:Who Ran the SLA?
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376:San Pablo Avenue
361:General American
343:to study at the
183:Vacaville Prison
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1165:Mary Alice Siem
1120:Donald DeFreeze
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528:Donald DeFreeze
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431:Mary Alice Siem
416:Donald DeFreeze
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316:Academic career
295:Donald DeFreeze
276:Phoenix Program
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771:, June 2, 1974
757:Davidson, Sara
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895:, 17 May 1974
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611:Personal life
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600:Marcus Foster
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567:'s 1993 book
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1209:Patty Hearst
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1150:Emily Harris
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36:verification
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1295:1989 deaths
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1175:Gary Atwood
1172:Russ Little
1169:Bill Harris
844:UC Berkeley
823:, 1988/2002
538:dissidents.
437:, a former
229:Rome, Italy
1269:Categories
1145:Joe Remiro
1019:2024-04-28
915:, Argosy,
704:2021-12-16
635:References
604:Joe Remiro
484:informer.
204:Early life
69:newspapers
799:April 26,
661:April 28,
584:satirical
411:Vacaville
225:San Pablo
99:July 2024
1059:Archived
793:Archived
617:Cameroon
380:Berkeley
345:Sorbonne
330:Tanzania
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836:Youtube
334:Bakweri
326:Swahili
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586:and
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563:In
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