81:). These districts typically fund services which are defined by the industry collecting the assessment, and may include work perceived by some businesses as being inadequately performed by government with its existing tax revenues, such as cleaning streets, providing security, making capital improvements, construction of pedestrian and streetscape enhancements, and marketing the area. The services provided by BIDs are supplemental to those already provided by the municipality. The revenue derives from an assessment voted on by commercial property owners, industry members (BIDs can be formed around industries, not just physical properties), and in some cases, residential property owners.
109:, it generally involves three steps. First, typically 51% or more of the economic representatives of an industry petition the local government to create the BID. Second, the local government determines that the economic majority of an industry want the BID. Third, the local government enacts legislation creating the BID. Prior to this occurring, state legislatures need to grant local units the authority to create BIDs. The operating budgets of BIDs range from a few thousand dollars to tens of millions of dollars. A BID may be operated by a
323:) is different from the England and Wales legislation in that it allows property owners as well as occupiers to be included in a BID. There are also differences in the timescales, ballot and reballot criteria, and the legislative requirements of the BID proposer. In Scotland, for a ballot to be successful it must meet four criteria: a minimum turnout of 25% (by the number of eligible persons and by rateable value); and a majority of those that vote (by number of ballots and by rateable value).
122:
counts: straight majority and majority of rateable value. In
Scotland for a ballot to be successful it must meet four criteria, a minimum turnout of 25% by the number of eligible persons (the headcount) and by rateable value and a majority of those that vote by number of ballots and by rateable value must vote in favour. This ensures that the interests of large and small businesses are protected."
142:
Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, San
Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, DC. Minneapolis and Boston have been the last of the top 20 largest regions to adopt a business improvement district. The State of Wisconsin has adopted the most for smaller towns, with about 90 in the state, 25 of those being in Milwaukee and the rest throughout the state.
38:) is a defined area within whichever businesses elect to pay an additional fee (or assessment) in order to fund projects within the district's boundaries. A BID is not a tax, as taxes fund the government. BID funds are collected and used for the exclusive benefit of the industry that pays the assessment.
141:
By 1996 there were over 1,000 BIDs in the United States. New York City has 76 BIDs, the most of any city; in NYC, BIDs invest $ 159 million annually in neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs. BIDs exist in almost every one of the top 50 largest cities in the United States, including Los
Angeles,
363:
BIDs have been accused of being unaccountable and by their very nature undemocratic, concentrating power in a geographic area into the hands of the few. Small businesses who fall below the BID levy threshold, although not liable to pay the BID levy, are often priced out of an area because BIDs tend
351:
Six of the sixteen German
Bundeslander (Federal States) introduced the requisite legal framework to create BIDs: Hamburg, Bremen, Hessen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein. BID projects in implementation exist only in a few German cities so far – e.g. in Flensburg, Hamburg and
330:
In March 2006, the
Scottish Government announced funding for six pilot BIDs in Scotland: Bathgate (town centre), Clackmannanshire (business parks), Edinburgh (city centre), Falkirk (town centre), Glasgow (city centre) and Inverness (city centre). There are currently thirty seven operational BIDs in
326:
The intention of the
Scottish legislation is that BIDs are not restricted to towns and city centres, to allow innovative BIDs to be developed across the country. The consultation of 2003 proposed that the BID model could be used in business parks, tourism and visitor areas, rural areas, agriculture
121:
BIDs in
England and Wales are funded by a levy on the occupiers rather than the owners of the properties within the area. If voted in by local businesses, the BID levy is an extension to existing non-domestic business-rates. "In England and Wales, for a BID to go ahead the ballot must be won on two
334:
In March 2014 the first tourism BID was delivered in Loch Ness and
Inverness. The first themed BID in Scotland was delivered in December 2013, the Sauchiehall Street Evening Economy BID. In 2016 the world's first food and drink BID was delivered in East Lothian with the levy based on the number of
367:
BIDs have also been criticized in the past by anti-poverty groups for being too harsh on the homeless and poor who may congregate around businesses. BIDs have also been known to be opposed to street vendors such as hot dog vendors and chip wagons. In London, street traders who sold small items to
295:
was the third BID to be established in the UK, the second in London and the first south of the river. It was founded in 2005, and underwent a successful re-ballot in 2010 with 82% of businesses in favour. It won awards including Best
Visitor Information Initiatives Silver Award in 2008, the Best
387:
criticised the creation of a BID in central London neighbourhood saying that is undemocratic: "Neither the people who live there, nor the many intriguing small shops and businesses, have been allowed to vote or have even been consulted.". "I am wary of this initiative because of what may become
316:'s BIDs programme, providing central support to developing BIDs, promoting and encouraging the development of BIDs across the country, whilst also working with operational BIDs to assist them in delivering for their local communities and contributing to sustainable inclusive economic growth.
