1113:"More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate, they are victims of the disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people ... I believe that we should make available to peace-loving people the benefits of our store of technical knowledge to help them realize their aspirations for a better life… What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing ... Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace. And the key to greater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modem scientific and technical knowledge."
1292:
to foster a free-trade zone (special economic zones) or distribute vaccinations to vulnerable populations can accomplish their goals. This has been something overlooked by multiple international organizations, aid programs and even participating governments who attempt to carry out 'best practices' from other places in a carbon-copy manner with little success. This isomorphic mimicry –adopting organizational forms that have been successful elsewhere but that only hide institutional dysfunction without solving it on the home country –can contribute to getting countries stuck in 'capability traps' where the country does not advance in its development goals. An example of this can be seen through some of the criticisms of foreign aid and its success rate at helping countries develop.
1296:–there are problems of fiscal fragility associated to receiving an important amount of government revenues through foreign aid. Governments that can raise a significant amount of revenue from this source are less accountable to their citizens (they are more autonomous) as they have less pressure to legitimately use those resources. Just as it has been documented for countries with an abundant supply of natural resources such as oil, countries whose government budget consists largely of foreign aid donations and not regular taxes are less likely to have incentives to develop effective public institutions. This in turn can undermine the country's efforts to develop.
1284:, that may be causes of economic development rather than consequences of specific economic development programs. For example, health and education improvements have been closely related to economic growth, but the causality with economic development may not be obvious. In any case, it is important to not expect that particular economic development programs be able to fix many problems at once as that would be establishing unsurmountable goals for them that are highly unlikely they can achieved. Any development policy should set limited goals and a gradual approach to avoid falling victim to something Prittchet,
1532:, and the other is to administer policy, programs, and projects. Economic development practitioners generally work in public offices on the state, regional, or municipal level, or in public-private partnerships organizations that may be partially funded by local, regional, state, or federal tax money. These economic development organizations function as individual entities and in some cases as departments of local governments. Their role is to seek out new economic opportunities and retain their existing business wealth.
911:
1056:. Development and urban studies scholar Karl Seidman summarizes economic development as "a process of creating and utilizing physical, human, financial, and social assets to generate improved and broadly shared economic well-being and quality of life for a community or region". Daphne Greenwood and Richard Holt distinguish economic development from economic growth on the basis that economic development is a "broadly based and sustainable increase in the overall
40:
1024:
1414:
dataset for each 50 states with unemployment, labor force participation by race, and annual labor market statistics. In addition, for contractionary monetary policy, they utilize the federal funds rate, the short-term interest rates charged to banks. Seguino and Heintz
Seguino concludes that the impact of a one percentage point increase in the federal funds rate relative to white and black women's unemployment is 0.015 and 0.043, respectively
1007:
1269:
opportunities to get them and the proper functionality of institutions and organizations that can attend more technically and logistically complex tasks (i.e. raise taxes and deliver public services). These processes describe the State's capabilities to manage its economy, polity, society and public administration. Generally, economic development policies attempt to solve issues in these topics.
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economic development; the focus of development had been on industrialization and infrastructure. Poverty also came to be redefined as a condition faced by people rather than countries. According to Martha
Finnemore, the World Bank under McNamara's tenure "sold" states poverty reduction "through a mixture of persuasion and coercion."
