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371:, having failed to obtain help from either the British or the Soviet occupying forces, tried first to fence off the area and then to have the police disperse them (playing loud music at night among other tactics), they fortified the encampment and threw stones at the police. Police responded with tear gas, the squatters with slingshots, fireworks and Molotov cocktails. Early in the morning of July 1, when the police moved in, the 180–200 people still occupying the site fled over the wall, in "the first mass flight over the wall from West to East". The East German border police assisted them over, with their dogs, bicycles and other possessions, and the authorities fed them breakfast, took them into the
171:
When approval seemed likely, the hotel was demolished late in 1928 and he had a 20-metre-tall advertising hoarding built following the contours of the old building, with shops at the base. The hoarding advertised the forthcoming department store and also carried paid advertising, which defrayed some of the landowners' costs. However, in
February 1929 the design was rejected as likely to exacerbate the traffic problems; instead, permission was given for a nine-storey structure, and in June that year, the start of construction was announced for September or October. However, in August the investors decided to build elsewhere, and then were prevented from doing so by the onset of the Depression.
163:
27:
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129:; as a result of the Depression, the Columbushaus was the only part of the project built. Mendelsohn planned the Columbushaus as part of a wall of skyscrapers around the reformed square; first, in 1928, proposing to combine both squares and in a second conceptual sketch, in 1931, making an octagonal plaza separated from Potsdamer Platz proper. Although no other buildings were built to place it in the intended context, the "last masterpiece of Mendelsohn's German period" was highly influential.
95:'s solution was to have the window frames of the outer walls bear much of the load on the upper floors in order to greatly limit the number of internal supports and enable configuration of spaces at will by means of partitions. On the lower floors, with their continuous glazing for retail use, the load was shifted to interior supports using cross girders and cantilever girders. It was the most advanced office building in Europe, and the first building in Germany to have ventilation equipment.
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451:(Berlin chief customs office). In post-war searches for the Columbia concentration camp this building was usually, and correctly, discarded as the location of the camp for its late date of construction. A memorial for the concentration camp was only erected in 1994, diagonally opposite the actual former site, which was within the then still operating airport (closed in 2008).
91:. (Mendelsohn later claimed that he had to include masonry courses to allow for neon signs, and would otherwise have used only metal and glass.) The client required the façade to curve to follow the line of Friedrich-Ebert-Straße and also specified that the floor plans be flexible to allow for future use as a department store;
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district. However, before the exchange took effect on July 1, environmentalists occupied it, built an encampment, and declared it an extra-legal zone, the 'Norbert Kubat Corner', named for a young man who had taken his life in jail. Protesters were drawn to the site from all over the
Federal Republic
170:
Mendelsohn submitted plans to the city for a 15-storey building, stepped down at both ends. There was to have been a two-storey rooftop restaurant, and large letters spelling out the name of the department store around the edge of the roof, and the foyer was to have also served as a subway entrance.
442:
The camp was closed in preparation for the extension of the airport in 1936, and the building was demolished in 1938 to make way for the never completed new airport terminal on which work took place between 1936 and 1945. The site of the prison is now part of the terminal compound. The name and its
107:
Columbus Haus serves as an object of redemption, a spatial synthesis through which the path to pure reason can be rediscovered. It is the ultimate object of negation, conceived in rejection of the degeneration that obsessive consumption has caused to the culture. Its presence attempts to break the
349:
was erected in 1961, it continued the line of
Friedrich-Ebert-Straße and the Lenné triangle lay outside it, separated from the West only by a fence with concrete posts; this saved building materials and gave better sightlines over the waste land, but occasionally Westerners would cut the fence.
353:
In 1986, East German authorities arrested
Wolfram Hasch there for making political graffiti on the wall. In March 1988, an agreement was reached to exchange 16 small pieces of land between East and West Berlin, including the Lenné triangle, to enable the building of an
454:
However, the striking resemblance of the names caused many to identify the
Columbia-Haus with Columbushaus, thus referring the history of the concentration camp to the former building by Erich Mendelsohn. The two are often confused, especially in older publications.
284:, urged the police to offer no resistance, and they threw their uniforms from the windows and hung out a white flag, but the enraged crowd nonetheless set the building on fire. In 1957 the ruin was demolished and the site cleared. The steel was salvaged and reused.
108:
conspiracy between architecture and the persistence of the memory of Rome, the dangerous and uncontrollable evocation of ancient gods and mysteries. It is as if architecture had become naked, shedding all deception to purify itself and the city.
