360:, Paschal Grousset, Olivier Pain, Achille BalliÚre, and Bastien Grandhille, boarded the boat under the cover of darkness and hid in the ship's hold until they cleared the harbor. Law dropped them off in Sydney, Australia, where crowds gathered to see them. Reports of their escape and the strict conditions they had lived under were printed in newspapers in Australia, the United States, and Europe. While the escapees attempted to publicize the plight of those still on the island, the déportés who remained had to deal with the repercussions of the escape. New rules forbade the prisoners from approaching the sea without permission, subjected them to daily roll calls, and banned them from entering the forests, even to collect firewood.
382:. Achille BalliĂšre and his friends visited the Kanak in their homes, shared meals with them, and played with their children. In the first few years of the deportation there were at least two marriages between the Kanak and Communards. However, the separation of the groups enforced after the 1874 escapes prevented any more such relationships from forming. During the eight-month-long Kanak insurrection in 1878, the Communards displayed a solidarity with their effort in the local press. This solidarity did not last long, however, as beliefs of racial differences soon took over.
35:
62:
422:(1845â1918) was the son of a Judge but pursued art and moved to Paris in 1862. As a prolific political caricaturist he was frequently imprisoned and became an active member of the commune in which he appointed himself 'Directeur des Beaux Arts' but later properly appointed a 'commissaire special'. In 1874 he escaped a death sentence by fleeing to London. While he was well known for his caricatures in France, he gained a reputation in England as a fashion designer, society portrait painter and theatre costume designer. He has work in the
46:
203:. In the early morning of March 18, the government stationed in Versailles sent military forces into Paris to collect a reserve of cannons. The detachment was gathering the guns when units of the Paris national guard surrounded them, and killed two French army generals. By the end of the day, the insurgent soldiers of the national guard controlled the city. They declared a new government called the Paris Commune, which lasted from March 18 to May 28, 1871.
74:
521:. However, many found the adjustment to freedom difficult. Meetings between Communards and their former jailers occurred in the streets, at times leading to minor skirmishes. In December 1879, an investigative committee was formed to look into charges of torture in New Caledonia. The inquiry lasted two years, collecting the results of previous government studies, more than forty
369:
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82:
871:
355:
The relatively 'laid back' period of deportation ended when six déportés successfully escaped from the Ducos peninsula in 1874. François Jourde was the main planner of the escape, which he developed while living in the port town of Nouméa. He had developed connections with a ship's captain, John Law,
388:
looked to the Kanak youth for guidance and inspiration, and offered them moral support when they joined the 1878 insurrection. She ran a school for the Kanak and encouraged a local theater to perform a Kanak drama. She fully expected the achievements of the Kanak to match those of the French, though
206:
Thiers refused to bargain with the
Communards, despite their attempts to do so. He taught newly released French soldiers the "evils" of the Communards as the government prepared for a battle. The Commune responded by building barricades in the Paris streets. Starting on May 21 and continuing through
504:
back to France. The first arrived in August 1879 and the last arrived in July 1880. Large crowds greeted the ships with celebrations. Donations of money were collected for the
Communards and festivals were held to raise money. A committee of aid, headed by Louis Blanc and Victor Hugo, planned a
474:
whose sentences were pardoned. These people were allowed to return to France. More than one thousand
Communards, however, were not included in this list. Men who had been convicted of crimes other than political or whose political opinions were considered too dangerous were left behind.
318:
for food became part of the daily routine. Some even traded their clothing for food with the Kanak. Not every part of life on the island was bad, however. Those living on the Isle of Pines and Ducos peninsula had freedom of movement, allowing them to live where they wanted and swim and
478:
After the announcement of the pardons, many people in France were hoping for a stronger declaration of total amnesty. Petitions were passed around in all Paris neighborhoods to try and influence the government. A bill calling for total amnesty was introduced into the
295:
in addition to their political crimes. They were sent to be with the criminal convicts on the main island ('Grande Terre'). Some prisonersâ sentences were changed by the local penal administrators, and some were changed by the French government after
113:
After the suppression of the
Commune by the French Army in May 1871, 43,000 Communards were taken prisoner, and 6,500 to 7,500 fled abroad. The number of Communard soldiers killed in combat or executed afterwards during the week has long been
347:. It also gave wives a much greater right to property than they had in France, giving them half the property rights over any grant given to their husbands. Through this legislation, 174 families making up 601 people were reunited by 1877.
