850:
1782:
519:
134:
531:
404:. These grooved fangs tend to be sharpest on the anterior and posterior edges. While feeding, colubrids move their jaws backward to create a cutting motion between the posterior edge and the prey's tissue. In order to inject venom, colubridae must chew on their prey. Colubrids can also be proteroglyphous (fangs at the front of the upper jaw, followed by small solid teeth)
116:
416:
Characteristics of
Colubridae include limbless bodies, left lung that is reduced or absent, tracheal lung that is reduced or absent, well-developed oviducts, Premaxillaries that lack teeth, maxilaries oriented longitudinally with teeth that are solid or grooved, mandible does not have coronoid bone,
407:
Most
Colubridae are oviparious (mode of reproduction where an egg is produced that will later hatch) with clutch size varying by size and species of snake. However, certain species of snakes from the subfamilies of Natriciinae and Colubrinae are viviparous (mode of reproduction where young are live
350:
Colubrids are a very diverse group of snakes. They can exhibit many different body styles, body sizes, colors, and patterns. They can also live in many different types of habitats including aquatic, terrestrial, semi-arboreal, arboreal, desert, mountainous forests, semi-fossorial, and brackish
417:
dentary that has teeth, only a left carotid artery, Intercostal arteries from the dorsal aorta in trunk segments, no cranial infrared receptors occur in pits or surface indentations, and an optic foramina that usually perforate the frontal–parietal–parasphenoid sutures
3508:
Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; de Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees".
2644:
These taxa have been at one time or another classified as part of the
Colubridae, but are now either classified as parts of other families, or are no longer accepted because all the species within them have been moved to other (sub)families.
3078:
Vonk, F. J.; Admiraal, J. F.; Jackson, K.; Reshef, R.; de Bakker, M. A.; Vanderschoot, K.; van den Berge, I.; van Atten, M.; Burgerhout, E.; Beck, A. (2008). "Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs".
3631:
3552:
Zheng, Yuchi; Wiens, John J. (January 2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species".
392:(often simply called "rear-fanged"), meaning they possess shortened, grooved "fangs" located at the back of the upper jaw. It is thought that opisthoglyphy evolved many times throughout the natural history of
3943:
Zamorano, Martín (20 July 2020). "Diagnosis y nueva descripción de
Propanochthus bullifer (Burmeister) (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae). Consideraciones bioestratigráficas y cronológicas de su procedencia".
3822:
Barbiere, Franck; Cruz, Laura E.; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J. (2 September 2016). "A new genus of
Sigmodontinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Pliocene of central Argentina".
4022:
Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (January 2008). "Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late
Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy".
4001:
Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico (2009). "First fossil record for the family
Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Pliocene) in the Monte Hermoso Formation, Argentina".
3869:
Nicoli, Laura (3 September 2015). "New fossil species of the extant genus
Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of central Argentina".
3130:
Fry, B. G.; Casewell, N. R.; Wüster, W.; Vidal, N.; Young, B.; Jackson, T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the
Toxicofera reptile venom system".
3248:
Lawson, R.; Slowinski, J.B.; Crother, B.I.; Burbrink, F.T. (November 2005). "Phylogeny of the
Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes".
3627:
2791:. The presence of derived colubrids in North America so early on, despite their presumed Old World origins, suggests that they originated even earlier. The Pliocene (
3785:
Barbière, Franck; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J. (March 2019). "The oldest sigmodontine rodent revisited and the age of the first South American cricetids".
3605:
4556:
458:
However, recent research in molecular phylogenetics has stabilized the classification of historically "colubrid" snakes and the family as currently defined is a
408:
birthed). These viviparous species can birth various amounts of offspring at a time, but the exact number of offspring depends on the size and species of snake
4697:
4595:
4682:
465:, although additional research will be necessary to sort out all the relationships within this group. As of May 2018, eight subfamilies are recognized.
4530:
4139:
3702:
4569:
3918:"New Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) from the early Pliocene of the Buenos Aires province (Argentina) and its biogeographical implications"
3747:
Parmley, D.; Walker, D. (2003). "Snakes of the Pliocene Taunton local fauna of Adams County, Washington with the description of a new colubrid".
3291:
Fry, B.G.; Vidal, N.; van der Weerd, L.; Kochva, E.; Renjifo, C. (2009). "Evolution and diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system".
3986:"Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la Formación Monte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)"
3974:
3335:
3232:
3029:
2933:
2986:
2955:
Vitt, Laurie J, and Janalee P Caldwell. Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th ed., Elsevier Inc, 2014.