112:"Dedicated to an idealist version of America", it was intentionally revolutionary, its height and modernity in sharp contrast to the other buildings in the square, which were predominantly classical in detailing and many of which dated to the
174:
Almost two years later, in August 1931, they announced that they would instead build the 10-storey
Columbushaus on the Potsdamer Platz site. This version of the project Mendelsohn designed for Wertheim, and it was built in 1931–32.
575:
98:
Stylistically, it was "perhaps the most pronounced and rigorous example of modern office building design in Berlin." It was conceived as a real piece of urban progressivism, in contrast to the fantasy world epitomised by
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86:
The
Columbushaus has been described as a "little skyscraper". It was a horizontally detailed steel-frame building, the alternating bands of windows and spandrels on the upper floors prefigured by a conceptual sketch of
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at the border via the diplomatic entrance, and gave them tickets so that they could travel back to West Berlin without being caught by the West German police, who had tightened ticket checking in anticipation.
158:
department store in
Leipziger Platz immediately bought the adjacent land. Since part of the site was to be used to widen the street as part of Wagner's traffic improvements, the building had to be very tall.
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and in some cases from abroad; a radio station was established, and there was regular press coverage including foreign TV; the number occupying the site grew to about 600, and after the West Berlin
431:
came to power, like many similar premises in Berlin, the
Columbia-Haus was made into a so-called "wild concentration camp"; spontaneously established, with 400 inmates by September 1933, the
305:
252:, the building was in the Soviet sector of occupied Berlin. Wertheim used some space on the ground floor for sales and on upper floors for offices. In 1948 the East Berlin council, the
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562:, exhibition catalogue, Neues Museum, Berlin, 23 June–3 September 2000, ed. Thorsten Scheer, Josef Paul Kleihues and Paul Kahlfeldt, tr. Julia Bernard, Berlin: Nicolai, 2000,
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rented three or four offices in the building for a cover organisation founded to carry out the programme of execution of the physically and mentally unfit, which became known as
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74:. The ruin was subsequently razed in 1957 because it stood in the border strip; the site where the structure once stood was occupied by activists shortly before the fall of the
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and
Bellevuestraße, at one corner of what was known as the 'Lenné triangle' (between Bellevuestraße, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße and Lennéstraße), had been occupied by the
1194:"Rache kalt: Freundliches Asyl gewährte die DDR autonomen Besetzern, die vor West-Polizisten über die Mauer nach Ost-Berlin geflüchtet waren - der Senat ist düpiert"
1125:"Checkpoint Norbie: Auf einem Gelände diesseits der Mauer verschanzte Besetzer bringen den Berliner Senat sowie die Besatzungsmächte in West und Ost in Verlegenheit"
1124:
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195:. There were café restaurants on the first and ninth floors. The remaining floors in between were offices. Initially, the building included a travel agency, the
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discusses the land exchange and the possibility that the heirs of the Wertheim company could sue for reparations for loss of this and other buildings; in 2007
443:
actual location fell into oblivion, and the name Columbiahaus was given again to a new office building completed in 1939 on the Columbiadamm at the corner of
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415:), opened in 1896 as the third of its kind in Berlin. It was abandoned in 1929 and fell empty. After the adjacent street was renamed to Columbiadamm after
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and other investors. In preparation for construction, which began in 1995, an approximately 30-year growth of woodland on the site was felled.
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Mendelsohn designed the building for maximum rental income. The ground floor was occupied by various shops, including a branch of
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985:, Historische Schriftenreihe des Landeswohlfahrtsverbandes Hessen, Hochschulschriften 2, Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2003,
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of the last quarter of the 19th century. It was to have been part of a reconfiguration of Potsdamer Platz and the adjacent
817:, pp. 236–37: "Project for Galeries Lafayette, Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 1928", also giving the height as 12 storeys.
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The Columbushaus has often been identified with the Columbia-Haus (occasionally spelt Columbiahaus) on Columbiadamm in
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on the site and engaged Mendelsohn to design it because of his prestige as a modernist. However, the owners of the
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Columbushaus: Geschäfts- und Bürohaus, am Potsdamer Platz, Bellevuestrasse, Ecke Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse, Berlin
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in the closing days of the Second World War, but thanks to its modern steel frame construction, not destroyed.
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150:, built in 1887/88. A consortium of German investors planned to build a branch of the French department store
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and completed in 1932. It was an icon of progressive architecture which passed relatively unscathed through
31:
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has been entirely redeveloped. The Lenné triangle is now occupied by the Beisheim Center, which includes
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495:, Pelican History of Art, 1958, 4th ed. rev. 1987, repr. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University, 1992,
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after the nearby address Tiergartenstraße 4 to which its headquarters moved in the spring of 1940.
