1095:, which was a Federal law requiring that at the state government level, all states must have plans for establishing case management under Medicaid, improving mental health coverage of community mental health services, adding rehabilitative services, and expanding clinical services to the homeless population. More specifically, community mental health providers could now receive reimbursement for services from Medicare and Medicaid, which allowed for many of the centers to expand their range of treatment options and services. As the 1990s began, many positive changes occurred for people with mental illnesses through the development of larger networks of community-based providers and added innovations with regards to payment options from Medicare and Medicaid. Despite these advancements, there were many issues associated with the increasing cost of health care. Community mental health services moved toward a system more similar to managed care as the 1990s progressed. Managed care as a system focuses on limiting costs by one of two means: either keeping the total number of patients using services low or reducing the cost of the service itself. Despite the drive for community mental health, many physicians, mental health specialists, and even patients have come to question its effectiveness as a treatment. The underlying assumptions of community mental health require that patients who are treated within a community have a place to live, a caring family, or supportive social circle that does not inhibit their rehabilitation. These assumptions are in fact often wrong. Many people with mental illnesses, upon discharge, have no family to return to and end up homeless. While there is much to be said for the benefits that community mental health offers, many communities as a whole often harbor negative attitudes toward those with mental illnesses. Historically, people with mental illnesses have been portrayed as violent or criminal and because of this, "many American jails have become housing for persons with severe mental illnesses arrested for various crimes." In 1999 the Supreme Court ruled on the case
1122:, established by President Bush, issued a report. The report was in place to "conduct a comprehensive study of the United States mental health delivery system..." Its objectives included assessing the efficiency and quality of both public and private mental health providers and identifying possible new technologies that could aid in treatment. As the 20th century came to a close and the 21st century began, the number of patients diagnosed with a mental health or substance abuse disorder receiving services at community mental health centers grew from 210,000 to approximately 800,000. This nearly four-fold increase shows just how important community mental health centers are becoming to the general population's wellbeing. This drastic rise in the number of patients was not mirrored by a concomitant rise in the number of clinicians serving this population. The staggering new numbers of patients then are being forced to seek specialized treatment from their primary care providers or hospital emergency rooms. The result of this trend is that a patient who is working with a primary care provider is more likely to receive less care than with a specialized clinician. Politics and funding have always been and continue to be a topic of contention when it comes to funding of community health centers. Political views aside, it is clear that these community mental health centers exist largely to aid areas painfully under resourced with psychiatric care. In 2008, over 17 million people utilized community mental health centers with 35% being insured through Medicaid, and 38% being uninsured. Networks like
1154:. Providing services and therapy to these communities is important because it affects their day-to-day lives, where their experiences lead to trauma or the experiences are traumatic themselves. Knowledge and access to mental health resources are limited in these multicultural communities. Government agencies fund community groups that provide services to these communities. Therefore, this creates a power hierarchy. If their missions do not align with each other, it will be hard to provide benefits for the community, even though the services are imperative to the wellbeing of its residents.
984:, many of the mentally ill ended up in jails, nursing homes, and on the streets as homeless individuals. It was at this point in history that modern community mental health services started to grow and become influential. In 1955, following a major period of deinstitutionalization, the Mental Health Study Act was passed. With the passing of this Act, the U.S. Congress called for "an objective, thorough, nationwide analysis and reevaluation of the human and economic problems of mental health." Following Congress' mandate, the
1012:
provisions. First, construction and staffing grants were extended to include centers that served patients with substance abuse disorders. Secondly, grants were provided to bolster the initiation and progression of community mental health services in low-SES areas. Lastly, new grants were established to support mental health services aimed at helping children. As the 20th century progressed, even more political influence was exerted on community mental health. In 1965, with the passing of
1158:
Psychosocial interventions that encourage self-exploration and self-awareness, such as acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies, is useful in preventing and treating mental health concerns. At the Center for
Community Counseling and Engagement, 39% of their clients are ages 1–25 years old and 40% are in ages 26–40 years old as well as historically underrepresented people of color. The center serves a wide range of ethnicities and socio-economic statuses in the
1166:, as well as post-graduate interns with their master's degree, who are preparing to be licensed by the state of California. Counseling fees are based on household incomes, which 69% of the client's annual income is $ 1–$ 25,000 essentially meeting the community's needs. Taking into account of San Diego's population, the clinic serves as an example of how resources can be helpful for multicultural communities that have a lot of trauma in their populations.