4644:
3674:
4692:
4574:
4582:
3597:
4132:
2886:
849:
4452:
4439:
133:
4677:
4509:
4151:
3177:
4600:
4522:
3760:
3178:"Fang evolution in venomous snakes: Adaptation of 3D tooth shape to the biomechanical properties of their prey"
1781:
4687:
4125:
3657:"New Herpetological Species and Records from the Norden Bridge Fauna (Miocene: Late Barstovian) of Nebraska"
383:
sp.) have long been notorious for inflicting the worst bites on humans, with the most confirmed fatalities.
4379:
3726:
220:
2864:
Nebraskophis HOLMAN from the Late Eocene of Georgia (USA), the oldest known North American colubrid snake
369:
sp.) can escalate quickly to emergency situations. Furthermore, within the Colubridae, the South African
4621:
2496:
1791:
4457:
2801:
518:
342:
epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
4649:
4478:
4426:
4060:
4031:
3878:
3831:
3794:
3562:
3518:
3447:
3388:
3257:
3139:
3088:
2813:
2784:
2616:
1023:
3985:
1367:
3967:
Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation
3436:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
2819:
2576:
540:
3377:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes"
2831:
2779:
2624:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2568:
2535:
4672:
4289:
3904:
3857:
3810:
3764:
3345:
3112:
2921:
2739:
2692:
2543:
2527:
2511:
2340:
2186:
1359:
812:
128:
4051:
Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (July 2006). "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography".
2971:
2632:
2551:
2519:
2460:
4626:
2913:
803:
4608:
4465:
4093:
3970:
3578:
3534:
3475:
3416:
3331:
3308:
3273:
3228:
3197:
3155:
3104:
3025:
2972:"Animales venenosos. Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en España"
2929:
2796:
2284:
1324:
859:
434:
351:
waters. A primarily shy and harmless group of snakes, the vast majority of colubrids are not
4561:
338:, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the
4636:
4613:
4352:
4274:
4082:"The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review"
4068:
4039:
4010:
3953:
3929:
3894:
3886:
3847:
3839:
3802:
3756:
3570:
3526:
3465:
3455:
3406:
3396:
3300:
3265:
3220:
3189:
3147:
3096:
3058:
3017:
1437:
1212:
788:
711:
491:
327:
280:
236:
4417:
4362:
4214:
4111:
3361:
2658:
1826:
1812:
1240:
974:
388:
4064:
4035:
3882:
3835:
3798:
3566:
3522:
3451:
3392:
3261:
3143:
3092:
4517:
4504:
4342:
4299:
4284:
4191:
3470:
3435:
3411:
3376:
3224:
2807:
2688:
2650:
2489:
2445:
2319:
2277:
2214:
2155:
2148:
2113:
1903:
1683:
1658:
1556:
1486:
1170:
1163:
774:
718:
352:
319:
4666:
4347:
4334:
4324:
4279:
4254:
4209:
4199:
4081:
3814:
3063:
3046:
2917:
2799:
of Adams County, Washington has yielded fossils from a number of colubrids including
2732:
2684:
2680:
2654:
2326:
2263:
2242:
2085:
1917:
1882:
1711:
1690:
1591:
1577:
1542:
1535:
1500:
1479:
1416:
1374:
1289:
1254:
1226:
1142:
1086:
876:
829:
781:
704:
655:
564:
474:
73:
3908:
3861:
3768:
4431:
4319:
4314:
4264:
4249:
4239:
4234:
3434:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
3116:
2753:
2746:
2706:
2702:
2424:
2417:
2354:
2270:
2200:
2176:
2099:
2078:
2015:
1980:
1875:
1765:
1751:
1727:
1704:
1666:
1598:
1402:
1233:
1135:
1128:
1058:
1009:
960:
925:
897:
822:
795:
767:
760:
683:
648:
571:
523:
484:
4444:
4043:
3843:
3151:
2862:
530:
4470:
4072:
3890:
3460:
3326:
Pough, F. Harvey; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. (1998).
