348:, a city located about 100 kilometres southeast of Zaragoza. There they were joined by a small group of militiamen commanded by Captain Negrete from Guardia Civil. As Durruti left Barcelona, there were about 2,500 people in the column, and before they got to Zaragoza their number had increased to 6,000. The advance stopped near the city banks because Durruti became convinced by Colonel Villalba, the leader of all the republican forces, that if he reclaimed Zaragoza, he may become isolated from the rest of the fighters. Nowadays it is doubted if that was a good decision since the republican forces were greater in number; however, some state that in the event of an open battle a lack of weapons and supplies could have led to total disaster. Durruti made his temporary headquarters in Bujaraloz. Waiting for the more convenient moment to attack Zaragoza turned out to be a grave mistake because, in time, Franco's forces became more powerful there and made it impossible to reclaim the city. The offensive stopped at this point and there was no major battle. Due to the lack of armaments, most of the advances were small and were mostly initiated due to the actions of the column's guerrilla groups. Durruti was concentrating on helping the collective.
357:
strengthened the morale of the inhabitants. He was ordered to defend and then started the offensive at Casa del Campo. Efficient in street battles, the militants had neither enough power nor experience to stand a chance against the disciplined and well-armed army from
Morocco. Having suffered huge casualties the Durruti column escaped the battlefield. On 19 November, Durruti was shot and died in a hospital sometime later. The origins of the bullet are unknown. Some say it was an action taken by the responsibility of the Soviet special forces, other that it was failure of Durruti's gun. The column was later commanded by
66:
375:
before World War II experienced a rise of nationalist sentiments, were put into concentration camps. After the German invasion of France, many of the former anarchist fighters played an important part in the French
Resistance. Some managed to escape to different countries of Latin America and stayed there for the rest of their lives, sometimes even organising with the indigenous people mini-anarchist states in the jungle, as did Antonio García Barón.
445:, such as 'The Children of the Night', 'The Black Band', 'The Dynamiters' and 'The Metalworkers', which went on missions behind enemy lines. The Durruti Column is said to be the first anarchist military formation with discipline based on solidarity, not on privileges and hierarchy. All the delegates of all ranks lacked privileges and hierarchical command, the column only obeyed orders to attack certain places.
85:
392:
forced to join the collectives. But it is said that
Durruti himself defended the individualists who did not want to work and share their land. Such people were left having as much land as they could cultivate with their families without any hired labour and could always join the collective. Depending on the place, the individualists could have been put under
391:
The collectivisation of the countryside started right after leaving
Barcelona. Even though the column did not stop to liberate as many areas as other columns, due to its size, it created the majority of the libertarian communes. In the beginning, there were some acts of violence and some people were
356:
At the beginning of
November 1936, Buenaventura Durruti with more than 3,000 people from the column directed themselves to Madrid. At the time the capital of Spain was in grave danger of being overtaken by the fascists and Federica Montseny convinced Durruti to leave Catalonia. His arrival in Madrid
503:
The group grew to approximately 400 fighters and functioned as an autonomous group within the column command structure. Although used primarily as a shock battalion, the group occasionally performed guerrilla operations. The column was almost wiped out in
October 1936 after an offensive around the
365:
had disagreements with the anarchists. He asked for Sanz's dismissal and proposed that the Column be dissolved and its men distributed among other units. In
January 1937 the new general delegate of the column José Manzana allowed the militarisation of the column which then became part of the 26th
378:
After the end of World War II, the former republican fighters experienced a huge disappointment. They hoped that the democratic countries would now liberate Spain from Franco's dictatorship. But even Mexico which was one of the most active helpers of the republicans and France after so much help
374:
Due to the Soviet forces growing in power, the other militias were organized into a regular army and the
Durruti Column was transformed into the 26th infantry division. After the war, many of the fighters were either put in prison or executed. Those who survived and escaped to France which right
512:. All but two of the group (at that time numbering around 40) were killed, including the group leader, Frenchman Louis Berthomieu. New members continued to join, however, and the group fought at Madrid in November 1936, with many members continuing to serve in the
1111:
Antony Beevor (amongst others) describes the Sacco and
Vanzetti centuria as composed of Americans, but Kenyon Zimmer has found this particular assertion to be false: Kenyon Zimmer, 'The Other Volunteers: American Anarchists and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939',
289:("Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya", PSUC) organised themselves into militia units and took weapons from the arsenals with the support of the people responsible for the arsenals, mostly non-commissioned officers. The anarchists, under the command of
1398:
436:
with their corresponding elected delegate. The sum of the existing groupings gave rise to the column. Its general delegate, liaising with the War
Committee, was the French artillery captain named Berthomieu, who died on 16 October during the
379:
refused to start fighting the dictator. Some of the anarchists, many of them former members of the Durruti Column, decided to organise their own resistance. They had their headquarters in France, many times collaborated with later formed
324:. Despite being in the majority they took only one-third of the committee's seats. The committee was responsible for supplying and coordinating the actions different militias. After some time, it became dominated by the communists.