1034:
1989 had decreased to 101,402. This continuing process of deinstitutionalization without adequate alternative resources led the mentally ill into homelessness, jails, and self-medication through the use of drugs or alcohol. In 1975 Congress passed an Act requiring community mental health centers to provide aftercare services to all patients in the hopes of improving recovery rates. In 1980, just five years later, Congress passed the
38:
738:(asylum). The array of community mental health services vary depending on the country in which the services are provided. It refers to a system of care in which the patient's community, not a specific facility such as a hospital, is the primary provider of care for people with a mental illness. The goal of community mental health services often includes much more than simply providing outpatient psychiatric treatment.
1178:
116:
660:
1038:, which provided federal funding for ongoing support and development of community mental health programs. This Act strengthened the connection between federal, state, and local governments with regards to funding for community mental health services. It was the final result of a long series of recommendations by
892:
and increased immigration led to a gross overwhelming of the state's mental health systems and because of this, as the 19th century ended and the 20th century began, a shift in focus from treatment to custodial care was seen. As quality of care declined and psychotropic drugs were introduced, those
1157:
The combination of a mental illness as a clinical diagnosis, functional impairment with one or more major life activities, and distress is highest in ages 18–25 years old. Despite the research showing the necessity of therapy for this age group, only one fifth of emerging adults receive treatment.
1033:
from 1970 to 1973 with a total of $ 50.3 million authorized. Even though the funding for community mental health centers was on a steady decline, deinstitutionalization continued into the 1960s and 1970s. The number of state and county mental hospital resident patients in 1950 was 512,501 and by
1050:
as an effort to reduce domestic spending. The Act rescinded a large amount of the legislation just passed, and the legislation that was not rescinded was almost entirely revamped. It effectively ended federal funding of community treatment for the mentally ill, shifting the burden entirely to
1011:
ran part of his campaign on a platform strongly supporting community mental health in the United States. Kennedy's ultimate goal was to reduce custodial care of mental health patients by 50% in ten to twenty years. In 1965, the
Community Mental Health Act was amended to ensure a long list of
992:
was passed, essentially kick-starting the community mental health revolution. This Act contributed further to deinstitutionalization by moving mental patients into their "least restrictive" environments. The
Community Mental Health Centers Act funded three main initiatives:
1090:
This conceptualization of what makes a good community program has come to serve as a theoretical guideline for community mental health service development throughout the modern-day United States psychological community. In 1986 Congress passed the
1055:(C.S.P.). The C.S.P.'s goal was to shift the focus from psychiatric institutions and the services they offer to networks of support for individual clients. The C.S.P. established the ten elements of a community support system listed below:
1802:
Center for
Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50). Retrieved from
1983:: Continuity and discontinuity in courses, causes, and functions. In J. E. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.) Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
1117:
increased funding for community health centers. The funding aided in the construction of additional centers and increased the number of services offered at these centers, which included healthcare benefits. In 2003, the
864:
which, for the first time in the history of the United States, generated a large amount of federal funding for both psychiatric education and research. The passing of this Act eventually led to the founding of the
1028:
From 1965 to 1969, $ 260 million was authorized for community mental health centers. Compared to other government organizations and programs, this number is strikingly low. The funding drops even further under
811:
that were often encountered in mental hospitals. However, WHO notes that in many countries, the closing of mental hospitals has not been accompanied by the development of community services, leaving a service
1150:
within those populations. For example, witnesses of war can pass down certain actions and patterns of survival mechanism to generations. Refugee groups have trans-generational trauma around war and
1051:
individual state governments. Federal funding was now replaced by granting smaller amounts of money to the individual states. In 1977, the
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) initiated its
1923:
Schulenberg J. E., Bryant A.L., O'Malley P.M. (2004). "Taking hold of some kind of life: How developmental tasks relate to trajectories of well-being during the transition to adulthood".