117:
entity. The governance of a BID is the responsibility of a board composed of some combination of property owners, businesses, and government officials. The management of a BID is the job of a paid administrator, usually occupying the position of an executive director of a management company.
392:(or indeed intended consequences) that help one sort of business (the property letting business) but will cause problems to smaller businesses and the large and wholly integrated residential population of the district". He also criticised some of the methods to oppose the BID.
212:
group, lobbying government for improvements such as new sidewalks, trees, park benches and other restorations. BIDs can also lobby different levels of government for significant changes to their area if they feel it is necessary to improve business.
343:. In 2017 BIDs Scotland published The National Report on BIDs in Scotland which covers the types of BIDs, number of businesses, levels of employment in BIDs in Scotland and the contribution they make to sustainable and inclusive economic growth.
338:
The development and interest in the BIDs model in
Scotland continues to grow and the flexibility of the legislation and the model is now being recognised with the development of the Borders Railway BIDs Corridor, and four canal BIDs led by
101:
established in 1974, and there were 1,200 across the country by 2011. Other countries with BIDs include Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Jamaica, Serbia, Albania, Germany, Ireland, Singapore, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
237:
in January 2005. In October 2007 there were 36 proposed or operational BIDs across Greater London, and by late 2014 there were over 180 in operation in the United Kingdom. This number increased to 303 throughout the UK by December 2018.
1383:
Grossman, S. A. 2010. Elements of public-private partnership management: Examining the promise and performance criteria of Business Improvement Districts, Journal of Town & City Management, 1 (2).
1389:
Grossman, Seth A, 2008. "The Case of Business Improvement Districts: Special District Public-Private Cooperation in Community Revitalization", The Public Performance & Management Review, 32, (2).
1358:
Clough, N. and R. Vanderbeck. 2006. Managing Politics and Consumption in Business Improvement Districts: The Geographies of Political Activism on Burlington, Vermont's Church Street Marketplace.
1336:
1374:
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Reenstra-Bryant, R. 2010. Evaluations of Business Improvement Districts: Ensuring Relevance for Individual Communities. "Public Performance & Management Review," 33 (3): 509–523.
1465:
Stokes, R. 2007. Business Improvement Districts and small business advocacy: The case of San Diego's citywide BID program. "Economic Development Quarterly". Vol. 21, No. 3, 278–291.
1495:
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Grossman, S A. 2010. Reconceptualizing the Public Management and Performance of Business Improvement Districts, Public Performance & Management Review, Vol. 33 (3), 355–394.
1018:
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Cook, I. R. 2009. Private sector involvement in urban governance: The case of Business Improvement Districts and Town Centre Management partnerships in England.
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The BID is often funded primarily through the assessment but can also draw on other public and private funding streams. BIDs may go by other names, such as
1297:
1209:
1341:
Becker, C. 2010. Self-Determination, Accountability Mechanisms, and Quasi-Governmental Status of Business Improvement Districts in the United States. "
233:, set up the first pilot BIDs, five in London, all of which had successful ballots by March 2006. The first UK BID 'Kingston First' was established in
1342:
1310:
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Scotland with a further twenty four in development. The operational BIDs include thirty one town and city centre BIDs and three business park BIDs.
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The Scottish Government provides a grant to local groups of up to ÂŁ20,000 to help with the development of the BID. The legislation in Scotland (The
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1561:
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1172:
Wayne Batchis, Business Improvement Districts and the Constitution: The Troubling Necessity of Privatized Government for Urban Revitalization, 38
606:
268:. As one of the largest BIDs in Europe, New West End Company brings together the commercial interests of over 600 retailers, property owners and
1462:
Stokes R. 2002. Place management in commercial Areas; The Case of Philadelphia's Customer Service Representatives. "Security Journal". 12, 7–19.
164:
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and single-business sectors. The legislation and subsequent regulations were passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2006 and 2007 respectively.
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Griff Rhys Jones "We need to fight this undemocratic attempt to manipulate Fitzrovia into something it is not" Fitzrovia News, 24 July 2012
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Schaller, S. and G. Modan. 2005. Contesting Public Space and Citizenship: Implications for Neighborhood Business Improvement Districts.