437:" for snakes that do not fit elsewhere. Until recently, colubrids were basically
4587:
4543:
4411:
4357:
4304:
4269:
4259:
4224:
3574:
3530:
3304:
3269:
2672:
2482:
2410:
2396:
2347:
2298:
2291:
2235:
2120:
2092:
2050:
1938:
1931:
1861:
1840:
1805:
1796:
1744:
1697:
1633:
1549:
1493:
1458:
1114:
1093:
1030:
918:
904:
890:
641:
634:
451:
438:
205:
48:
41:
17:
4294:
3703:"What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera
2825:
2761:
2757:
2665:
2503:
2438:
2389:
2382:
2305:
2256:
2193:
2169:
2134:
2029:
2022:
1959:
1945:
1924:
1910:
1833:
1819:
1786:
1774:
1758:
1626:
1584:
1563:
1528:
1514:
1507:
1472:
1451:
1430:
1409:
1388:
1345:
1303:
1282:
1247:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1149:
1121:
1051:
1016:
988:
967:
946:
911:
869:
854:
843:
838:
753:
739:
725:
550:
535:
512:
507:
498:
379:
374:
93:
58:
4402:
4097:
3916:
Agnolin, Federico; Bogan, Sergio; Tomassini, Rodrigo; Manera, Teresa (2014).
2878:
4491:
4204:
4014:
3934:
3917:
3401:
3021:
2676:
2559:
2475:
2431:
2368:
2361:
2228:
2221:
2207:
2141:
2064:
2057:
2043:
2036:
2008:
2001:
1952:
1896:
1868:
1854:
1737:
1676:
1649:
1640:
1465:
1444:
1423:
1395:
1381:
1352:
1338:
1310:
1268:
1219:
1107:
1079:
1002:
669:
662:
599:
557:
459:
446:
426:
397:
370:
145:
98:
3957:
3582:
3538:
3479:
3420:
3312:
3277:
3201:
3159:
3108:
115:
3656:
4396:
4244:
4181:
4169:
3661:
Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies
3176:
Cleuren, Silke G. C.; Hocking, David P.; Evans, Alistair R. (June 2021).
2774:
2722:
2403:
2375:
2333:
2312:
2162:
2127:
2106:
1889:
1612:
1605:
1521:
1296:
1275:
1177:
1072:
1065:
1037:
995:
939:
932:
883:
746:
732:
676:
627:
585:
578:
442:
430:
401:
393:
360:
185:
165:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
3806:
3100:
4175:
3899:
3852:
2792:
2452:
2071:
1994:
1987:
1966:
1718:
1619:
1570:
1317:
1261:
1191:
1156:
981:
953:
697:
592:
175:
103:
78:
3193:
4548:
4219:
4163:
2788:
1973:
1100:
1044:
690:
620:
613:
606:
339:
155:
4535:
4373:
4496:
3984:
Albino, Adriana M.; Tomassini, Rodrigo; Brizuela, Santiago (2009).
4309:
4148:
2249:
1847:
1331:
462:
365:
356:
335:
331:
195:
4117:
396:
and is an evolutionary precursor to the larger, frontal fangs of
4377:
4121:
4086:
Revista Tecnica de Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos
3965:
Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (2012).
433:, than to each other. This family was historically used as a "
266:
4483:
2773:
The oldest colubrid fossils are indeterminate vertebrae from
429:, as many were more closely related to other groups, such as
251:
3761:
10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0235:SOTPTL]2.0.CO;2
292:
242:
2712:
Subfamily Lamprophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)
295:
289:
304:
260:
3215:
Schmalzried, Scott; Ceretto, Vincent (2024). "Snakes".
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
310:
286:
239:
2182:
307:
301:
298:
263:
257:
254:
248:
4386:
4333:
4190:
3047:"The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes"
283:
245:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2718:Subfamily Lycophidinae (now part of Lamprophiidae)
4003:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
3922:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
3375:Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013).
2728:Subfamily Philothamninae (now part of Colubrinae)
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
2698:Subfamily Dispholidinae (now part of Colubrinae)
3008:
3006:
2928:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195.
2749:, sometimes incorrectly spelled Xenodermatidae)
2715:Subfamily Lycodontinae (now part of Colubrinae)
2695:, which are now sometimes treated as families)
2679:of the new Colubridae, others moved to family
363:. However, the bites of a few groups (such as
4133:
4080:Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991).