844:
is crucial in understanding the development of community mental health services. As medical psychology developed as a science and shifted toward the treatment of the mentally ill,
1105:
to keep an individual in a more restrictive inpatient setting, such as a hospital, when a more appropriate and less restrictive community service was available to the individual.
1020:, there was an intense growth of skilled nursing homes and intermediate-care facilities that alleviated the burden felt by the large-scale public psychiatric hospitals.
888:. Dix advocated the expansion of state psychiatric hospitals for patients who were at the time being housed in jails and poor houses. Despite her good intentions, rapid
988:
conducted numerous studies. For the next four years this commission made recommendations to establish community mental health centers across the country. In 1963 the
52:
1966:
1909:
1191:
762:
1511:
Accordino, Michael P.; Porter, Dion F.; Morse, Torrey (April 2001). "Deinstitutionalization of
Persons with Severe Mental Illness: Context and Consequences".
2132:
690:
1817:
Chawla, Neharika; Ostafin, Brian (1 September 2007). "Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review".
2137:
873:
initiated the development of numerous community-based mental health services. He also advocated for the humane treatment of people in state institutions.
1043:
1138:
Cultural knowledge and attitude is passed from generation to generation. For example, the stigma with therapy may be passed from mother to daughter.
400:
1119:
1102:
1162:
community with counselors who are graduate student therapists getting their Master's in
Marriage and Family Therapy or Community Counseling from
1763:
Benjamin, Arlene; Carolissen, Ronelle (2015). ""They just block it out": Community counselors' narratives of trauma in a low-income community".
1256:
1130:. As the 2000s continued, the rate of increase of patients receiving mental health treatment in community mental health centers stayed steady.
627:
2113:
2047:
2024:
1544:
1384:
1283:
893:
with mental illnesses were reintroduced to the community, where community mental health services were designated as primary care providers.
64:
866:
845:
2065:
Donaldson, Linda Plitt (Spring 2005). "Collaboration
Strategies for Reforming Systems of Care: A Toolkit for Community-Based Action".
766:
1035:
86:
683:
607:
840:
Community mental health services began as an effort to contain those who were "mad" or considered "lunatics". Understanding the
2142:
1324:
1042:'s Mental Health Commission. Despite this apparent progress, just a year after the Mental Health Systems Act was passed, the
1221:
Bentley, K.J. (November 1994). "Supports for community-based mental health care: an optimistic view of federal legislation".
1007:
That same year the Mental
Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act was passed. President
789:
602:
430:
1151:
777:
632:
199:
1408:
Morrissey, Joseph P.; Goldman, Howard H. (August 1984). "Cycles of Reform in the Care of the
Chronically Mentally Ill".
1092:
642:
555:
989:
841:
773:
676:
68:
1163:
861:
146:
1003:
Improving the quality of care of existing programs until newer community mental health centers could be developed.
796:
597:
588:
510:
330:
211:
1142:
county has a diverse range of ethnicities. Thus, the population diversity in San Diego include many groups with
1712:
1147:
1126:, established in 2015, offer discounted rates to uninsured and underinsured people who cannot otherwise afford
1052:
1013:
221:
189:
869:(NIMH) in 1949. At the end of the 1940s and moving into the beginning of the 1950s, the governor of Minnesota
1159:
985:
848:
began to develop around the world, and laid the groundwork for modern day community mental health services.
754:
622:
520:
291:
256:
241:
236:
226:
175:
135:
1873:
1616:"Trends in Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services at the Nation's Community Health Centers: 1998-2003"
981:
637:
570:
460:
370:
325:
301:
276:
206:
194:
160:
1960:
1903:
1047:
824:
617:
612:
530:
395:
360:
335:
231:
130:
125:
1260:
1123:
823:, to supervise and ensure compliance with treatment of individuals living in the community, known as
735:
515:
440:
350:
185:
170:
1878:
445:
435:
420:
385:
380:
365:
345:
340:
216:
155:
2090:
2082:
1948:
540:
485:
480:
415:
355:
316:
246:
1614:
Druss, B.; Bornemann, T.; Fry-Johnson, Y.; McCombs, H.; Politzer, R.; Rust, G. (October 2006).