1291:
Many times the economic development goals of specific countries cannot be reached because they lack the State's capabilities to do so. For example, if a nation has little capacity to carry out basic functions like security and policing or core service delivery it is unlikely that a program that wants
1570:
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by mid-year population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidizes not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation
1535:
There are numerous other organizations whose primary function is not economic development that work in partnership with economic developers. They include the news media, foundations, utilities, schools, health care providers, faith-based organizations, and colleges, universities, and other education
1413:
Contractionary monetary policy is a tool used by central banks to slow down a country's economic growth. An example would be raising interest rates to decrease lending. In the United States, the use of contractionary monetary policy has increased women's unemployment. Seguino and Heintz uses a panel
1259:
During Robert McNamara's 13 years at the World Bank, he introduced key changes, most notably, shifting the Bank's economic development policies toward targeted poverty reduction. Before his tenure at the World Bank, poverty did not receive substantial attention as part of international and national
1295:
Beyond the incentive compatibility problems that can happen to foreign aid donations –that foreign aid granting countries continue to give it to countries with little results of economic growth but with corrupt leaders that are aligned with the granting countries' geopolitical interests and agenda
1125:
argued that the less developed the country is at the outset of economic development (relative to others), the more likely certain conditions are to occur. Hence, all countries do not progress similarly. From the 1940s to the 1960s the state played a large role in promoting industrialization in
1705:
The Gender
Empowerment Measure (GEM) focuses on aggregating various indicators that focus on capturing the economic, political, and professional gains made by women. The GEM is composed of just three variables: income earning power, share in professional and managerial jobs, and share of
1268:
The development of a country has been associated with different concepts but generally encompasses economic growth through higher productivity, political systems that represent as accurately as possible the preferences of its citizens, The extension of rights to all social groups and the
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in 1997 defined development as increasing people‟s choices. Choices depend on the people in question and their nation. The UNDP indicates four chief factors in development, especially human development, which are empowerment, equity, productivity, and sustainability.
3604:
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1720:
The Gender
Development Index (GDI) measures the gender gap in human development achievements. It takes the disparity between men and women into account through three variables, health, knowledge, and living standards.
3219:
3214:
3290:
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Todd Moss, Gunilla
Pettersson and Nicolas van de Walle (2006), "An Aid Institutions Paradox? A review essay on aid dependency and State building in Sub-Saharan Africa", Working Paper 74, Center for Global
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3243:
3126:
3014:
2424:
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1986:
1440:(GVCs) and international financial markets. The last financial crisis had a huge effect on economies in developing countries. Economist Jayati Ghosh states that it is necessary to make
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3009:
2937:
1816:
1034:
2199:
C.A. Bayly (2008). "Indigenous and
Colonial Origins of Comparative Economic Development: The Case of Colonial India and Africa", Policy Research Working Paper 4474, The World Bank.
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3169:
2808:
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1436:, resulting in trade surpluses or deficits. Furthermore, the growth of globalization has linked economic development with trends on international trade and participation in
1209:), economic development and more generally development economics emerged amidst these mid-20th century theoretical interpretations of how economies prosper. Also, economist
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Economic development has evolved into a professional industry of highly specialized practitioners. The practitioners have two key roles: one is to provide leadership in
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1556:'s "World Development Indicators" are compiled annually from officially recognized international sources and include national, regional and global estimates.
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and
Backhaus (2003), the changes in this equilibrium state documented in economic theory can only be caused by intervening factors coming from the outside.
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2820:
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Lant
Pritchett, Michael Woolcock & Matt Andrews (2013). Looking Like a State: Techniques of Persistent Failure in State Capability for Implementation,
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The precise definition of economic development has been contested: while economists in the 20th century viewed development primarily in terms of
952:" are other terms often used while discussing economic development. Historically, economic development policies focused on industrialization and
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Mansell, R & and Wehn, U. 1998. Knowledge
Societies: Information Technology for Sustainable Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
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2537:
2513:'2014 LTI Rome Conference: Infrastructure-Driven Development to Conjure Away the EU Malaise?', Revue Analyse Financière, Q1 2015 – Issue N°54
1968:
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infrastructure constitutes a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the
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3392:
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1811:
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1086:. Economic development can also be considered as a static theory that documents the state of an economy at a certain place. According to
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Hirschman, A. O. (1981). The Rise and
Decline of Development Economics. Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics to Beyond. pp. 1–24
1998:
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In economics, the study of economic development was born out of an extension to traditional economics that focused entirely on the
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With this in mind, economic development is typically associated with improvements in a variety of areas or indicators (such as
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Seguino, Stephanie; Heintz, James (July 2012). "Monetary Tightening and the Dynamics of US Race and Gender Stratification".
2083:
1432:
International trade and exchange rates are key issues in economic development. Currencies are often either under-valued or
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The term has been used frequently in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the concept has existed in the West for far longer. "
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Deborah Bräutigam (2002), "Building Leviathan: Revenue, State Capacity and Governance", IDS Bulletin 33, no. 3, pp. 1 – 17
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1999:"Telecommunications and Social Development: The Meaning of Development, Sustainable Development and Rural Development"
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59:
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1149:, or the aggregate output of goods and services. Economic development was concerned with the expansion of people's
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1603:(known as BRTI Index) and related models such as the (Modified) Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index (RTI).