232:, and it is a symbol of the Spanish anarchist movement and its struggle to create an egalitarian society with elements of individualism and collectivism. The column included people from all over the world. Philosopher
1423:
1418:
321:
610:, where fighters were provided with services such as: health care, food and mechanic support. At the head of the war committee was the general delegate of the whole column.
1127:"The Foreign Legion of the revolution: German anarcho-syndicalist and volunteers in anarchist militias during the Spanish civil war - Dieter Nelles | libcom.org"
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and his armies. The republican government had done nothing to protect the city from the rebellious army under the command of
727:
1393:
228:. During the first months of the war, it became the most recognized and popular military organisation fighting against
633:
593:
Five groups of fifty (two-hundred and fifty individuals). Delegates: Ridel, Fortin, Charpenteir, Cottin and Carles.
529:
309:
717:
297:
attacked the Atarazanas/Drassanes barracks. Later on, the headquarters of the Durruti Column was attacked at
1347:
950:
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423:
71:
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759:
606:, advised by the military-technical council, coordinated the column's operations from the headquarters at
438:
380:
358:
317:
195:
941:
Colonel Romero accused Ricardo Sanz of mistreating the soldiers and of taking prostitutes to the trenches
854:
849:
The first days of the Spanish Revolution, Durruti & the Durruti column... (often misspelt as Durutti)
739:
513:
245:
305:
640:
290:
237:
190:
749:
273:; Barcelona was left undefended. Fearing attack, the anarchist and communist organisations such as
266:
99:
453:
The column also had an international group, containing fighters from several countries, including
744:
689:
496:
109:
31:
1202:
482:
916:
240:
in the Durruti Column, and her memories and experiences from the war can be found in her book,
1373:
1355:
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1321:
1307:
1293:
1276:
1092:
1047:
958:
404:
The simplest combat units were made up of roughly ten to twenty-five individuals who formed a
225:
157:
320:. The next day, as the outcome of that meeting, they formed with other leftist organisations
1080:
671:
413:
270:
229:
213:
1151:
707:
676:
417:
169:
694:
489:
281:(UGT), the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ("Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista",
712:
702:
470:
428:
of about 100 individuals, which also elected its own delegate. Five centuries formed a
313:
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1387:
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807:
788:
663:
474:
1365:
681:
658:
618:
553:
164:
978:
754:
722:
341:
233:
1273:
Buenaventura Durruti 1896-1936: a libertarian soldier in the Spanish Revolution
1085:
Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968
17:
1228:
The Education of a Reluctant Radical, vol. 3: Spain, Munich and Dyring Empires
1023:
Gabriel Jackson "Breve historia de la guerra civil de España", original title
528:
was made up of all of the delegates in the Column, its delegate was initially
505:
1350:(edited by Paul Preston and translated by Andrew Dowling and Graham Pollok),
607:
431:
333:
298:
262:
221:
135:
1399:
Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
999:
Zapomniana wojna. Anarchiści w ruchu oporu przeciw rządom Franco 1939-1975
997:
for the history of the anarchist resistance movement see: Tomasz Sajewicz
1088:
509:
337:
1292:, Fundación Anselmo Lorenzo de estudios libertarios, 1996, 773 p.