2109:
2053:
2043:
2020:
1940:
1891:
1842:
1834:
1694:
1645:
1591:
1550:
1540:
1474:
1425:
1390:
1380:
1289:
1279:
1238:
1183:
1143:
784:
teams. They may also be provided by private or charitable organizations. They may be based on
742:
664:
465:
390:
296:
281:
165:
17:
1259:(Press release). Geneva: World Health Organization press release. 1 June 2007. Archived from
2074:
1932:
1883:
1826:
1772:
1684:
1676:
1635:
1627:
1581:
1464:
1456:
1417:
1230:
1196:
1097:
870:
804:
470:
425:
410:
405:
286:
261:
1665:"Trends in Behavioral Health Care Service Provision by Community Health Centers, 1998-2007"
884:
played a large role in the ethical and humane treatment of patients and greatly influenced
1738:
1008:
857:
781:
723:
266:
2036:
2013:
1689:
1664:
1640:
1615:
1469:
1444:
1201:
1114:
881:
727:
719:
1000:
Improvement of research in the methodology utilized by community mental health centers
2126:
1127:
1030:
820:
776:, including specialized teams providing services across a geographical area, such as
746:
731:
575:
535:
455:
450:
48:
2094:
1952:
2078:
1335:
1039:
889:
885:
808:
785:
758:
560:
251:
1445:"The alchemy of mental health policy: homelessness and the fourth cycle of reform"
2103:
1887:
969:
Mental illness as a social welfare problem (e.g. treatment housing, employment)
475:
180:
115:
1993:
1860:
Hayes S. C., Wilson K. G., Gifford E. V., Follette V. M., Strosahl K. (1996). "
1177:
807:, and are likely to have fewer possibilities for the neglect and violations of
1936:
1570:"The NIMH Community Support Program: Pilot Approach to a Needed Social Reform"
1173:
800:
375:
271:
107:
1838:
1680:
1631:
1595:
1586:
1569:
1394:
2057:
2011:
Satin, David G.; Lindemann, Elizabeth Brainerd; Farrell, Jean, eds. (1994).
1554:
1293:
1139:
750:
525:
1944:
1846:
1698:
1649:
1234:
1895:
1478:
1460:
1429:
1242:
997:
Professional training for those working in community mental health centers
1257:"Community mental health services will lessen social exclusion, says WHO"
1017:
550:
545:
505:
2086:
1421:
1830:
1776:
1791:
Supervision and agency management for counselors: A practical approach
813:
1864:: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment".
1276:
Madmen: A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics
827:
or assisted outpatient treatment or community treatment orders.
565:
819:
New legal powers have developed in some countries, such as the
31:
1046:
was passed. The Omnibus Act was passed by the efforts of the
772:
The services may be provided by government organizations and
1804:
1379:. Contemporary world issues. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2038:
From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in America
2102:
Lois A. Ritter; Shirley Manly Lampkin (24 August 2011).
1663:
Wells, R.; Morrissey, J.; Lee, I.; Radford, A. (2010).
60:
1443:
Goldman, Howard H.; Morrissey, Joseph P. (July 1985).
799:
states that community mental health services are more
734:
difficulties) in a domiciliary setting, instead of a
2015:
Insights and Innovations in Community Mental Health
1713:"8 Best Affordable Online Therapy Options for 2023"
27:
Treatment of mental disorders in homes over asylums
2035:
2012:
1994:"Center for Community Counseling and Engagement"
1568:Turner, J. C.; TenHoor, W. J. (1 January 1978).
1537:Community Mental Health: Principles and Practice
1862:Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders
1765:Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology
1192:American Association of Community Psychiatrists
1101:The Court ruled that it was a violation of the
1278:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing.
2042:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1866:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1739:"Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)"
684:
45:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1965:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1908:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1789:O'Brien, E. R., & Hauser, M. A. (2016).
745:with full or partial supervision (including
1979:Schulenberg, J. E., Zarrett, N. R. (2006).
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
955:Deinstitutionalization, social integration
816:with far too many not receiving any care.
691:
677:
98:
1877:
1688:
1639:
1585:
1535:Mosher, Loren R.; Burti, Lorenzo (1989).
1468:
1044:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1609:
1607:
1605:
1530:
1528:
1526:
900:
1981:Mental health during emerging adulthood
1793:. New York: Springer Publishing Company
1580:(3). Oxford University Press: 319–349.