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of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.
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812:
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358:
127:
71:
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1317:
515:
323:
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170:
93:
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530:
268:
208:
165:
112:
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period of reconstruction initiated by the United States. In 1949, during his inaugural speech, President
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1422:
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Mansell and Wehn state that economic development has been understood by non-practitioners since the
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2134:
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23:
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2401:
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2100:
2039:
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1964:
1937:
1910:
1875:
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1368:
1087:
1083:
1079:
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992:
957:
949:
715:
690:
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437:
373:
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160:
122:
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1679:, schools (measured by the distance learners must travel to reach them), ability to use hard
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4294:
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2006:
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There are various types of macroeconomic and sociocultural indicators or "metrics" used by
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development. This third category is a primary focus of economic development professionals.
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150:
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2569:. New York: Oxford University Press for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
2532:. New York: Oxford University Press for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
1623:(GEM). These indicators were first introduced in the 1995 UNDP Human Development Report.
1082:, and (if currently absent) the attainment of a standard of living equivalent to that of
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describes economic growth as but "one aspect of the process of economic development".
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In its broadest sense, policies of economic development encompass three major areas:
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1130:. This period was followed by a brief period of basic needs development focusing on
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730:
625:
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83:
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1425:. In today's global landscape, location is vitally important and becomes a key in
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3759:
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175:
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to assess the relative economic advancement of a given region or nation. The
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identified the development of undeveloped areas as a priority for the West:
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of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
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31:
2720:
2188:
Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Views.
1256:
are necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth in emerging countries.
1595:
have argued that the existence of modern transportation networks- such as
1181:(stressing reduced intervention), with the rise of high-growth countries (
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do not necessarily correlate with improvements in quality of life. The
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2138:
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1448:. This could also add to financial security for small-scale producers.
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1098:
2289:
The Oil Curse: How petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations.
1417:
One growing understanding in economic development is the promotion of
3864:
2697:
Nunn, Nathan (2020). "The historical roots of economic development".
2038:& Backhaus, Ursula, 2003. The Theory of Economic Development. In
1236:
It has also been argued, notably by Asian and European proponents of
1222:
1206:
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emerged in the 1980s pushing an agenda of free trade and removal of
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for individuals within a community", and measures of growth such as
2486:
1333:
1309:
1308:
Governments undertaking to meet broad economic objectives such as
1202:
1198:
909:
1444:
in developing countries more resilient by providing a variety of
1015:
real growth rates, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in selected countries
2300:
1356:
1226:
1217:, asserted that economic development grew to concentrate on the
3648:
2755:
1987:
Economic development and change in Tanzania since independence
1461:
1337:
976:
3644:
2600:"Gender Development Index (GDI) | Human Development Reports"
1611:
In an effort to create an indicator that would help measure
2487:"Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness"
2248:
William Easterly (2003), "Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth?" in
967:
intervention aiming to improve the well-being of people,
1683:(railways, roads, ports, airports, harbours, etc.), and
1240:, that systematic, long-term government investments in
1233:
yet on the outpouring of fundamental ideas and models.
1817:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1035:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1078:
to involve economic growth, namely the increases in
4223:
4177:
4113:
4024:
3873:
3692:
3157:
2984:
2946:
2888:
2829:
2794:
1615:, the United Nations has created two measures: the
1377:and retention through specific efforts in business
1052:instead emphasized broader processes of change and
16:
Process and policies to improve economic well-being
2660:"Culture, Institutions, and the Wealth of Nations"
2562:
2525:
2162:Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread
1957:Greenwood, Daphne T.; Holt, Richard P. F. (2010).
956:; since the 1960s, it has increasingly focused on
2737:Adaptive Political Economy: Toward a New Paradigm
2628:"How Deep Are the Roots of Economic Development?"
1963:. Armonk and London: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 3–4.
2164:, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
3830:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2239:, 49:1, 1–18, DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2012.709614
2061:Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective
1936:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 5.