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Kreutz, S. 2009. Urban Improvement Districts in Germany: New legal instruments for joint proprietor activities in area development.
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320:
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Business Improvement Districts Scotland is the national organisation and voice for BIDs in Scotland, responsible for delivering the
1232:
1536:
304:
Smarter Travel Awards 2010. The Better Bankside BID was set up and is managed by The Means, a regeneration consultancy company.
1335:
Becker, C. & Seth A. Grossman, 2010. "Census of United States BIDs." International Downtown Association. Washington DC.
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859:
452:
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1011:"A state-of-the-art review of business improvement districts in the UK: Setting the agenda for policy, practice and research"
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to increase rental values. Larger businesses are more able to absorb these rent increases, particularly the multiple stores.
1366:
Cook, I. R. 2008. Mobilising Urban Policies: The Policy Transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales.
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Second Edition. Washington, D.C.: ULI-the Urban Land Institute in cooperation with the International Downtown Association
551:
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202:
159:
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Blackwell M. 2005. A critical appraisal of the UK Government's proposals for Business Improvement Districts in England.
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Whilst BIDs have been heralded for improving the trading environment, BIDs have also received noteworthy criticism.
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Hoyt, L. and G. Devika. 2007. The Business Improvement District Model: A Balanced Review of Contemporary Debates,
230:
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281:
389:
1163:– a 1997 report on the lack of accountability in some City of New York BIDs and recommendations for reform
920:"Mobilising urban policies: The policy transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales"
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509:
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It is estimated that there are more than 500 BIDs in Canada, including more than 270 in the province of
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has 16 "Business Improvement Zones," the first of which were formed in 1987, with the amendment of The
1468:
Ward, K. 2007. Business Improvement Districts: Policy Origins, Mobile Policies and Urban Liveability.
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in 1970 as an initiative by local private business. The first BID in the United States was the
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229:, and subsequent regulations in 2004. The Circle Initiative, a five-year scheme funded by the
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1042:"Delivering Our New West End 2020 Business Strategy: DELIVERY PLANS 2019/20 & 2020/21"
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860:"Administrative Order 47, Respecting the Creation of the Business Improvement Districts"
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1502:– Research on the international circulation of the Business Improvement District model.
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300:'s BID Awards, and was short-listed for Best Marketing & Communications Campaign,
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1159:"Managing the Micropolis: Proposals to Strengthen BID Performance and Accountability"
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1017:. BID Foundation and Institute of Place Management. 3 February 2021. p. 15.
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The process for creating a BID varies from one jurisdiction to another. In the
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1311:"Writer and actor criticises BID proposal and graffiti campaign against it"
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1210:"The Retail Sector, Business Improvement Districts and Increasing Rents"
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967:"UKBIDs – The Association of Town Centre Management's BIDs website"
659:. Government of Ontario - Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing
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Business Improvement Districts and the Shape of American Cities
59:
business improvement zone (BIZ), community improvement district
27:
Defined geographical area as relating to legal business matters
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Ground Control: Fear and happiness in the twenty-first century
296:
Community Project 2011 and Best Partnership Award 2012 in the
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835:"Bylaw 9845 - The Business Improvement Districts Bylaw, 2022"
1347:
Metapress | A Fast Growing Resource for Young Entrepreneurs
430:
Southeast Tennessee Development District, Chattanooga, TN.
1199:– A critical look at business improvement districts (BIDs)
970:
552:"Local authority guide to Business Improvement Districts"
479:"Wilmington Downtown hopes to emulate Big Easy's success"
1157:
Vallone, Peter F; Berman, Herbert F (12 November 1997).
1493:
Business Improvement Districts: Imagining Urban Futures
256:
is the management and promotional company for London's
201:. There are nine Business Improvement Districts in the
1080:
Making Bankside a better place to live, work and visit
1277:"Don't let business in to destroy unique Fitzrovia"
1259:"Street traders could soon be barred from West End"
137:
Business Improvement Districts in the United States
1257:Dawber, Alistair; Benatia, Lydia (19 July 2010).
1233:"Ex-Outreach Workers Say They Assaulted Homeless"
510:"Public Places and Quasi-Private Administration"
248:List of business improvement districts in London
1102:
1100:
154:. Toronto has 83 BIAs within its city limits.