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From Manhattan to Mainhattan: Architecture and Style as Transatlantic Dialogue, 1920–1970
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in Berlin, the Olympic Organising Committee's information centre was housed in the building.
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James, pp. 134–35, reproducing the 1928 drawing as Fig. 60, p. 136 (mislabelled 1931).
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256:, seized the property; the sales space was taken over by the national retail organisation,
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New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism between the Second World War and the Bicentennial
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The Bundesrat Building in the Berlin townscape from 1904 to 2004: former Columbus House
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p. 235: "Construction Barrier for Galeries Lafayette, Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 1928".
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and other well known companies and organisations. A large neon sign advertising the
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63:
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807:
Erich Mendelsohn: Complete Works of the Architect: Sketches, Designs, Buildings
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Verwaltung des Krankenmordes: der Bezirksverband Nassau im Nationalsozialismus
507:: "a really paradigmatic commercial building—almost a small skyscraper".
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196:
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Die Gebäude des Bundesrates im Berliner Stadtbild 1904 bis 2004: Columbushaus
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Thorsten Scheer, "Neues Bauen—The Self-Reflection of Aesthetic Means",
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Aktion T4, 1939-1945: die "Euthanasie"-Zentrale in der Tiergartenstrasse 4
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says it was a mere shell and that the upper floors remained roofless.
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Freiheitskampf, Revolution und Widerstand rund um den Potsdamer Platz
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Columbushaus and ruins of other buildings in Potsdamer Platz, 1945
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958:, Stätten der Geschichte Berlins 26, Berlin: Hentrich, 1987,
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Eckardt, p. 22, referring only to the 1931 concept, Plate 31.
595:, "Proportions and Politics: Marketing Mies and Mendelsohn",
478:, Masters of World Architecture, New York: Braziller, 1960,
218:
The secret archive of the Leninist resistance organisation
518:"Architects of Europe Today 7—Van Der Rohe, Germany"
686:
Erich Mendelsohn and the Architecture of German Modernism
30:
The Columbushaus in 1933, one year after its completion.
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City of Architecture of the City: Berlin 1900–2000
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to the East. The Lenné triangle then became part of the
323:
Aerial view, Columbushaus slightly left of center, 1954
1285:. Berlin: Bellevue-Immobilien-AG, 195-. OCLC 83346681
803:
Erich Mendelsohn: Das Gesamtschaffen des Architekten
535:
The City in Mind: Meditations on the Urban Condition
166:
20-metre-tall advertising hoarding at the site, 1928
1172:"KarstadtQuelle: Entschädigung für Wertheim-Erben"
1100:"Kalter Krieg bizarr: Über die Mauer in den Osten"
688:, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University, 1997,
411:. The Columbia-Haus was a former military prison (
1075:"Kalter Krieg: Eine Lücke in der Berliner Mauer!"
1004:, p. 372 at Landeswohlfahrtsverband Hessen (pdf)
809:, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1992,
1295:. 1982, Translated ed. New York: Rizzoli, 1985.
727:, 1982, translated ed. New York: Rizzoli, 1985,
493:Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
423:(N-X-237), the empty building close to the then
395:hotels among other facilities and was funded by
299:shop in Columbushaus, night view in January 1951
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1291:"1931–1932 Columbushaus". Bruno Zevi.
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358:extension; West Berlin also paid 76 million
1395:Buildings and structures demolished in 1957
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601:Bulletin of the German Historical Institute
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274:East German workers' revolt on 17 June 1953
264:opened a police station in the building.
1170:as representative of the Wertheim heirs:
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1038:6 July 1955, p. 12, picture p. 13 (pdf),
933:Gemeinnützige Stiftung für Anstaltspflege
880:on 2 October 2011 (English translation);
427:was called Columbia-Haus. As soon as the
222:was in the building. On 1 December 1939,
1189:
1187:
646:Berlin: The Politics of Order, 1737-1989
403:Urban myth: confusion with Columbia-Haus
464:
286:
122:as modern spaces which was planned by
888:on 2 October 2011 (German original),
103:, on the opposite side of the square.
19:For the Nazi concentration camp, see
16:Office complex in Berlin (Demolished)
7:
603:Supplement 2, Washington, DC: 2005,
435:was later formalised as part of the
211:was mounted on the roof. During the
805:(1930, repr. 1988), translated ed.
1380:Office buildings completed in 1932
793:, giving the height as 12 storeys.