2305:Business Retention and Expansion International
2190:Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
2117:Sen, A (1983). "Development: Which Way Now?".
1960:Local Economic Development in the 21st Century
1601:Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index
1153:and their corresponding capabilities, such as
3660:
2767:
2658:Gorodnichenko, Yuriy; Roland, Gerard (2017).
2561:United Nations Development Programme (1995).
2524:United Nations Development Programme (1995).
2327:"Engendering Macroeconomic Theory and Policy"
1134:development and redistribution in the 1970s.
891:
8:
1874:. Cornell University Press. pp. 89–97.
1126:developing countries, following the idea of
3605:*Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita
2626:Spolaore, Enrico; Wacziarg, Romain (2013).
2386:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1909:. Westport and London: Praeger. p. 3.
1906:Levels of Socio-economic Development Theory
1872:National Interests in International Society
1496:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1288:and Andrews call 'premature load bearing'.
3667:
3653:
3645:
2774:
2760:
2752:
2464:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All"
2217:Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson (2012),
2063:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1177:(advocating government intervention), and
898:
884:
18:
2687:
2677:
2648:
2368:
2350:
2265:, Princeton University Press, chapter 11.
2173:Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek (2010),
1516:Learn how and when to remove this message
1173:indicators. Borne out of the backdrop of
3620:Lists of countries by financial rankings
2485:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (September 2013).
2003:Macro Environment and Telecommunications
1117:There have been several major phases of
1982:
1980:
1853:
1687:and other soft infrastructure like the
30:
2918:Latin American and Caribbean countries
2665:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2273:
2271:
2231:
2229:
2227:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1651:, education levels (measured through
1577:real gross national income per capita
1140:import substitution industrialization
929:is the process by which the economic
7:
2177:Second Edition, Norton, pp. 67 – 86.
1494:adding citations to reliable sources
1068:United Nations Development Programme
2263:Political Economy for Public Policy
2237:The Journal of Development Studies
1832:United Nations Development Program
1540:Development indicators and indices
963:Whereas economic development is a
14:
2427:from the original on Oct 5, 2023.
2325:Seguino, Stephanie (2019-05-28).
1458:economic development organization
3608:*Top country metropolitan by GDP
3602:*Top country subdivisions by GDP
2474:from the original on 2012-02-17.
2419:Jayati Gosh (January 17, 2013).
2398:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00826.x
2261:Ethan Bueno de Mesquita (2016),
2250:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2059:Gerschenkron, Alexander (1962).
1617:Gender-Related Development Index
1466:
1238:infrastructure-based development
1022:
1005:
865:
853:
38:
2086:(11th ed.). Archived from
1757:European Free Trade Association
1752:Development finance institution
1607:Introduction of The GDI and GEM
927:economic and social development
140:Concepts, theory and techniques
3628:List of international rankings
3021:Latin America & Caribbean
2870:Private consumption per capita
2636:Journal of Economic Literature
2439:"World Development Indicators"
1560:GDP per capita and real income
1101:development originated in the
1:
4196:Critique of political economy
2565:Human development report 1995
2528:Human development report 1995
2343:10.1080/13545701.2019.1609691
1747:Democracy and economic growth
1300:Economic development policies
3780:History of capitalist theory
2908:European Union member states
2511:M. Nicolas J. Firzli :
1933:Economic Development Finance
2948:Gross national income (GNI)
2468:International Monetary Fund
2221:, New York: Crown Business.
1802:International Monetary Fund
1193:) and planned governments (
4381:
2186:G. Bingham Powell (2000).
1870:Finnemore, Martha (1996).
1822:Private sector development
1807:Local Economic Development
1713:
1701:Gender Empowerment Measure
1698:
1695:Gender Empowerment Measure
1631:Other factors include the
1621:Gender Empowerment Measure
1563:
1536:or research institutions.
1455:
1264:Economic development goals
990:
987:Definition and terminology
971:is a phenomenon of market
4140:Labour market flexibility
3815:Multinational corporation
3682:
3615:
1930:Seidman, Karl F. (2005).