8:
453:"The birthplace of BIAs celebrates 40 years"
99:Downtown Development District in New Orleans
1082:. Better Bankside. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
1457:Journal of Planning Education and Research
1343:Public Performance & Management Review
653:"Business Improvement Area Handbook, 2010"
93:Business Improvement Area, established in
1416:Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal
603:"Why Business Improvement Districts Work"
1421:Minton, Anna. 2008. "Clean and Safe" in
1187:"Against Business Improvement Districts"
607:Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
423:
1552:Local government in the United Kingdom
705:"Sociétés de développement commercial"
508:Justice, Jonathan B. (May–June 2009).
1557:Local government in the United States
1508:– Research website on BIDs in Germany
1394:BIDs: Business Improvement Districts.
1094:. The Means. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
477:Matson, Patricia (17 February 2011).
7:
272:businesses working closely with the
160:Sociétés de développement commercial
335:full-time employees, also a first.
225:, BIDs were introduced through the
1108:"Scotland's Improvement Districts"
25:
1404:; Comprehensive introductory text
1392:Houstoun, Lawrence O., Jr. 2003.
1021:from the original on 5 March 2021
321:Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006
208:BIDs have also become a powerful
1231:Lambert, Bruce (14 April 1995).
1137:Scotland’s Food and Drink County
1112:Scotland's Improvement Districts
1040:Tyrrell, Jace (September 2019).
601:Mac Donald, Heather (May 1996).
530:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02004.x
451:Yang, Jennifer (18 April 2010).
432:"Green Infrastructure Handbook."
869:. Halifax Regional Municipality
685:. City of Toronto. 17 July 2017
485:. Workin4U, Inc. Archived from
1562:Business improvement districts
1522:Types of geographical division
1353:Journal of Property Management
927:Urban Studies, 45 (4), 773–795
711:(in French). Ville de Montréal
578:. British BIDs. Archived from
18:Community improvement district
1:
893:www.ottawabusinessjournal.com
203:Halifax Regional Municipality
32:business improvement district
783:"Business Improvement Areas"
757:"Business Improvement Areas"
731:"Business Improvement Zones"
550:London Bids (October 2005).
514:Public Administration Review
75:special improvement district
51:business revitalization zone
1547:Local government in Germany
1506:Urban Improvement Districts
557:. p. 3. Archived from
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1542:Local government in Canada
1450:10.2753/PMR1530-9576330310
368:tourists were barred from
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134:
1527:Neighborhood associations
889:"Ottawa Business Journal"
231:London Development Agency
227:Local Government Act 2003
43:business improvement area
1488:The British BIDs website
402:Special-purpose district
341:Scottish Waterways Trust
282:Westminster City Council
193:, there are two BIDs in
158:– where BIAs are called
1537:Community organizations
390:unintended consequences
181:, there are 15 BIAs in
1438:9 October 2010 at the
1015:High Streets Taskforce
288:and local neighbours.
111:nonprofit organization
89:The first BID was the
1532:Community development
1433:. Albany: SUNY Press.
1362:, 43 (12), 2261–2284.
437:20 March 2012 at the
189:. In the province of
177:. In the province of
67:special services area
1174:Hastings Const. L.Q.
941:"Kingston First BID"
489:on 29 September 2011
302:Transport for London
278:Transport for London
254:New West End Company
235:Kingston upon Thames
175:City of Winnipeg Act
169:– has more than 25.
1498:12 May 2012 at the
1429:Mitchell, J. 2008.
1425:, Penguin, pp37–58.
991:on 29 November 2014
973:on 27 January 2013.
840:. City of Saskatoon
314:Scottish Government
286:Metropolitan Police
1483:The BID Foundation
1459:, 24 (4), 394–407.
1418:, Vol.2,4, 304–317
1379:, 40 (5), 930–940.
1370:, 45 (4), 773–795.
1237:The New York Times
1212:. 22 February 2010
947:. 13 November 2013
899:on 11 October 2006
809:"Service Partners"
789:. City of Edmonton
737:. City of Winnipeg
564:on 8 October 2011.
115:quasi-governmental
91:Bloor West Village
1470:Geography Compass
1409:Geography Compass
1061:. Better Bankside
1059:"Our Last Ballot"
985:"BID Intel Stats"
763:. City of Calgary
520:(3). Oxford, UK:
223:England and Wales
197:and five BIDs in
16:(Redirected from
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1092:Welcome to
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679:"BIA List"
586:12 October
462:12 October
418:References
246:See also:
1355:, 23 (3).
1265:. London.
1193:21 August
813:regina.ca
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356:Criticism
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396:See also
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270:West End
187:Edmonton
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156:Montreal
113:or by a
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291:Better
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