1370:
1368:
1213:
1120:New Freedom Commission on Mental Health
1103:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
765:, community mental health centers, and
106:
2067:International Journal of Mental Health
1958:
1901:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1325:"A Detailed History of Mental Health"
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1083:Social and recreational opportunities
1080:Vocational training and opportunities
790:consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement
7:
2133:Mental health in the United Kingdom
2108:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
990:Community Mental Health Centers Act
941:Prevention, scientific orientation
867:National Institute of Mental Health
2138:Mental health in the United States
1334:. 20 February 2004. Archived from
1093:Mental Health Planning Act of 1986
986:Joint Commission on Mental Illness
767:self-help groups for mental health
25:
1620:American Journal of Public Health
1449:American Journal of Public Health
1074:Supervised (supported) apartments
1036:Mental Health Systems Act of 1980
761:medical services, day centers or
2019:. Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc.
1176:
749:), psychiatric wards of general
704:Community mental health services
658:
114:
36:
1925:Development and Psychopathology
952:Community mental health center
722:, support or treat people with
2079:10.1080/00207411.2005.11043397
1819:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1432:– via Psychiatry Online.
1109:21st century and modern trends
927:Humane, restorative treatment
18:Community mental health center
1:
1332:Minnesota Psychiatric Society
778:assertive community treatment
712:community mental health teams
401:Industrial and organizational
1086:Family and network attention
556:Human factors and ergonomics
1888:10.1037/0022-006x.64.6.1152
976:Post-deinstitutionalization
856:On July 3, 1946, President
842:history of mental disorders
774:mental health professionals
741:Community services include
63:, discuss the issue on the
2159:
1164:San Diego State University
938:Mental hospital or clinic
862:National Mental Health Act
852:Pre-deinstitutionalization
1937:10.1017/s0954579404040167
1513:Journal of Rehabilitation
1148:trans-generational trauma
1053:Community Support Program
912:
909:
906:
797:World Health Organization
331:Applied behavior analysis
2034:Grob, Gerald N. (1991).
1681:10.1176/ps.2010.61.8.759
1632:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076943
1377:Mental Health in America
1223:Health & Social Work
946:Community Mental Health
846:psychiatric institutions
2105:Community Mental Health
1375:Kemp, Donna R. (2007).
897:Mental health movements
755:partial hospitalization
521:Behavioral neuroscience
176:Behavioral neuroscience
51:and do not represent a
2143:Deinstitutionalisation
1805:http://www.samhsa.gov/
1587:10.1093/schbul/4.3.319
1574:Schizophrenia Bulletin
982:deinstitutionalization
877:Deinstitutionalization
803:and effective, lessen
571:Psychology of religion
511:Behavioral engineering
195:Cognitive neuroscience
161:Affective neuroscience
1461:10.2105/ajph.75.7.727
1341:on 15 September 2012.
1048:Reagan administration
825:outpatient commitment
665:Psychology portal
1669:Psychiatric Services
1539:. New York: Norton.
1410:Psychiatric Services
1274:Porter, Roy (2004).
1235:10.1093/hsw/19.4.288
1134:Purpose and examples
1124:Open Path Collective
736:psychiatric hospital
69:create a new article
61:improve this article
47:deal primarily with
1422:10.1176/ps.35.8.785
516:Behavioral genetics
431:Occupational health
171:Behavioral genetics
102:Part of a series on
1831:10.1002/jclp.20400
1777:10.1037/pac0000099
1719:. 16 November 2023
1113:In 2002 President
1077:Outpatient therapy
960:Community Support
633:Schools of thought
471:Sport and exercise
317:Applied psychology
2115:978-1-4496-4960-9
2049:978-0-691-04790-4
2026:978-1-56821-211-1
1626:(10): 1779–1784.
1546:978-0-393-70060-2
1386:978-1-85109-789-0
1285:978-0-7524-1972-5
1184:Psychiatry portal
1144:historical trauma
973:
972:
743:supported housing
710:), also known as
701:
700:
598:Counseling topics
541:Consumer behavior
282:Psycholinguistics
166:Affective science
97:
96:
89:
71:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2150:
2119:
2098:
2061:
2041:
2030:
2018:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1881:
1872:(6): 1152–1168.