1797:International development
1643:, birth and death rates,
1401:retention and expansion,
1219:poor regions of the world
1213:, a major contributor to
3006:Commonwealth of Nations
2880:Ten largest historically
2735:Yuen Ang, Yuen (2024). "
2491:Revue Analyse Financière
1737:Critical juncture theory
1732:Constitutional economics
1716:Gender Development Index
1710:Gender Development Index
1387:neighborhood development
1328:policies, regulation of
1084:industrialized countries
128:JEL classification codes
4285:Individualist anarchism
3114:Former Soviet Republics
2831:Purchasing power parity
2713:10.1126/science.aaz9986
2048:10.1007/0-306-48082-4_3
2040:Joseph Alois Schumpeter
1320:. Such efforts include
314:Industrial organization
171:Computational economics
4250:Collectivist anarchism
4165:Social venture capital
4135:Freedom of association
3070:nominal and per capita
2421:"Too much of the same"
2160:Simon Kuznets (1966).
2084:"Economic Development"
1903:Jaffee, David (1998).
1782:Gender and development
1593:development economists
1446:financial institutions
1343:Programs that provide
1330:financial institutions
1179:neoclassical economics
1123:Alexander Gerschenkron
1031:gross domestic product
1013:Gross domestic product
914:
166:Experimental economics
4360:Development economics
4315:Post-scarcity economy
4290:Libertarian socialism
4275:Free-market socialism
4206:Market fundamentalism
4191:Capitalist propaganda
3785:Industrial Revolution
3700:Anarchy of production
3158:Subnational divisions
2287:Michael Ross (2012),
1706:parliamentary seats.
1587:Modern transportation
1564:Further information:
1427:competitive advantage
1391:workforce development
1215:development economics
913:
4355:Economic development
3770:Financial Revolution
3735:Economic development
2679:10.1162/REST_a_00599
2650:10.1257/jel.51.2.325
1890:10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh
1490:improve this section
1423:metropolitan economy
1128:modernization theory
393:Social choice theory
4365:Economic indicators
4245:Anarcho-syndicalism
4240:Anarcho-primitivism
4125:Economic inequality
3740:Economic liberalism
3098:Asia & Pacific
2985:Countries by region
2875:Per person employed
2301:"What is BR&E?"
2252:17(3), pp. 23 – 48.
2175:Analyzing Politics,
1777:Financial deepening
1581:income distribution
1438:global value chains
1403:technology transfer
1211:Albert O. Hirschman
1175:Keynesian economics
948:", and especially "
860:Business portal
181:Operations research
161:National accounting
4265:Economic democracy
4086:Private foundation
3374:nominal per capita
3137:nominal per capita
3075:PPP and per capita
3050:nominal per capita
2961:Nominal per capita
2923:Oceanian countries
2913:European countries
2858:Past and projected
2821:Sector composition
2809:Past and projected
2783:Lists of countries
2331:Feminist Economics
2036:Schumpeter, Joseph
1812:North–South divide
1685:telecommunications
1361:affordable housing
1318:sustainable growth
1119:development theory
1059:standard of living
1029:Rate of change of
997:Developing country
915:
191:Industrial complex
186:Middle income trap
4342:
4341:
4235:Anarcho-communism
4106:Spontaneous order
4101:Social alienation
4058:Economic mobility
3745:Economic planning
3642:
3641:
2976:Disposable income
2971:Per capita growth
2938:Industrial growth
2898:African countries
2598:Nations, United.