311:Columbushaus on fire, 17 June 1953
34:with the dark signage at the right
14:
1365:Buildings and structures in Mitte
789:, 2nd ed. New York: Dodge, 1956,
751:, Thomas Mellins, David Fishman,
1030:"Kressmann: Briefe kamen nie an"
437:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
433:Columbia-Haus concentration camp
328:
316:
304:
289:
241:The building was damaged in the
50:office and shopping building in
537:, New York: Free Press, 2001,
66:but was gutted by fire in the
1:
755:, New York: Monacelli, 1995,
648:, New York: Rizzoli, 1990,
138:Background and construction
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1375:Erich Mendelsohn buildings
1248:, London: Reaktion, 2001,
1059:Friedrich Ebert Foundation
611:, pp. 51–64, p. 54 (
593:Kathleen James-Chakraborty
142:The site at the corner of
18:
1162:agreed to pay 88 million
1133:archived on 14 March 2012
892:, retrieved 25 June 2011.
576:p. 144, Plate 166 caption
491:Henry-Russell Hitchcock,
335:All that remained in 1957
1303:. pp. 122–27.
1168:Jewish Claims Conference
826:James, pp. 134–35.
776:James, pp. 131–34.
258:HO (Handelsorganisation)
89:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
1316:at Potsdamer-Platz.org
1229:magazine, 20 June 1998
1148:"Honecker 2 x klingeln"
995:IV. "Zeit der Gasmorde"
939:at Potsdamer-Platz.org
920:at Potsdamer-Platz.org
669:The Architects' Journal
533:James Howard Kunstler,
447:, which now houses the
373:Friedrichstraße station
199:bus and lorry company,
619:on 27 September 2011])
238:
188:
167:
144:Friedrich-Ebert-Straße
110:
35:
1341:52.51000°N 13.37611°E
1214:"Fünf Wochen im Juni"
599:, ed. Cordula Grewe,
413:Militär-Arrestanstalt
236:
186:
165:
105:
29:
1131:27 June 1988 (pdf),
1110:(with photo gallery)
890:Bundesrat of Germany
570:, pp. 134–47,
445:Platz der Luftbrücke
381:German reunification
213:1936 Summer Olympics
187:Columbushaus in 1939
148:Grand Hotel Bellevue
46:) was a nine-storey
1337: /
696:, pp. 130–31.
449:Hauptzollamt Berlin
268:Fire and demolition
224:Richard von Hegener
1346:52.51000; 13.37611
1219:2009-03-15 at the
1000:2012-03-26 at the
937:Tiergartenstraße 4
749:Robert A. M. Stern
474:Wolf von Eckardt,
239:
201:Deutsche Edelstahl
189:
168:
152:Galeries Lafayette
68:June 1953 uprising
36:
1385:Squats in Germany
1301:978-0-8478-0555-6
1042:on 14 March 2012
991:978-3-89806-320-3
964:978-3-926175-43-4
815:978-0-910413-91-6
785:Arnold Whittick,
761:978-1-885254-02-3
733:978-0-8478-0555-6
694:978-0-521-57168-5
654:978-0-8478-1271-4
568:978-3-87584-018-6
543:978-0-684-84591-3
501:978-0-300-05320-3
425:Tempelhof airport
417:Charles Lindbergh
243:battle for Berlin
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1198:Der Spiegel
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1035:Der Spiegel
1006:(in German)
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922:(in German)
765:pp. 53, 333
347:Berlin Wall
272:During the
248:Located in
209:Braune Post
193:Woolworth's
124:Stadtbaurat
115:Gründerzeit
76:Berlin Wall
32:Woolworth's
1359:Categories
1332:13°22′34″E
1329:52°30′36″N
1055:Photograph
1016:Kunstler,
904:Kunstler,
459:References
429:Nazi Party
364:Tiergarten
260:, and the
207:newspaper
1265:Balfour,
1246:Airspaces
609:601467972
409:Tempelhof
345:When the
341:Aftermath
278:Kreuzberg
254:Magistrat
228:Action T4
48:modernist
1256:, p. 177
1217:Archived
1040:archived
998:Archived
952:Götz Aly
886:archived
878:archived
631:Scheer,
617:archived
389:Marriott
356:autobahn
156:Wertheim
1277:Sources
1166:to the
197:Büssing
133:History
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1267:p. 126
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379:Since
369:Senate
56:Berlin
1164:Euros
968:p. 13
791:p. 90
673:p. 31
658:p. 64
524:1935.
480:p. 22
250:Mitte
1297:ISBN
1250:ISBN
987:ISBN
960:ISBN
811:ISBN
757:ISBN
729:ISBN
690:ISBN
650:ISBN
605:OCLC
564:ISBN
539:ISBN
497:ISBN
391:and
205:Nazi
179:Uses
38:The
1057:at
70:in
54:in
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