1857:
1851:
1850:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1372:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1321:
1298:
1297:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1218:
1197:Community health
1186:
1181:
1180:
1098:Olmstead v. L.C.
1062:Residential care
1059:Responsible team
918:Moral Treatment
913:Focus of reform
904:Reform movement
901:
871:Luther Youngdahl
805:social exclusion
724:mental disorders
693:
686:
679:
663:
662:
661:
628:Research methods
287:Psychophysiology
147:Basic psychology
118:
99:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
40:
39:
32:
21:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2101:
2064:
2050:
2033:
2027:
2010:
2007:
2005:Further reading
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1957:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1900:
1879:10.1.1.597.5521
1859:
1858:
1854:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1510:
1509:
1486:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1346:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1301:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:on 9 June 2007.
1255:
1254:
1250:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1136:
1111:
1026:
1009:John F. Kennedy
978:
932:Mental Hygiene
899:
879:
854:
838:
833:
782:early psychosis
697:
659:
657:
650:
649:
648:
647:
623:Psychotherapies
591:
581:
580:
501:
493:
492:
491:
490:
319:
309:
308:
307:
306:
267:Neuropsychology
149:
93:
82:
76:
73:
58:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2099:
2062:
2048:
2031:
2025:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1985:
1972:
1931:(4): 1119–40.
1915:
1852:
1825:(9): 871–890.
1809:
1795:
1782:
1771:(3): 414–431.
1755:
1743:www.census.gov
1730:
1704:
1675:(8): 759–764.
1655:
1601:
1560:
1545:
1522:
1484:
1455:(7): 727–731.
1435:
1416:(8): 785–793.
1400:
1385:
1344:
1299:
1284:
1266:
1248:
1229:(4): 288–294.
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:Recovery model
1199:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1168:
1135:
1132:
1115:George W. Bush
1110:
1107:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:Emergency care
1063:
1060:
1025:
1022:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
977:
974:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
908:
905:
898:
895:
882:Philippe Pinel
878:
875:
853:
850:
837:
834:
832:
829:
747:halfway houses
728:mental illness
720:United Kingdom
699:
698:
696:
695:
688:
681:
673:
670:
669:
668:
667:
652:
651:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
593:
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
322:
321:
320:
315:
314:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
212:Cross-cultural
209:
204:
203:
202:
192:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
151:
150:
145:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
120:
119:
111:
110:
104:
103:
95:
94:
55:of the subject
53:worldwide view
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2155:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:(1): 90–102.
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1128:psychotherapy
1125:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:Halfway house
1070:
1068:Medicare care
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:Richard Nixon
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
987:
983:
975:
968:
965:
963:1975–present
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
903:
902:
896:
894:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
863:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
835:
830:
828:
826:
822:
821:United States
817:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
732:mental health
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
694:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
674:
672:
671:
666:
656:
655:
654:
653:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Psychologists
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Organizations
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
590:
585:
584:
577:
576:Psychometrics
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:Consciousness
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
497:
496:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
456:Psychotherapy
454:
452:
451:Psychometrics
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
318:
313:
312:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
222:Developmental
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
101:
100:
91:
88:
80:
77:December 2020
70:
66:
62:
56:
54:
50:
49:United States
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2104:
2070:
2066:
2037:
2014:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1961:cite journal
1928:
1924:
1918:
1904:cite journal
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1742:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:PsychCentral
1716:
1707:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1623:
1619:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1536:
1516:
1512:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1376:
1336:the original
1331:
1275:
1269:
1261:the original
1251:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1160:City Heights
1156:
1137:
1112:
1096:
1089:
1040:Jimmy Carter
1027:
1024:20th century
1006:
979:
966:Communities
890:urbanization
886:Dorothea Dix
880:
858:Harry Truman
855:
839:
818:
809:human rights
794:
786:peer support
771:
759:primary care
740:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
561:Intelligence
292:Quantitative
257:Mathematical
252:Intelligence
242:Experimental
237:Evolutionary
227:Differential
83:
74:
46:
29:
1748:17 December
1723:22 November
1519:(2): 16–21.