2576:978-0-19-510023-5
2539:978-0-19-510023-5
2101:Pearson Education
1970:978-0-7656-2817-6
1943:978-0-7656-2817-6
1916:978-0-275-95658-5
1881:978-0-8014-8323-3
1787:Green Development
1675:, clean and safe
1673:health facilities
1526:
1525:
1518:
1442:financial markets
1419:regional clusters
1080:per capita income
1064:per capita income
993:Developed country
975:and increases in
958:poverty reduction
950:industrialization
908:
907:
4372:
4325:Social anarchism
4300:Market socialism
4295:Market anarchism
4201:Critique of work
4091:Private property
4053:Economic freedom
4048:Decentralization
4026:Cultural aspects
3987:Regulated market
3765:Financial crisis
3750:Entrepreneurship
3669:
3662:
3655:
3646:
3633:Lists by country
2933:1980–2010 growth
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2732:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2654:
2652:
2632:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2568:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2354:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2222:
2219:Why Nations Fail
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2119:Economic Journal
2114:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2079:Stephen C. Smith
2071:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2005:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1867:
1842:World Bank Group
1521:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1470:
1462:
1365:crime prevention
1312:stability, high
1147:national product
1026:
1009:
900:
893:
886:
872:Money portal
870:
869:
868:
858:
857:
354:Natural resource
146:Economic systems
42:
19:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4320:Sharing economy
4310:Post-capitalism
4280:Green anarchism
4219:
4186:Anti-capitalism
4173:
4109:
4020:
4012:State-sponsored
3869:
3845:Property rights
3820:Nationalization
3730:Economic bubble
3688:
3678:
3673:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3611:
3153:
2980:
2942:
2884:
2832:
2825:
2790:
2780:
2750:
2696:
2657:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2620:Further reading
2617:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2540:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2131:10.2307/2232744
2125:(372): 745–62.
2116:
2115:
2111:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1665:social services
1645:life expectancy
1629:
1613:gender equality
1609:
1597:high-speed rail
1589:
1568:
1562:
1542:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1487:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1421:and a thriving
1302:
1278:life expectancy
1266:
1221:, primarily in
1096:
1046:economic growth
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
999:
989:
969:economic growth
935:quality of life
904:
866:
864:
852:
845:
844:
815:
805:
804:
803:
802:
566:von Böhm-Bawerk
454:
443:
442:
204:
196:
195:
151:Economic growth
141:
133:
132:
74:
72:classifications
17:
12:
11:
5:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4114:Social aspects
4111:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:American Dream
4035:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Market failure
3797:
3795:Market economy
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:Ecopreneurship
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:Centralization
3707:
3705:Business cycle
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3532:United Kingdom
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Czech Republic
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:PPP per capita
3124:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3056:South America
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:North America
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2956:PPP per capita
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2748:External links
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:World Politics
2733:
2694:
2672:(3): 402–416.
2655:
2643:(2): 325–369.
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2590:
2575:
2553:
2538:
2516:
2504:
2477:
2454:
2430:
2411:
2392:(3): 603–638.
2376:
2317:
2292:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2223:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2144:
2109:
2105:Addison-Wesley
2075:Michael Todaro
2066:
2051:
2042:. pp. 61–116.
2028:
2019:
1990:
1976:
1969:
1949:
1942:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1880:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Socioeconomics
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Infrastructure
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:European Union
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1714:Main article:
1711:
1708:
1699:Main article:
1696:
1693:
1681:infrastructure
1677:drinking water
1628:
1625:
1619:(GDI) and the
1608:
1605:
1588:
1585:
1575:is related to
1561:
1558:
1541:
1538:
1524:
1523:
1506:September 2020
1474:
1472:
1465:
1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1411:
1410:
1395:small business
1372:
1369:K–12 education
1345:infrastructure
1341:
1301:
1298:
1282:poverty rates)
1274:literacy rates
1265:
1262:
1242:transportation
1171:socio-economic
1115:
1114:
1095:
1092:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
988:
985:
954:infrastructure
946:Westernization
906:
905:
903:
902:
895:
888:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
862:
847:
846:
843:
842:
837:
827:
822:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
801:
800:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
455:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Organizational
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
205:
203:By application
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Eco-socialism
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Labour supply
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Individualism
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
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3921:Laissez-faire
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2090:on 2018-06-23
2089:
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2020:
2009:on 2010-01-30
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1641:national debt
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1627:Other factors
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1573:Median income
1567:
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1531:
1530:policy-making
1520:
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1480:
1475:This section
1473:
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1435:
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1397:development,
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1232:
1231:Latin America
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1160:
1156:
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1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:Neoliberalism
1133:
1132:human capital
1129:
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1120:
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1111:
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1093:
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1054:modernization
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942:Modernization
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923:public sector
921:study of the
920:
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461:de Mandeville
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389:Public choice
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364:Participation
362:
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357:
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332:
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327:
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324:Institutional
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307:
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292:
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287:
285:
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274:Expeditionary
272:
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267:
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264:Environmental
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129:
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111:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
95:
94:International
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:Branches and
67:
66:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4216:Wage slavery
4170:Unemployment
4150:Productivity
4081:Philanthropy
3942:Mercantilist
3919:
3890:Conservative
3734:
3725:Deregulation
3686:perspectives
3684:Aspects and
3600:
3502:South Africa
3487:Saudi Arabia
3066:Arab League
2903:Asian states
2740:
2704:
2698:
2669:
2663:
2640:
2634:
2607:. Retrieved
2604:hdr.undp.org
2603:
2593:
2564:
2556:
2527:
2519:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2467:
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2414:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2337:(2): 27–61.