842:– over 100 genera (sometimes given as family
8:
2725:, sometimes incorrectly spelled Pareatidae)
4374:
4140:
4126:
4118:
114:
31:
3933:
3898:
3851:
3696:
3694:
3469:
3459:
3410:
3400:
3062:
3051:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3014:"Venomous" Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes
4053:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2675:(some of which now treated as subfamily
1780:
848:
529:
517:
377:, as well as the Asian keelback snakes (
2926:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
2848:
511:– 36 genera (sometimes given as family
425:In the past, the Colubridae were not a
3357:
3353:
3343:
4114:at Life Is Short, but Snakes Are Long
3650:
3648:
3555:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3511:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3250:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3171:
3169:
2908:
2906:
2904:
7:
4698:Taxa named by Nicolaus Michael Oppel
4523:66d13ccd-e67e-44d8-82c6-79749b1b2951
3598:"Colubridae at The Reptile Database"
2889:from the original on 3 December 2018
2856:
2854:
2852:
2745:Subfamily Xenoderminae (now family
4683:Extant Oligocene first appearances
3871:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3824:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3225:10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00652-7
2742:(now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)
2735:(now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)
25:
3608:from the original on 29 June 2018
2721:Subfamily Pareatinae (now family
2469:Sub-family currently undetermined
1795:, preying on a legless lizard, a
359:that is medically significant to
3946:Spanish Journal of Palaeontology
3064:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x
2664:Subfamily Boiginae (now part of
386:Some colubrids are described as
355:, nor do most colubrids produce
279:
235:
132:
3634:from the original on 2021-05-21
2992:from the original on 2020-08-14
2829:species, and the extinct genus
3969:. Cambridge University Press.
3655:Holman, J. Alan (1982-01-01).
3330:. Prentice Hall. p. 162.
1:
4044:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.09.005
3844:10.1080/02724634.2016.1199557
3152:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.013
412:Characteristics of Colubridae
4073:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005
3891:10.1080/02724634.2015.981636
3725:(4): 664–665. Archived from
3461:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
3575:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009
3531:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006
3305:10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.009
3270:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.016
2777:and specimens of the genus
2756:(which many authors put in
4714:
3679:Florida Vertebrate Fossils
3675:"Floridaophis auffenbergi"
3217:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
2657:, sometimes combined with
4158:
129:Scientific classification
127:
122:
113:
34:
3381:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2970:Bruna Azara, C. (1995).
4015:10.22179/REVMACN.11.259
3935:10.22179/REVMACN.16.159
3787:Journal of Paleontology
3701:Savage, Jay M. (2015).
3402:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
3022:10.1016/C2010-0-68461-6
2795:) fossil record in the
2783:from the U.S. state of
2683:as part of subfamilies
4693:Taxa described in 1881
3958:10.7203/sjp.28.2.17860
3749:Journal of Herpetology
2861:P Dennis; A J (2003).
1799:
863:
544:
527:
323:
4622:Paleobiology Database
3719:Herpetological Review
3293:Journal of Proteomics
1792:Dolichophis jugularis
1784:
852:
533:
521:
4518:Fauna Europaea (new)
3628:"Blythia reticulata"
3602:The Reptile Database
3219:. pp. 567–571.
2814:Lampropeltis getulus
2653:(now a subfamily of
274:, commonly known as
4065:2006JSAES..21..185C
4036:2008Geobi..41..145V
3883:2015JVPal..35E1636N
3836:2016JVPal..36E9557B
3807:10.1017/jpa.2018.74
3799:2019JPal...93..368B
3567:2016MolPE..94..537Z
3523:2011MolPE..58..329P
3452:2016PLoSO..1161070F
3393:2013BMCEE..13...93P
3262:2005MolPE..37..581L
3144:2012Txcn...60..434F
3101:10.1038/nature07178
3093:2008Natur.454..630V
3045:Jackson, K (2003).
2979:Boletín de la S.E.A
2820:Pituophis catenifer
541:Thamnophis sirtalis
469:Current subfamilies
123:Colubridae species
4290:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
2740:Pseudoxyrhophiinae
2693:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
2640:Former subfamilies
1800:
864:
813:Pseudoxenodontinae
545:
528:
4678:Cenozoic reptiles
4660:
4659:
4609:Open Tree of Life
4380:Taxon identifiers
4371:
4370:
3976:978-0-521-19461-7
3561:(Pt B): 537–547.
3337:978-0-13-850876-0
3234:978-0-323-85434-4
3194:10.1111/evo.14239
3087:(7204): 630–633.
3031:978-0-12-387732-1
2935:978-0-12-178560-4
2802:Elaphe pliocenica
2797:Ringold Formation
860:Sibon longifrenis
526:(grey and yellow)
524:Indian rat snakes
435:wastebasket taxon
228:
227:
224:
16:(Redirected from
4705:
4653:
4652:
4640:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4590:
4588:NHMSYS0000375243
4578:
4577:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4487:
4486:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4448:
4447:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4375:
4353:Leptotyphlopidae
4275:Psammodynastidae
4142:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4101:
4076:
4047:
4018:
3997:
3980:
3961:
3939:
3937:
3912:
3902:
3865:
3855:
3818:
3773:
3772:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3505:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3463:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3404:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3188:(6): 1377–1394.