860:signed the
753:(including
603:Disciplines
476:Suicidology
371:Educational
326:Anomalistic
302:Theoretical
277:Personality
207:Comparative
190:Cognitivism
181:Behaviorism
2127:Categories
1208:References
980:Following
949:1955–1970
935:1890–1920
921:1800–1850
801:accessible
763:clubhouses
531:Competence
396:Humanistic
376:Ergonomics
361:Counseling
336:Assessment
272:Perception
232:Ecological
108:Psychology
1874:CiteSeerX
1839:1097-4679
1596:0586-7614
1395:636893648
1140:San Diego
757:), local
751:hospitals
718:) in the
526:Cognition
441:Political
351:Community
186:Cognitive
136:Subfields
65:talk page
2095:16396371
2087:41345121
2058:22705080
1953:26575997
1945:15704830
1847:17674402
1699:20675833
1650:17008573
1555:18167227
1294:58554197
1170:See also
1018:Medicaid
1014:Medicare
910:Setting
788:and the
638:Timeline
551:Feelings
546:Emotions
506:Behavior
500:Concepts
461:Religion
446:Positive
436:Pastoral
421:Military
386:Forensic
381:Feminist
366:Critical
356:Consumer
346:Coaching
341:Clinical
217:Cultural
156:Abnormal
59:You may
1896:8991302
1690:3415200
1641:1586130
1479:4003648
1470:1646312
1430:6384016
1243:7813967
924:Asylum
836:Origins
831:History
613:Outline
486:Traffic
481:Systems
416:Medical
247:Gestalt
131:History
126:Outline
2112:
2093:
2085:
2056:
2046:
2023:
1951:
1943:
1894:
1876:
1845:
1837:
1697:
1687:
1648:
1638:
1594:
1553:
1543:
1477:
1467:
1428:
1393:
1383:
1292:
1282:
1241:
814:vacuum
643:Topics
466:School
391:Health
297:Social
200:Social
2091:S2CID
2083:JSTOR
1949:S2CID
1807:data/
1339:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
589:Lists
426:Music
411:Media
406:Legal
262:Moral
67:, or
2110:ISBN
2054:OCLC
2044:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1967:link
1941:PMID
1910:link
1892:PMID
1843:PMID
1835:ISSN
1750:2016
1725:2023
1695:PMID
1646:PMID
1592:ISSN
1551:OCLC
1541:ISBN
1475:PMID
1426:PMID
1391:OCLC
1381:ISBN
1290:OCLC
1280:ISBN
1239:PMID
1152:PTSD
1146:and
1016:and
907:Era
795:The
780:and
716:CMHT
708:CMHS
566:Mind
2075:doi
1933:doi
1884:doi
1827:doi
1773:doi
1685:PMC
1677:doi
1636:PMC
1628:doi
1582:doi
1465:PMC
1457:doi
1418:doi
1231:doi
730:or
2129::
2089:.
2081:.
2071:34
2069:.
2052:.
1963:}}
1959:{{
1947:.
1939:.
1929:16
1927:.
1906:}}
1902:{{
1890:.
1882:.
1870:64
1868:.
1841:.
1833:.
1823:63
1821:.
1769:21
1767:.
1741:.
1715:.
1693:.
1683:.
1673:61
1671:.
1667:.
1644:.
1634:.
1624:96
1622:.
1618:.
1604:^
1590:.
1576:.
1572:.
1549:.
1525:^
1517:67
1515:.
1487:^
1473:.
1463:.
1453:75
1451:.
1447:.
1424:.
1414:35
1412:.
1389:.
1347:^
1330:.
1302:^
1288:.
1237:.
1227:19
1225:.
792:.
769:.
2118:.
2097:.
2077::
2060:.
2029:.
1996:.
1969:)
1955:.
1935::
1912:)
1898:.
1886::
1849:.
1829::
1779:.
1775::
1752:.
1727:.
1701:.
1679::
1652:.
1630::
1598:.
1584::
1578:4
1557:.
1481:.
1459::
1420::
1397:.
1296:.
1245:.
1233::
726:(
714:(
706:(
692:e
685:t
678:v
188:/
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
57:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