2334:
2330:
2320:
2309:. Retrieved
2307:. 2018-10-23
2304:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2278:Development.
2262:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2218:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2069:
2060:
2054:
2031:
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
2002:
1993:
1959:
1952:
1932:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1871:
1837:Universities
1719:
1704:
1630:
1610:
1590:
1569:
1543:
1534:
1527:
1512:
1503:
1488:Please help
1476:
1452:Organization
1431:
1416:
1412:
1375:Job creation
1303:
1294:
1290:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1235:
1169:, and other
1151:entitlements
1144:
1121:since 1945.
1116:
1107:Harry Truman
1097:
1076:World War II
1073:
1057:
1050:sociologists
1043:
1037:, since 1961
1033:, world and
979:; economist
973:productivity
962:
939:
926:
916:
830:Publications
795:
418:Sociological
391: /
289:Geographical
269:Evolutionary
244:Digitization
209:Agricultural
113:Mathematical
84:Econometrics
4335:Syndicalism
4255:Communalism
4120:Corporatism
4096:Rule of law
4043:Consumerism
4033:Advertising
3932:Libertarian
3910:Free-market
3880:Anglo-Saxon
3860:Wage labour
3810:Meritocracy
3760:Externality
3715:Competition
3522:Switzerland
3507:South Korea
3455:Philippines
3425:Netherlands
3254:prefectures
3087:subdivision
2966:Real income
2890:Growth rate
2352:10986/28951
1566:Real income
1550:geographers
1434:over-valued
1407:real estate
1187:South Korea
1159:nourishment
981:Amartya Sen
666:von Neumann
319:Information
259:Engineering
239:Development
234:Demographic
176:Game theory
118:Methodology
4349:Categories
4224:Antithesis
4155:Prosperity
4130:Employment
4077:Mainstream
4068:Liberalism
3992:Regulatory
3967:Neoliberal
3915:Humanistic
3900:Democratic
3855:Regulation
3720:Depression
3676:Capitalism
3537:per capita
3480:per capita
3413:per capita
3393:Kazakhstan
3386:per capita
3352:per capita
3340:per capita
3308:per capita
3291:per capita
3244:per capita
3232:per capita
2928:Per capita
2863:per capita
2851:per capita
2841:Per capita
2814:per capita
2804:Per capita
2609:2019-12-19
2448:2020-12-01
2311:2019-01-09
2094:2012-03-30
2013:2009-10-14
1849:References
1639:level and
1637:investment
1554:World Bank
1546:economists
1314:employment
1254:healthcare
1142:policies.
1088:Schumpeter
991:See also:
931:well-being
825:Economists
696:Schumacher
601:Schumpeter
571:von Wieser
491:von Thünen
452:economists
428:Statistics
423:Solidarity
344:Managerial
309:Humanistic
304:Historical
249:Ecological
214:Behavioral
108:Mainstream
4330:Socialism
4305:Mutualism
4260:Communism
4230:Anarchism
4179:Criticism
4160:Syndicate
3895:Corporate
3850:Recession
3825:Oligopoly
3790:Invention
3362:regencies
3347:Indonesia
3180:Australia
3170:Argentina
2729:214671144
2406:0002-9246
2370:158543241
2361:1354-5701
1772:Economics
1767:Education
1669:hospitals
1649:morbidity
1633:inflation
1591:European
1477:does not
1383:marketing
1340:policies.