466:
454:
407:
274:
89:
458:
1012:
Wolna Hiszpania. Kolektywy podczas hiszpańskiej rewolucji 1936-1939
888:
José Andrés-Gallego, Luis de Llera, Juan Velarde, Nazario González
244:. The Durruti Column was militarised in 1937, becoming part of the
462:
345:
1010:
For the organisation of different collectives see: Gaston Leval
282:
265:
where, on 18 July 1936, the anarchists started fighting against
336:
back from the Francoists, Durruti and his column headed toward
983:
830:
Walka o Hiszpanię 1936-1939. Pierwsze starcie totalitaryzmów
811:
Walka o Hiszpanię 1936-1939. Pierwsze starcie totalitaryzmów
792:
Walka o Hiszpanię 1936-1939. Pierwsze starcie totalitaryzmów
853:. Recollectionbooks.com. 11 December 2010. Archived from
561:
4th Grouping (five centuries). Delegate José Gómez Talón
655:
Louis Berthomieu (Commander of the International Group)
383:
and did not stop fighting until the end of the regime.
547:
3rd Grouping (five centuries). Delegate José Esplugas.
304:
On 20 July 1936, Durruti and other anarchists such as
834:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
815:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
796:
The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
567:
6th Grouping (five centuries). Delegate J. Silvestre.
1424:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1937
645:
Head of Information War Committee: Francisco Carreño
544:
2nd Grouping (five centuries). Delegate Liberto Roig
1335:
Las Brigadas internacionales de la guerra de España
396:economical pressure to make them join the commune.
182:
177:
152:
141:
131:
123:
115:
105:
95:
78:
58:
50:
41:
1306:, Lim Janus Publishing Company, 1999, 509 p.
1152:"Cottin, Louis Emile, 1896-1937 | libcom.org"
564:5th Grouping (five centuries). Delegate José Tarín
420:at all times. Groups federated together to form a
361:in Madrid and by Lucio Ruano on the Aragon Front.
1419:Military units and formations established in 1936
583:9th Grouping (five centuries). Delegate R. García
541:1st Grouping (five centuries). Delegate José Mira
322:The Central Committee of the Antifascist Militias
577:7th Grouping (five centuries). Delegate Subirats
27:Anarchist military unit in the Spanish civil war
1352:Anarchism, The Republic, and civil war in Spain
588:International Group. Delegate Louis Berthomieu.
1244:"Thalmann, Clara, 1910-1987 | libcom.org"
955:Historia del Ejército Popular de la República.
1177:"Einstein, Carl, 1885-1940 | libcom.org"
532:but he was quickly replaced by José Manzana.
146:Llevamos un mundo nuevo en nuestros corazones
8:
224:column (or military unit) formed during the
220:), with about 6,000 people, was the largest
890:España acutal - La Guerra Civil (1936–1939)
580:8th Grouping (five centuries). Delegate Edo
1354:, 1931–1939, Routledge, 2005, 229 p.
1025:A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War
477:. Several centuries contained foreigners:
1288:Abel Paz and José Luis Gutiérrez Molina,
614:Centuries General Delegate: José Esplugas
485:Century, composed of French and Italians,
516:after the militarisation of the column.
301:, halfway between Barcelona and Madrid.
1372:, ChristieBooks.com, 2005, 269 p.
1304:The Anarchists In The Spanish Civil War
1275:, Editions de Paris, 2000, 488 p.
973:
971:
781:
1318:War correspondents. The final despatch
1037:
1035:
1033:
54:18 July 1936 – 28 April 1937
38:
1238:
1236:
293:, one of the most popular leaders of
7:
344:. They fought their first battle in
287:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia
148:(We carry a new world in our hearts)
1114:Journal for the Study of Radicalism
412:, with a group delegate elected by
1414:Left-wing militant groups in Spain
1316:Posty Pierre Marqués, Spain 1936.
957:Editora Nacional, Madrid (España)
340:, which was controlled by General
25:
1404:Defunct anarchist militant groups
1370:The CNT In The Spanish Revolution
1368:and translated by Paul Sharkey),
1320:, L'Harmattan, 2008, 270 p.