3173:
3164:
3163:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2976:
2967:
2956:
2953:
2940:
2939:
2910:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2787:, both from the
2184:
1438:Pseudoleptodeira
712:Pseudagkistrodon
492:Scaphiodontophis
326:, 'snake') is a
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
219:
137:
136:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
27:Family of snakes
21:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4363:Xenotyphlopidae
4329:
4240:Cylindrophiidae
4215:Atractaspididae
4186:
4154:
4146:
4108:
4079:
4050:
4021:
4000:
3983:
3977:
3964:
3942:
3915:
3868:
3830:(5): e1199557.
3821:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3507:
3506:
3487:
3446:(9): e0161070.
3433:
3432:
3428:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3352:
3342:
3338:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2954:
2943:
2936:
2914:Bauer, Aaron M.
2912:
2911:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2771:
2659:Atractaspidinae
2642:
2617:Pseudocemophora
2466:
1813:Aprosdoketophis
1771:
1724:
1670:– seven genera
1646:
975:Calamodontophis
835:
809:
504:
478:– three genera
471:
423:
414:
389:opisthoglyphous
348:
282:
278:
238:
234:
218:
131:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Colubrid snakes
15:
12:
11:
5:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4688:Snake families
4685:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4641:
4631:
4618:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4566:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4505:Fauna Europaea
4501:
4488:
4475:
4462:
4449:
4436:
4423:
4408:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4343:Anomalepididae
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:Tropidophiidae
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:Pseudaspididae
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4192:Alethinophidia
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4106:External links
4104:
4103:
4102:
4077:
4059:(3): 185–203.
4048:
4030:(1): 145–155.
4019:
3998:
3992:(in Spanish).
3981:
3975:
3962:
3952:(2): 283–292.
3940:
3913:
3877:(5): e981636.
3866:
3819:
3793:(2): 368–384.
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3755:(2): 235–244.
3739:
3690:
3666:
3644:
3619:
3588:
3544:
3517:(2): 329–342.
3485:
3426:
3367:
3336:
3318:
3299:(2): 127–136.
3283:
3256:(2): 581–601.
3240:
3233:
3207:
3165:
3138:(4): 434–448.
3122:
3070:
3057:(3): 337–354.
3037:
3030:
3002:
2957:
2941:
2934:
2900:
2885:. Britannica.
2883:britannica.com
2870:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2808:Elaphe vulpina
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2689:Pseudaspidinae
2669:
2662:
2651:Aparallactinae
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2490:Lycognathophis
2486:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2446:Xyelodontophis
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2278:Rhynchocalamus
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2215:Phyllorhynchus
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2156:Orientocoluber
2152:
2149:Oreocryptophis
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2114:Mopanveldophis
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1904:Crotaphopeltis
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1731:– five genera
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1684:Calamorhabdium
1680:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1557:Thamnodynastes
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1487:Rodriguesophis
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1368:Paleoheterodon
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1171:Eutrachelophis
1167:
1164:Erythrolamprus
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
865:
834:
833:
826:
818:
808:
807:
799:
792:
785:
778:
775:Tropidoclonion
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
546:
503:
502:
495:
488:
480:
470:
467:
441:that were not
422:
421:Classification
419:
413:
410:
347:
344:
226:
225:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4710:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Gerrhopilidae
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4335:Scolecophidia
4332:
4326:
4325:Xenophidiidae
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Psammophiidae
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Lamprophiidae
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Anomochilidae
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Acrochordidae
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3996:(1): 177–188.
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3729:on 2016-03-07
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:Uetz, Peter.
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3354:|first2=
3347:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:Zweifel, R.G.
