451:. The CBA also received support from Bell, VanCity, the Canadian Housing and Mortgage Corporation and the Vancouver Regional Construction Association. Building Opportunities with Business oversaw the use of the legacy funds, sourced labor and supported the inner city residents with training and aid while the VRCA oversaw the training of residents. Though the Olympic Village was widely criticized for going over budget, in a 2008 report to the City prepared by BOB the creation of 120 jobs with procurement closer to $ 50 million is cited. The report also admits that tracking the actual economic activity from the development was difficult and that the procurement is not exact. Regardless of the difficulty tracking procurement and the fact that the project went over budget the CBA is widely considered to be a success.
439:, British Columbia, Canada, awarded a contract to Millennium Development Corporation to build its 600,000-square-foot (56,000 m), 600-unit athletes' village on south east False Creek. This development included a CBA with targets to create 100 jobs for locally sourced and trained inner city residents and to procure a targeted $ 15 million in goods and services from the inner city. It also included a $ 750,000 legacy fund to train inner city residents. The CBA included investment and support from the Canadian Federal Government, BC Provincial Government, the City of Vancouver and Building Opportunities with Business Inner-City Society
99:, the community benefits movement aims to ensure that the main purpose of economic development is to bring measurable, permanent improvements to the lives of affected residents, particularly those in low-income neighborhoods and communities of color. Organizations allied with the community benefits movement have pressured the public sector to play a more strategic role in land use planning and urban growth, and to leverage economic development subsidies toward the creation of good jobs, affordable housing, and neighborhood services that improve the quality of life for all residents.
184:
have historically been excluded from the development process. Laws concerning public notice and participation are often poorly enforced, and official public hearings are frequently held at times and places that are not neighborhood-friendly. Having a CBA negotiation process can help to address these problems, providing a forum for all parts of an affected community.
201:
neighborhood groups, environmental organizations, good-government organizations, labor unions, and faith-based organizations. Coalitions are usually unincorporated, but member community groups may enter into an operating agreement to govern their relationship in the coalition. A model CBA coalition operating agreement has been created by the Public Law Center at
327:
and require long-term oversight. To address this issue, CBAs have included periodic reporting and disclosure requirements, complaint investigation mechanisms, and provisions establishing oversight committees. Where a CBA is incorporated into a development agreement, government agencies may also play a role in monitoring the CBA's implementation.
75:
with community representatives can be an attractive way to gain community support and help move their projects forward. Participating in CBA negotiations can eliminate surprises in the development approvals process and allow developers to work with a unified coalition rather than having to engage community organizations one by one.
326:
Community groups should consider how each provision in a CBA will be monitored and enforced. Although financial commitments and other one-time benefits may be fairly easy to monitor, other developer and tenant commitments, such as living wage and local hiring requirements, may be in place for decades
39:
and in Canada, "Section 37" agreements similarly require certain benefits from developers, but differ from CBAs in that they are part of development agreements with governments, not communities. CBAs are generally private, contractual agreements, although they can in some instances be made part of a
234:
The CBA contract model allows each particular CBA to be tailored to the community's needs, the size and type of the proposed development, and the relative bargaining power of the community groups and the developer. Benefits may be provided by the developer itself, or a CBA may require the developer
217:
Typically, negotiations between a CBA coalition and a developer begin after a project has been announced but prior to governmental approval. However, there are examples of legislative CBA requirements attached to subsidies that impose community benefit standards on land within particular districts.
208:
Elected officials and government agencies often play an active role in CBA negotiations. In
California and other jurisdictions where development agreements are authorized, government representatives may be formal CBA signatories. In other cases, government officials may play a more informal role by
183:
Inclusiveness: The CBA negotiation process can provide a mechanism to ensure that community concerns are heard and addressed. While some cities do a good job of seeking community input and responding to it, many do not. Low-income neighborhoods, non-English speaking areas, and communities of color
74:
Responding to these problems, the CBA model was created in the late 1990s as a way for the communities most impacted by economic development projects to participate in the planning process and seek to ensure that development benefits will accrue to existing communities. For developers, negotiating
427:
has not been considered to be a "true" CBA because it was negotiated by elected officials, not community groups. The agreement did include significant community benefits such as $ 28,000,000 in grants and free tickets for local organizations. However, the CBA has not been smoothly implemented. In
187:
Enforceability: A CBA can ensure that a developer's promises regarding community benefits are legally enforceable. Developers "pitching" a project often make promises that are never written into any project approval documents, and even when they are, they may not be monitored and enforced by the
31:
signed by community groups and a real estate developer that requires the developer to provide specific amenities and/or mitigations to the local community or neighborhood. In exchange, the community groups agree to publicly support the project, or at least not oppose it. Often, negotiating a CBA
200:
At the heart of the community benefits strategy are community organizing and coalition building. Organizing and maintaining a coalition, facilitating compromise and crafting a shared agenda are essential to creating a successful CBA. Coalitions can include a variety of community groups, such as
356:
Although numerous CBAs have proven to be successful tools to improve the economic development process, a variety of criticisms have emerged. Perhaps the most significant criticism is that CBAs offer no way to ensure that they are truly representative of community needs and desires. The
655:(Report). Washington, DC; Los Angeles: Good Jobs First and the California Public Subsidies Project, a partnership of the Center on Policy Initiatives, the East Bay Alliance for a Sustainable Economy, the Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy, and Working Partnerships USA.