1290:Durruti en la Revolución Española
1044:Durruti in the Spanish Revolution
903:Durruti in the Spanish revolution
877:Durruti in the Spanish revolution
312:, participated in a meeting with
1066:Barbara Gola, Franciszek Ryszka
979:"Meeting Spain's last anarchist"
639:General Delegate of the Column:
242:Écrits historiques et politiques
83:
64:
1434:1937 disestablishments in Spain
1116:, x, no. 2 (Fall 2016), 30, 47.
1364:José Valls Peirats (edited by
1:
1203:"Kirschey, Helmut, 1913-2003"
536:First sector. Delegate Ruano.
526:'Military-Technical Council'
508:, 50 kilometres northeast of
492:Century, composed of Germans,
363:Coronel Carlos Romero Giménez
295:Federación Anarquista Ibérica
279:Unión General de Trabajadores
1429:1936 establishments in Spain
1201:Steven (25 September 2004).
817:, Kraków 2009, pages 113-115
572:Third sector. Delegate Mora.
1337:, Ariel, 1974, 685 p.
728:Llibertat Ródenas Rodriguez
1450:
892:, Madrid 1989, pp. 175-176
520:Military Technical Council
29:
1409:Military history of Spain
629:Armored vehicles: Bonilla
261:The column was formed in
552:Second Sector. Delegate
370:After the Durruti Column
1070:Warszawa 1999, page 203
951:Salas Larrazábal, Ramón
905:AK Press 2007, page 485
879:AK Press 2007, page 482
836:, Kraków 2009, page 163
798:, Kraków 2009, page 186
770:Spanish Republican Army
310:Diego Abad de Santillán
30:For the rock band, see
1333:Andreu Castells Peig,
1230:, Topical Books, 1994.
765:Spanish Foreign Legion
760:International Brigades
441:. It also made use of
318:President of Catalonia
1027:, 1974 Ruedo ibérico)
740:26th Division (Spain)
394:more or less stronger
1001:, Mielec-Poznań 2005
919:La muerte de Durruti
668:Antonio García Barón
641:Buenaventura Durruti
634:Enric Pérez i Farràs
623:Sectors: Rico Rionda
530:Enric Pérez i Farràs
439:Battle of Perdiguera
291:Buenaventura Durruti
238:Buenaventura Durruti
191:Buenaventura Durruti
1394:Confederal militias
923:. Blog.pedropaz.com
857:on 11 November 2013
750:Confederal militias
632:Military advisers:
449:International Group
196:Ricardo Sanz García
100:Confederal militias
1302:Robert Alexander,
1042:Paz, Abel (2006).
745:Anarchism in Spain
690:Louis Mercier-Vega
497:Sacco and Vanzetti
443:"Guerrilla Groups"
332:Intending to take
306:Juan García Oliver
32:The Durutti Column
1081:Skirda, Alexandre
1053:978-1-904859-50-5
965:, p. 784, note 5.
832:, original title
813:, original title
794:, original title
236:fought alongside
226:Spanish Civil War
203:
202:
158:Spanish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
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636:and José Manzana
626:Artillery: Botet
414:direct democracy
387:Collectivisation
352:Death of Durruti
88:
87:
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74:
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68:
67:
39:
21:
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1348:Julián Casanova
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1091:. p. 162.
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708:George Sossenko
699:Marcel Montagut
677:Helmut Kirschey
652:
650:Notable members
604:"war committee"
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483:Sébastien Faure
451:
416:and subject to
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218:Columna Durruti
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170:Siege of Madrid
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45:Columna Durruti
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18:Columna Durruti
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987:. 8 July 2008.
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314:Lluis Companys
271:General Franco
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210:Durruti Column
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42:Durruti Column
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915:Abel de Paz.
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789:Antony Beevor
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718:Paul Thalmann
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723:Simone Weil
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342:Emilio Mola
277:along with
234:Simone Weil
153:Engagements
132:Garrison/HQ
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1271:Abel Paz,
1253:17 October
1248:libcom.org
1207:Libcom.org
1186:17 October
1181:libcom.org
1161:17 October
1156:libcom.org
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776:References
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285:) and the
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79:Allegiance
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1083:(2002).
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510:Zaragoza
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142:Motto(s)
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127:6,000
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