2919:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2769:Fossil record
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:Psammophiinae
2730:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:Lamprophiinae
2682:
2681:Lamprophiidae
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:Lamprophiidae
2652:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:Paleofarancia
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:Spalerosophis
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:Rhinobothryum
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:Pseudoficimia
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:Macroprotodon
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:Dendrophidion
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:– 93 genera
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:Pseudorabdion
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:Collorhabdium
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:Tropidodipsas
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1578:Tretanorhinus
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:Taeniophallus
1540:
1538:
1537:
1536:Tachymenoides
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:Rhadinophanes
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:Pseudalsophis
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:Paraphimophis
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1290:Lioheterophis
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:Hypsirhynchus
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1227:Hydrodynastes
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:Emmochliophis
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1087:Diaphorolepis
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
993:
991:
990:
986:
984:
983:
979:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
886:
885:
881:
879:
878:
877:Adelphostigma
874:
872:
871:
867:
866:
862:
861:
856:
851:
847:
845:
841:
840:
832:
831:
830:Pseudoxenodon
827:
825:
824:
820:
819:
817:
816:– two genera
815:
814:
806:
805:
800:
798:
797:
793:
791:
790:
786:
784:
783:
782:Tropidonophis
779:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
748:
744:
742:
741:
737:
735:
734:
730:
728:
727:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
707:
706:
705:Opisthotropis
702:
700:
699:
695:
693:
692:
688:
686:
685:
681:
679:
678:
674:
672:
671:
667:
665:
664:
660:
658:
657:
656:Iguanognathus
653:
651:
650:
646:
644:
643:
639:
637:
636:
632:
630:
629:
625:
623:
622:
618:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
604:
602:
601:
597:
595:
594:
590:
588:
587:
583:
581:
580:
576:
574:
573:
569:
567:
566:
565:Amphiesmoides
562:
560:
559:
555:
553:
552:
548:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
525:
520:
516:
514:
510:
509:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:
489:
487:
486:
482:
481:
479:
477:
476:
475:Sibynophiinae
468:
466:
464:
461:
456:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:natural group
420:
418:
411:
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
384:
382:
381:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
354:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
315:
277:
271:
232:
222:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
202:Superfamily:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
43:
33:
30:
19:
4387:
4320:Xenopeltidae
4315:Xenodermidae
4265:Micrelapidae
4250:Homalopsidae
4235:Cyclocoridae
4229:
4089:
4085:
4056:
4052:
4027:
4023:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3989:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3925:
3921:
3874:
3870:
3827:
3823:
3790:
3786:
3779:Bibliography
3752:
3748:
3742:
3731:. Retrieved
3727:the original
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3682:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3660:
3636:. Retrieved
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3601:
3591:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3514:
3510:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3358:|last2=
3327:
3321:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3216:
3210:
3185:
3181:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3013:
2994:. Retrieved
2982:
2978:
2925:
2918:Cogger, H.G.
2891:. Retrieved
2882:
2873:
2863:
2832:Tauntonophis
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2780:Nebraskophis
2778:
2772:
2754:Xenodontinae
2747:Xenodermidae
2707:Homalopsidae
2705:(now family
2703:Homalopsinae
2643:
2631:
2625:Nebraskophis
2623:
2615:
2609:Pollackophis
2607:
2601:Periergophis
2599:
2593:Paraxenophis
2591:
2585:Paraoxybelis
2583:
2575:
2569:Palaeonatrix
2567:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2536:Floridaophis
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2425:Wallaceophis
2423:
2418:Trimorphodon
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:Stichophanes
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2271:Rhinocheilus
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2201:Philothamnus
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:Pantherophis
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2100:Mastigodryas
2098:
2091:
2084:
2079:Lytorhynchus
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2044:Lampropeltis
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2016:Hapsidophrys
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1981:Euprepiophis
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1876:Coelognathus
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1790:
1773:
1772:
1766:Proahaetulla
1764:
1757:
1752:Dendrelaphis
1750:
1743:
1736:
1728:Ahaetuliinae
1726:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1705:Macrocalamus
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1667:Calamariinae
1665:
1664:
1657:
1653:– one genus
1648:
1647:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1599:Tropidodryas
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1403:Plesiodipsas
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1234:Hydromorphus
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1136:Elapomorphus
1134:
1129:Echinanthera
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1059:Crisantophis
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1010:Chersodromus
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
961:Borikenophis
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
926:Arcanumophis
924:
917:
910:
903:
898:Amnesteophis
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
858:
837:
836:
828:
823:Plagiopholis
821:
811:
810:
802:
796:Xenochrophis
794:
787:
780:
773:
768:Trimerodytes
766:
761:Trachischium
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
684:Natriciteres
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
649:Hydraethiops
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
572:Anoplohydrus
570:
563:
556:
549:
539:
506:
505:
497:
490:
485:Colubroelaps
483:
473:
472:
460:monophyletic
457:
450:
424:
415:
406:
387:
385:
378:
364:
349:
275:
230:
229:
215:
29:
4544:iNaturalist
4412:Wikispecies
4358:Typhlopidae
4305:Uropeltidae
4270:Prosymnidae
4260:Loxocemidae
4225:Bolyeriidae
4112:Psammophids
4092:: 631–652.
4009:: 193–198.