178:
CBA advocates contend that the community benefits approach improves the development process for the community, developers and local officials by creating an overall win-win-win scenario. Some of the principles and goals that CBA advocates seek to promote include:
361:, for example, has been criticized because it was negotiated by only a handful of community groups, all of which are receiving funding from the developer, while many other community groups were excluded from the negotiations. A report from the
317:
The range of benefits offered by a CBA has been explored extensively in the scholarly literature, as well as conferences, in an effort to raise awareness about the benefits of CBAs for developers, local government, and struggling communities.
335:
As a CBA is a legally binding contract, it can be enforced only by the parties that signed it. CBAs that are incorporated into development agreements can be enforced by the government as well as by community groups. There is no
102:
The community benefits movement began in Los
Angeles, with successful implementation at mixed-use projects at Hollywood and Highland, and Staples Center / LA Live. It has since spread rapidly to other cities, including
866:
365:
has also questioned whether CBA negotiators will drive appropriate bargains with developers, and whether CBAs will interfere with the planning process. Various legal problems relating to
538:
925:
González, Erualdo Romero; Sarmiento, Carolina S.; Urzua, Ana Siria; Luévano, Susan C. (2012). "The grassroots and New
Urbanism: a case from a Southern California Latino community".
454:
An examination into CBAs can be found in "Summary and Index of
Community Benefit Agreements", published online in 2011 by the Public Law Center of Tulane University Law School.
960:
Laing, Bonnie Young (2009). "Organizing community and labor coalitions for community benefits agreements in
African American communities: ensuring successful partnerships".
1467:
188:
relevant government agencies. By creating an enforcement mechanism or expanding the class of parties who can enforce these promises, CBAs can make enforcement much easier.
616:"Understanding community benefits agreements: equitable development, social justice and other considerations for developers, municipalities and community organizations"
191:
Accountability: CBAs enable citizens to hold governments accountable for the use of tax dollars by giving them a voice in how development subsidies are distributed.
734:
Patricia Salkin and Amy Lavine, Negotiating for Social
Justice and the Promise of Community Benefits Agreements: Case Studies of Current and Developing Agreements
620:
32:
relies heavily upon the formation of a multi-issue, broad based community coalition including community, environmental, faith-based and labor organizations.
267:
Provisions prohibiting developers from hiring contractors that have violated labor or other occupational laws (known as "responsible contractor" provisions)
55:
by taxpayer dollars, but there is usually no guarantee that a project's "ripple effects" will benefit current residents. Developments can cause inner-city
1214:
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The "CBAs" of some projects have not been accepted as legitimate CBAs by advocates of the community benefits movement. For example, the "CBA" for the new
484:
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Mitigations in excess of those required under state/local law that address parking, traffic, increased pollution, and other environmental impacts
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867:"This Pittsburgh group wants all developers getting public subsidies to agree to community benefits. Including you, Amazon. – Pittsburgh UNITED"
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project was the subject of a 2008 New York
Appellate Division opinion, but the court held that the contract's terms were expired.
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2009, the former administer the community fund sued the
Yankees' community charity, claiming that the fund had been mismanaged.
1325:
649:
345:
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707:
91:
patterns, the community benefits movement emerged to challenge conventional thinking and offer a broader vision. Related to
1142:
1076:
Symposium on May 11, 2012 co-sponsored by Urban Land
Institute: Louisiana CrossReach Initiative and The Public Law Center.
440:
362:
358:
505:
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202:
891:"Community Benefits: Leveraging Partnerships for Successful Development (The Partnership for Working Families 2009)"
682:
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to impose CBA provisions on its tenants, vendors, and contractors. Typically, CBAs include job quality standards,
1414:
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CBA, which has generally been viewed as a success. Other projects that have had CBAs include the
Dearborn Street
167:. Leading organizations include National Community Reinvestment Coalition, The Partnership for Working Families,
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1222:
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Space set-asides for neighborhood organizations, community centers, child-care centers, and other non-profits
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223:
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1215:"CBAs Currently in Effect – Community Benefits Agreements (CBAs) – The Partnership For Working Families"
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Community benefits agreements: the power, practice, and promise of a responsible redevelopment tool
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412:'s Bayview–Hunters Point residential development, the Gates-Cherokee redevelopment project in
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are required to incorporate community benefits through a development or funding agreement.