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New
Caledonia had become a French colony in 1853, but just ten years later it still only had 350 European colonists. After 1863, New Caledonia became the principal destination of convicts transported from France after
901:
199:, who had been loyal to the Second Empire, was elected head of the new republic. During the war, the capital had moved from Paris to Bordeaux. When the war ended, the government moved temporarily to
118:
put the number at 20,000, but estimates by more recent historians put the probable number between 10,000 and 15,000. 7,500 were jailed or deported under arrangements which continued until a general
525:, and testimonials to parliament by the Communards. The Communardsâ memories of abuse then became public record, which helped to heal the relations between the former prisoners and the state.
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261:
criminal convicts), and 1,280 criminal convicts who had served their sentences but were still living on the island. There were four main penitentiary sites on the island, one of which,
491:. The legislation that was eventually pushed through ensured full civil rights to those not convicted of crimes beyond political, and officially ended the prosecution of Communards in
412:
helped shape the legend of the deportation. It offered a portrayal of the deportation and the policies of the government in New
Caledonia that was different from what the governmental
207:
May 28, the French army entered Paris and gradually recaptured the city. Around eighteen thousand communards were killed in combat, more were executed afterwards. The violence of
406:
while staying in the United States after his escape from New
Caledonia. They were highly critical of the French government for denying its citizens liberty. His 1884 novel
314:. Some were assigned housing in rickety structures, but others had to find their own materials to build huts. Construction tools could be bought from the administration.
505:
dinner at which they dispersed a small amount of money to all who attended. Offers of employment were made, overcoats were given out, and temporary housing was offered.
239:
was deemed too unhealthy for people of
European descent. Thereafter, convicts from France made up the largest number of arriving residents. During the busiest time of
893:
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Those sentenced to forced labor often endured abuse at the hands of their jailers. They were habitually mistreated while imprisoned, with whippings and the use of
223:, and that this problem had to be corrected immediately. It was decided that a moral revival was needed, and a key part of this was deporting 4,500 Communards to
243:, there were estimated to be about 50,000 total people on the island. This included 30,000 Kanak, 2,750 civilian colonists, 3,030 military personnel, 4,000
219:
After Bloody Week, the government asked for an inquest into the causes of the uprising. The inquest concluded that the main cause of the insurrection was a
452:
By the summer of 1878, the concern of amnesty for the
Communards had become a significant political issue for France. In January 1879, the prime minister,
1081:
464:. The pardons excused the convictions of the Communards. This was a problem for many people, however, who had never actually been convicted, only
1031:
513:
Some
Communards chose never to come back to France after having built successful lives in New Caledonia or adopting other countries, such as
176:
or went hungry. Out of resentment from this situation grew radical and socialist political clubs and newspapers. While Paris was occupied,
283:. A simple deportation sentence was given to about two-thirds of the Communards. These people were sent to live in small villages on the
1109:
323:
at their leisure. They lived in simple wood huts that formed small, face-to-face communities that were intended to be self-governing.
211:
became a rallying cry for the working classes; some politicians would later proudly brag about their participation with the Commune.
423:
1168:
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on the island. The government hoped that being exposed to the order of nature would return the Communards to the side of "good."
19:
This article is about those associated with the Paris Commune. For the uncapitalized term (for a commune member in general), see
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20:
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181:
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291:. About 300 Communards were sentenced to deportation with forced labor; these were the people convicted of crimes such as
284:
262:
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1143:
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1018:
Audin, Michele, "La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Comptes", in French, Libertalia Publishers, Paris, (2021)
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34:
832:
Organizing Independence, The Artists Federation Of The Paris Commune And Its Legacy, 1871-1889 by Gonzalo J Sanchez
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431:
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61:
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227:. There was a two-part goal in this, as the government also hoped that the Communards would civilize the native
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894:"Uses and Abuses of the Paris Commune: the Extraordinary Story of Adrien Lejeune, the Last Communard"
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107:
45:
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39:
28:
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188:
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La rĂ©pression judiciaire de la Commune de Paris : des pontons Ă lâamnistie (1871-1880)
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she wrote about them in very paternalistic terms that were common for her time period.
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24:
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Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilization in Paris and the South Pacific 1790-1900
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There are clearly documented examples of friendships between the Communards and the
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The government did not give out enough food, clothing, or shelter for all of the
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54:
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was famously the last surviving communard when he died at 94 years' old in the
533:
517:, as home. Many Communards who did come back returned to public life, such as
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279:: simple deportation, deportation to a fortified place, and deportation with
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who was paid for his participation. The escapees, who included Jourde,
320:
315:
287:. Those sentenced to deportation to a fortified place were sent to the
220:
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81:
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in September 1870, causing suffering among Parisians. The poor ate
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Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés
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44:
33:
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Beyond Papillon: The French Overseas Penal Colonies 1854-1952
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495:. In July 1880, parliament finally voted for total amnesty.