3990:Ameghiniana
3900:11336/46258
3853:11336/36864
3328:Herpetology
2789:Late Eocene
2673:Boodontinae
2544:Micronatrix
2528:Hispanophis
2512:Ameiseophis
2497:Oreocalamus
2483:Gongylosoma
2411:Toxicodryas
2397:Thelotornis
2348:Stenorrhina
2299:Scolecophis
2292:Scaphiophis
2236:Pseudelaphe
2187:Paracoluber
2121:Muhtarophis
2093:Masticophis
2051:Leptodrymus
1939:Dolichophis
1932:Dispholidus
1862:Chapinophis
1841:Bogertophis
1806:Aeluroglena
1797:sheltopusik
1745:Chrysopelea
1698:Etheridgeum
1634:Xenoxybelis
1550:Tantalophis
1494:Saphenophis
1459:Rhachidelus
1360:Paikwaophis
1115:Drepanoides
1094:Dibernardia
1031:Coniophanes
919:Apostolepis
905:Amnisiophis
891:Amastridium
642:Hydrablabes
635:Herpetoreas
452:Atractaspis
375:twig snakes
346:Description
340:Late Eocene
334:. With 249
206:Colubroidea
42:Late Eocene
4667:Categories
4445:Colubridae
4432:Colubridae
4418:Colubridae
4388:Colubridae
4295:Pythonidae
4230:Colubridae
3733:2018-05-14
3705:Xenodermus
3684:2023-12-15
3638:2021-05-21
2996:2016-09-30
2893:2 December
2879:"Colubrid"
2839:References
2826:Thamnophis
2762:Dipsadidae
2758:Dipsadinae
2752:Subfamily
2738:Subfamily
2731:Subfamily
2701:Subfamily
2671:Subfamily
2666:Colubrinae
2649:Subfamily
2633:Texasophis
2552:Miocoluber
2520:Dryinoides
2504:Tetralepis
2461:Zelceophis
2439:Xenelaphis
2390:Telescopus
2383:Tantillita
2341:Stegonotus
2306:Senticolis
2257:Rhamnophis
2194:Persiophis
2170:Palusophis
2135:Oocatochus
2030:Hemorrhois
2023:Hemerophis
1960:Drymoluber
1946:Drymarchon
1925:Dipsadoboa
1911:Dasypeltis
1834:Bamanophis
1820:Archelaphe
1775:Colubrinae
1759:Dryophiops
1627:Xenopholis
1585:Trimetopon
1564:Thermophis
1529:Tachymenis
1515:Sordellina
1508:Siphlophis
1473:Rhadinella
1452:Ptychophis
1431:Pseudoeryx
1410:Pliocercus
1389:Philodryas
1346:Omoadiphas
1304:Magliophis
1283:Leptodeira
1248:Hypsiglena
1206:Haitiophis
1199:Gomesophis
1185:Galvarinus
1150:Enuliophis
1122:Dryophylax
1052:Coronelaps
1017:Chlorosoma
989:Carphophis
968:Caaeteboia
947:Baliodryas
912:Apographon
870:Adelphicos
844:Dipsadidae
839:Dipsadinae
754:Thamnophis
740:Smithophis
726:Rhabdophis
551:Afronatrix
513:Natricidae
508:Natricinae
499:Sibynophis
439:colubroids
380:Rhabdophis
231:Colubridae
216:Colubridae
192:Suborder:
35:Colubridae
4673:Colubrids
4310:Viperidae
4205:Aniliidae
4162:Kingdom:
4098:713096859
3928:: 19–31.
3815:135378126
3713:Calamaria
3387:(1): 93.
3346:cite book
3182:Evolution
2985:: 32–40.
2844:Citations
2677:Grayiinae
2560:Mionatrix
2476:Elapoidis
2432:Wallophis
2369:Sympholis
2362:Symphimus
2285:Salvadora
2229:Platyceps
2222:Pituophis
2208:Phrynonax
2142:Opheodrys
2065:Liopeltis
2058:Leptophis
2037:Hierophis
2009:Gyalopion
2002:Gonyosoma
1953:Drymobius
1897:Coronella
1869:Chironius
1855:Cemophora
1787:colubrine
1738:Ahaetulla
1677:Calamaria
1650:Grayiinae
1641:Zonateres
1466:Rhadinaea
1445:Psomophis
1424:Pseudoboa
1396:Phimophis
1382:Phalotris
1353:Oxyrhopus
1339:Nothopsis
1325:Mussurana
1311:Manolepis
1269:Imantodes
1220:Heterodon
1108:Ditaxodon
1080:Diadophis
1003:Cercophis
855:dipsadine
804:Neonatrix
670:Limnophis
663:Isanophis
600:Clonophis
558:Amphiesma
536:natricine
394:squamates
371:boomslang
276:colubrids
196:Serpentes
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
4397:Wikidata
4245:Elapidae
4182:Squamata
4176:Reptilia
4170:Chordata
4168:Phylum:
4164:Animalia
4152:families
3909:83574417
3862:89495030
3769:86000331
3632:Archived
3606:Archived
3604:. EMBL.