1250:education
1195:Argentina
1191:Hong Kong
1183:Singapore
1167:education
1155:morbidity
919:economics
741:Greenspan
706:Samuelson
686:Galbraith
656:Tinbergen
596:von Mises
591:Heckscher
551:Edgeworth
369:Personnel
329:Knowledge
294:Happiness
284:Financial
254:Education
229:Democracy
123:Political
89:Heterodox
32:Economics
3957:National
3952:Monopoly
3905:Dirigist
3874:Ideology
3581:Thailand
3576:Tanzania
3559:counties
3542:counties
3497:Slovakia
3465:Portugal
3445:Pakistan
3420:Mongolia
3403:Malaysia
3261:Colombia
3210:Bulgaria
3143:Oceania
2789:rankings
2721:32217703
2707:(6485).
2585:33420816
2548:33420816
2497:26 April
2472:Archived
2443:DataBank
2425:Archived
1742:Commerce
1725:See also
1689:Internet
1659:rates),
1657:numeracy
1653:literacy
1399:business
1353:highways
1351:such as
1349:services
1322:monetary
1286:Woolcock
1163:literacy
1103:post-war
1099:Economic
834:journals
820:Glossary
771:Stiglitz
736:Rothbard
716:Buchanan
701:Friedman
691:Koopmans
681:Leontief
661:Robinson
546:Marshall
450:Notable
398:Regional
374:Planning
349:Monetary
279:Feminist
224:Cultural
219:Business
24:a series
22:Part of
4211:Marxism
4073:Liberty
4017:Welfare
3977:Private
3927:Liberal
3693:General
3591:Vietnam
3527:Ukraine
3470:Romania
3430:Nigeria
3325:Hungary
3303:Germany
3298:Georgia
3281:Finland
3266:Croatia
3200:Belgium
3195:Belarus
3185:Austria
3175:Armenia
3165:Albania
3132:nominal
3118:Europe
3102:nominal
3045:nominal
3030:nominal
3015:nominal
3000:nominal
2991:Africa
2796:Nominal
2700:Science
2493:. Paris
2423:. D+C.
2139:2232744
2107:(2011).
1661:housing
1498:removed
1483:sources
1379:finance
1246:housing
1094:History
917:In the
840:Schools
832: (
791:Piketty
786:Krugman
651:Kuznets
641:Kalecki
616:Polanyi
506:Cournot
501:Bastiat
486:Ricardo
476:Malthus
466:Quesnay
438:Welfare
408:Service
79:Applied
55:Outline
50:History
4002:Social
3972:Nordic
3937:Market
3865:Wealth
3840:Profit
3586:Turkey
3571:Taiwan
3564:cities
3547:cities
3517:Sweden
3492:Serbia
3475:Russia
3460:Poland
3440:Norway
3408:Mexico
3357:cities
3320:Greece
3313:cities
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3249:cities
3220:cities
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1326:fiscal
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1280:, and
1252:, and
1223:Africa
1207:Uganda
965:policy
776:Thaler
756:Ostrom
751:Becker
746:Sowell
726:Baumol
631:Myrdal
626:Sraffa
621:Frisch
611:Knight
606:Keynes
581:Fisher
576:Veblen
561:Pareto
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536:George
531:Jevons
526:Walras
516:Gossen
384:Public
379:Policy
334:Labour
299:Health
156:Market
4007:State
3997:Rhine
3947:Mixed
3512:Spain
3435:Nepal
3398:Kenya
3381:Japan
3369:Italy
3330:India
3276:Egypt
3239:China
3227:Chile
3082:ASEAN
2833:(PPP)
2725:S2CID
2631:(PDF)
2365:S2CID
2135:JSTOR
1886:JSTOR
1667:like
1357:parks
1334:trade
1310:price
1203:Sudan
1199:Chile
813:Lists
781:Hoppe
766:Lucas
731:Solow
721:Arrow
711:Simon
676:Lange
671:Hicks
646:Röpke
636:Hayek
586:Pigou
556:Clark
471:Smith
433:Urban
413:Socio
403:Rural
103:Macro
99:Micro
60:Index
3596:OECD
3450:Peru
3094:Asia
2846:Past
2717:PMID
2581:OCLC
2571:ISBN
2544:OCLC
2534:ISBN
2499:2014
2402:ISSN
2357:ISSN
2103:and
2077:and
2073:See
1965:ISBN
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1911:ISBN
1876:ISBN
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