16:
Members and supporters of the short-lived 1871 Paris Commune
265:(1870â1880), was for the Communards deportees exclusively.
460:
for the Communards in an attempt to stop the calls for
337:
passed legislation that gave the wives and children of
102:) were members and supporters of the short-lived 1871
400:
gave a series of lectures that were published in the
195:, decided that France would hold national elections.
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La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes
468:. On January 16, the government published a list of
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156:were feeling ostracized after the decadence of the
868:"The British Museum, Portraits by George Pilotell"
106:formed in the wake of the French defeat in the
583:, put online on 26 September 2019, URL :
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1024:L'annĂ©e terrible: La Commune (marsâjuin 1871)
330:as common punishments for minor infractions.
138:The Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune
8:
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273:There were three sentences given out to the
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191:and the French minister of foreign affairs,
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615:, Libertalia Publishers (2021) (in French)
532:named many places as Kommunarka, such as
1054:People of the Paris Commune (Communards)
1014:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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1005:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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829:SĂŁnchez, Gonzalo J. (January 1997).
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180:groups tried twice to overthrow the
251:, including the Communards), 6,000
898:The International Marxist-Humanist
85:The corpses of Parisian Communards
14:
904:from the original on 19 July 2022
122:during the 1880s; this action by
1169:Declaration to the French People
1047:
38:Communards (National Guards) at
849:from the original on 2023-10-28
21:commune (intentional community)
892:Black, David (11 March 2021).
1:
552:in the PĂšre-Lachaise cemetery
364:Relationships with the Kanak
77:Communards executed in 1871
1341:
585:https://communards-1871.fr
538:Kommunarka shooting ground
432:Victoria and Albert Museum
141:
116:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray
18:
1263:Federated Legion of Women
1097:
1010:Toth, Stephen A. (2006).
602:Milza, 2009a, pp. 431â432
424:National Portrait Gallery
49:"The Commune arrested by
1176:Massacre in the Rue Haxo
27:. For a staff cook, see
1022:Milza, Pierre (2009a).
835:. U of Nebraska Press.
498:Nine ships brought the
487:and into the senate by
403:New York Herald Tribune
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409:LâĂvadĂ©: roman canaque
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182:provisional government
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1128:October 1870 uprising
556:French Third Republic
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304:Life in New Caledonia
221:lack of belief in God
132:French Third Republic
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76:
65:Executed Communards (
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48:
37:
1056:at Wikimedia Commons
23:. For the band, see
577:Jean-Claude Farcy,
481:Chamber of Deputies
249:political criminals
162:Franco-Prussian War
108:Franco-Prussian War
949:, p. 240â242.
925:, p. 236â238.
795:, p. 201â202.
771:, p. 200â201.
759:, p. 133â135.
687:, p. 122â124.
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87:
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59:
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40:Boulevard Voltaire
29:brigade de cuisine
1297:
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1231:Butte-aux-Cailles
1184:Semaine sanglante
1052:Media related to
1033:978-2-262-03073-5
1026:. Paris: Perrin.
393:Famous Communards
343:freedom to go to
335:National Assembly
209:The "Bloody Week"
189:Otto von Bismarck
187:In January 1871,
99:[kÉmynaÊ]
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992:Bibliography
983:Bullard 2000
978:
971:Bullard 2000
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1280:PĂ©troleuses
1224:Fort d'Issy
523:depositions
489:Victor Hugo
485:Louis Blanc
328:thumbscrews
254:transportés
241:deportation
215:Deportation
193:Jules Favre
1325:Communards
1304:Categories
1249:Communards
1203:Courbevoie
1120:Precursors
1103:Chronology
878:2016-07-22
853:2020-11-05
842:0803242557
591:References
534:Kommunarka
414:propaganda
259:common-law
201:Versailles
91:Communards
733:Toth 2006
697:Toth 2006
566:Socialism
561:Communism
515:Australia
509:Aftermath
444:in 1942.
298:petitions
269:Sentences
178:socialist
114:disputedâ
51:Ignorance
1001:(2000).
902:Archived
847:Archived
572:Database
544:See also
536:, where
501:déportés
471:déportés
466:indicted
430:and the
340:déportés
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276:déportés
245:déportés
174:rat meat
160:and the
55:Reaction
1271:Fédérés
1195:Battles
908:19 July
462:amnesty
458:pardons
454:Dufaure
448:Amnesty
316:Hunting
120:amnesty
95:French:
1241:Groups
1217:Meudon
1154:Events
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426:, the
351:Escape
1210:Rueil
380:Kanak
293:arson
154:Paris
1028:ISBN
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