3583:26475614
3539:21074626
3480:27603205
3440:PLOS ONE
3421:23627680
3356:missing
3313:19457354
3278:16172004
3202:33904594
3160:22446061
3109:18668106
3016:. 2011.
2987:Archived
2924:(eds.).
2916:(1998).
2887:Archived
2775:Thailand
2723:Pareidae
2404:Thrasops
2376:Tantilla
2334:Spilotes
2313:Simophis
2163:Oxybelis
2128:Oligodon
2107:Meizodon
1890:Conopsis
1613:Urotheca
1606:Uromacer
1522:Synophis
1297:Lygophis
1276:Incaspis
1213:Helicops
1178:Farancia
1073:Cubophis
1066:Cryophis
1038:Conophis
996:Cenaspis
940:Atractus
933:Arrhyton
884:Alsophis
789:Virginia
747:Storeria
733:Rhabdops
677:Liodytes
628:Helophis
586:Atretium
579:Aspidura
447:viperids
353:venomous
212:Family:
186:Squamata
176:Reptilia
166:Chordata
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
44:—present
4403:Q182751
4180:Order:
4174:Class:
4061:Bibcode
4032:Bibcode
4024:Geobios
3879:Bibcode
3832:Bibcode
3795:Bibcode
3563:Bibcode
3519:Bibcode
3471:5014348
3448:Bibcode
3412:3682911
3389:Bibcode
3258:Bibcode
3140:Bibcode
3132:Toxicon
3117:4362616
3089:Bibcode
2793:Blancan
2785:Georgia
2453:Zamenis
2072:Lycodon
1995:Geagras
1988:Ficimia
1967:Eirenis
1883:Coluber
1827:Arizona
1719:Rabdion
1620:Xenodon
1571:Tomodon
1318:Mesotes
1262:Ialtris
1241:Hydrops
1192:Geophis
1157:Enulius
982:Caraiba
954:Boiruna
698:Nerodia
593:Blythia
443:elapids
431:elapids
402:elapids
361:mammals
324:coluber
318:, from
182:Order:
172:Class:
4650:342637
4637:215814
4634:uBio:
4614:764400
4575:174121
4562:114226
4497:1COLBF
4220:Boidae
4096:
3973:
3907:
3860:
3813:
3767:
3711:, and
3709:Pareas
3612:13 May
3581:
3537:
3478:
3468:
3419:
3409:
3334:
3311:
3276:
3231:
3200:
3158:
3115:
3107:
3081:Nature
3028:
2932:
2320:Sonora
1974:Elaphe
1659:Grayia
1101:Dipsas
1045:Contia
1024:Clelia
719:Regina
691:Natrix
621:Hebius
614:Haldea
607:Fowlea
398:vipers
336:genera
332:snakes
328:family
223:, 1811
4645:WoRMS
4627:38127
4557:IRMNG
4549:26504
4510:15575
4149:Snake
3905:S2CID
3858:S2CID
3811:S2CID
3765:S2CID
3113:S2CID
2990:(PDF)
2975:(PDF)
2250:Ptyas
1848:Boiga
1501:Sibon
1332:Ninia
463:clade
449:, or
366:Boiga
357:venom
320:Latin
221:Oppel
4601:8578
4596:NCBI
4570:ITIS
4536:6172
4531:GBIF
4492:EPPO
4484:1722
4458:1072
4453:BOLD
4094:OCLC
3971:ISBN
3614:2018
3579:PMID
3535:PMID
3476:PMID
3417:PMID
3362:help
3332:ISBN
3309:PMID
3274:PMID
3229:ISBN
3198:PMID
3156:PMID
3105:PMID
3026:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2895:2018
2823:, a
2691:and
522:Two
400:and
373:and
49:PreꞒ
4583:NBN
4479:EoL
4471:8G9
4466:CoL
4440:AFD
4427:ADW
4069:doi
4040:doi
4011:doi
3954:doi
3930:doi
3895:hdl
3887:doi
3848:hdl
3840:doi
3803:doi
3757:doi
3571:doi
3527:doi
3466:PMC
3456:doi
3407:PMC
3397:doi
3301:doi
3266:doi
3221:doi
3190:doi
3148:doi
3097:doi
3085:454
3059:doi
3055:137
3018:doi
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