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1059:"Win-Win-Win: The Advantages of CBA's for the Community, Developers, Government, and You"
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CBAs have been negotiated for numerous projects. The most well known CBA is likely the
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1024:"Community benefit agreements: new vehicle for investment in America's neighborhoods"
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63:. As a result, many metropolitan regions continue to experience problems related to
927:
Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability
729:
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489:
341:
236:
132:
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60:
59:, pushing out low-income residents as housing prices rise, or they may create only
1112:"Riverside S. Planning Corp. v CRP/Extell Riverside, L.P. (2008 NY Slip Op 10229)"
447:
non-profit also known as BOB) these parties collectively are recognized under the
938:
585:
382:
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120:
16:
Contract between local activist groups and businesses or real estate developers
1136:"The Role of Community Benefit Agreements in New York City's Land Use Process"
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539:"Community benefits agreements: definitions, values, and legal enforceability"
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Community Benefits Agreements: Making Development Projects Accountable
736:, published at 17 J. Affordable Hous. & Cmty. Dev. L. 113 (2008).
413:
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1291:"Southeast False Creek Olympic Village Community Benefits Agreement"
733:
1193:"Hill District Consensus Group – Hill Community Benefits Agreement"
295:
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Retail/commercial space set-asides for small and local businesses
1265:"Former Administrator Sues the Yankees' Bronx Community Charity"
485:"Section 37 — What it is, and why everybody's fighting about it"
771:"Community Benefits 101 – The Partnership For Working Families"
1383:"Community Benefits Agreements – Services – Tulane Law School"
683:"Community Benefits Agreements: Hollywood and Highland Center"
648:
Gross, Julian; LeRoy, Greg; Janis-Aparicio, Madeline (2005) .
1088:"Is there room for longtime residents in "that new Atlanta"?"
546:
Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law
87:
grappled with their responsibility to shape development and
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facilitating CBA negotiations and encouraging cooperation.
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Provisions for community input in the selection of tenants
1238:"$ 28 Million for the Bronx in the Yankees' Stadium Plan"
344:'s 1993 CBA-like contract relating to the New York City
71:, despite major investments in economic development.
1171:"Staples CBA – The Partnership For Working Families"
1086:
Iyengar, Nikishka; Billingsley, Genia (2022-09-14).
1356:"Summary and Index of Community Benefit Agreements"
708:"Community Benefits Agreements: Staples Center CBA"
340:regarding the validity and enforceability of CBAs.
996:"Community Benefits Coalition Operating Agreement"
175:(SAJE), SCOPE Los Angeles, and Pittsburgh UNITED.
1437:Community Benefits Agreement blog by Amy Lavine
795:"Community Benefit Agreements Archives – LAANE"
263:Minority/women/local business contracting goals
239:programs, and affordable housing requirements.
747:"Community Benefits Agreement Archives – NCRC"
643:
641:
639:
637:
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843:"A New Economy for South Los Angeles – SCOPE"
586:"Beginner's Guide to Accountable Development"
218:For example, developers participating in the
8:
621:UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy
304:Funding for community organizations/programs
242:Other benefits include, among other things:
532:
530:
528:
373:may also weaken the effectiveness of CBAs.
416:, and the Ballpark Village development in
1468:Economic development in the United States
614:Salkin, Patricia E.; Lavine, Amy (2008).
475:
61:low-wage retail and service sector jobs
819:"Community Benefits Agreements – SAJE"
506:"Community Benefits and Tower Renewal"
169:Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy
7:
441:Building Opportunities with Business
173:Strategic Actions for a Just Economy
1300:. City of Vancouver. Archived from
483:Keenan, Edward (January 16, 2015).
40:development agreement with a city.
1022:Marcello, David A. (Summer 2007).
14:
1236:Williams, Timothy (2006-03-22).
1354:LaSalle, Daniel J. (May 2011).
1263:Santos, Fernanda (2009-04-01).
79:The community benefits movement
445:community economic development
1:
1143:New York City Bar Association
962:Journal of Community Practice
712:Community Benefits Agreements
687:Community Benefits Agreements
363:New York City Bar Association
939:10.1080/17549175.2012.693125
203:Tulane University Law School
27:) in the United States is a
21:community benefits agreement
298:and recreational facilities
51:projects are often heavily
1484:
775:www.forworkingfamilies.org
706:Lavine, Amy (2008-01-28).
681:Lavine, Amy (2008-01-28).
1415:Annie E. Casey Foundation
1413:(Report). Baltimore, MD:
1330:www.vancouveragreement.ca
1326:"The Vancouver Agreement"
1219:www.communitybenefits.org
1175:www.communitybenefits.org
974:10.1080/10705420902862124
898:www.communitybenefits.org
504:Graser, Dina (May 2016),
222:project that opt to use
464:Project Labor Agreement
224:tax increment financing
35:In the United Kingdom,
537:Gross, Julian (2008).
431:In preparation of the
37:Section 106 agreements
590:www.goodjobsfirst.org
259:Job training programs
97:environmental justice
871:pittsburghunited.org
433:2010 Winter Olympics
402:Penguins hockey team
398:Consol Energy Center
49:Economic development
1439:(last updated 2010)
449:Vancouver Agreement
352:Concerns and issues
1270:The New York Times
1243:The New York Times
359:Atlantic Yards CBA
311:Affordable housing
256:Local hiring goals
1145:. March 8, 2010.
230:Possible benefits
85:local governments
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513:www.evergreen.ca
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294:Construction of
271:Union neutrality
220:Atlanta Beltline
213:CBA negotiations
161:Washington, D.C.
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1039:(3): 657–669.
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