1065:
1080:(IUU) is well established within fisheries legislation, being the key focus of the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (fully named "An Act to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing"). BFAR tracks fishery patrols, apprehensions, and fines related to IUU fishing. It is difficult to get definite data on the impact of IUU fishing, but it is estimated it may affect up to 27-40% of marine capture fisheries. Around 274,000-422,000 metric tons are estimated to be caught but unreported. An estimated 1,600-2,700 commercial fishing vessels are thought to be either unregistered or registered as municipal fishing vessels.
988:, and its balance of ecosystem protection and fishing allowance was intended to achieve long-term sustainability. Representing the private sector is the government-funded National Agricultural and Fisheries Council. Other relevant acts include Fisheries Administrative Order No. 155. Regulating the use of fine-meshed nets in fishing (amended by Fisheries Administrative Order No. 155-1), and Fisheries Administrative Order No. 198. Rules and Regulations on Commercial Fishing (amended by Fisheries Administrative Order No. 198-1 for the registration and licensing of commercial vessels, gears, and workers)
83:
1364:), now explicitly able to regulate without national government approval. This enabled more specific management of these coastal areas, and coastal resource management with the aim of sustainability became more common. It also expanded municipal waters from 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), shifting commercial fishing further from the shore, although in a way that created legal uncertainty around commercial fishing licensing and activities. In 1992, the
951:, while increasing overall tuna catch, increased the catch of juvenile tuna, with some locations seeing 90% of catch being under a year old. This has affected tuna migration and feeding behaviors. In some areas, juveniles are deliberately caught, a process which not only weakens populations but can cause considerable by-catch. Perhaps 25-30% of overall catch is lost during processing, with a key reason being a lack of cold storage facilities in the commercial fishing sector.
928:. While commercial fishers are meant to fish only outside of municipal waters (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the shore), there are some conflicts between municipal and commercial fishers. Within a fishery, a small number of commercial boats owned by a small number of households can capture a lopsided amount of the available catch than the larger number of small-scale fisherfolk in the same area, and make greater profit from each catch. Large boats fishing the same
1393:, which led to the commission exempting traditional fishing boats from regional stringent monitoring requirements. It also encouraged the signing of bilateral deals for fishing access with neighboring countries. The Philippine Confederation of Tuna Industries was formed in 2000 to include tuna industry participants from the rest of the country. The National Tuna Industry Council was established by the government in 2000 to coordinate with the industry body.
1326:, which made tuna fisheries the most valuable in the country. Production increased until the Philippines was the largest producer in Southeast Asia in the 1980s, and as catches decreased at the end of that decade Philippine fishing fleets began to catch tuna in international waters. The decade also saw crab fisheries expand beyond artisanal tools, leading to a rapid reduction in crab populations due to trawling. In 1978, Presidential Decree 1599 established
169:
995:, who send data and information to the central office. BFAR licenses commercial fishing vessels for fishing in national and international waters, with new vessels being registered at the central office and renewals being processed at regional offices. Only ships larger than 20 GT are required to have GPS tracking and satellite responders, although even this is not well enforced. BFAR also produces Fisheries Development Plans. Ports can be managed by the
1056:. This system allows for regional differentiation in fishing rules and regulations. Each area is expected to have its own management body and scientific advisory group, which will prepare a Fisheries Management Area Plan that is responsive to its particular needs. In addition to creating more tailored sustainability plans, the FMAs are intended to improve governance and the enforcement of fishery laws and regulations.
1261:
created the concept of municipal waters, which reached 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from the shore, within which only municipal governments could create fish ponds and corrals, catch milkfish fry, and license ships smaller than 3 tons. Larger ships were licensed by the
Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The 1932 law was the introduction of the concepts of registration and licensing.
879:(PFDA)), local government ports, private ports, and traditional landings. Much is unloaded in the smaller ports, with the seven PFDA-run ports receiving only 16% of caught fish in 2012. By 2022, commercial landings at all PFDA ports had increased to 36.65%. In 2020, there were 5,557 commercial fishing vessels, mostly small- and medium-scale. Half of this fleet operates out of
1409:, it was announced this territory would become a special fisheries management area. Implementation of the new FMAs lagged behind the laws. By mid-2021, 11 FMAs had been established, although only 6 of the originally 12 FMAs had established scientific advisory groups, and funding and reporting structures were still undefined. Some of these delays were caused by the
1315:, in 1967. Distribution technology, by roads and by sea, also improved during this time, providing larger markets for catches. Capture fisheries grew steadily until the mid-1970s, and starting growing again in the mid-1980s until the 1990s. While municipal catches decreased during parts of this period, increasing commercial catches compensated for this.
1003:
and
Letters of Instruction include those affecting technology (gear) legality and regulation, spatial restrictions, temporal restrictions, and commodity-specific regulations. Most management is area-based or temporal, limiting all operations within a certain space and/or timeframe, or regulated by species. Restrictions on gear can include regulations on
1034:. The closure in Zamboanga has seen catches increase, however there is so far no evidence for the impact of the closure in the Visayan Sea. Sardine conservation from December 1 to March 1 was reaffirmed in BFAR Administrative Circular 255 in 2014. Also in 2014, joint DA-DILG Administrative Order 2 established a June 1 to August 31 closed season in the
940:. Fishing vessels have had to move further out to sea as nearshore fisheries became depleted. The overexploitation of demersal fisheries through trawling has occurred since at least the 1960s, with some stocks now almost wiped out. In addition to an overall loss of up to 90% of overall biomass, demersal ecosystems have also seen their
1139:
1396:
In 2012, 49% of capture fisheries were commercial, and 16,500 people were employed in commercial fisheries. A closure of part of international waters in the
Pacific Ocean between Indonesia, Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Papua New Guinea, known as high seas pocket 1 caused some damage
1269:
After World War II, the
Philippines led the modernization of Southeast Asian fisheries. At this time, municipal fisheries were 150% larger than commercial ones. The rapid development and adoption of new technology greatly increased fishery intensity. Active gear, such as trawl nets, began to supplant
1416:
In 2020, fisheries made up 1.52% of GDP Growth in the commercial sector in 2020 increased overall fisheries production, despite decreases in municipal capture and aquaculture output. In 2021, fisheries produced 4.25 million metric tons (PhP 302.44 billion), of which 0.87 million metric tons (20.48%)
1380:
In 1998, fisheries laws were entirely overhauled through
Republic Act 8550 (the Fisheries Code of 1998), which replaced all former laws and became the basis of further legislation going forward. The legal debate around commercial fishing was clarified, assigning jurisdiction to local governments who
1333:
During the 1970s commercial operations outcompeted small-scale fisherfolk exploiting the same fisheries, further diminishing the already shrinking fish stocks available. While the number of ships in the commercial fleet was roughly stable, the average size of these ships increased. Municipal fishery
1372:
Overall marine landings were relatively flat from 1991 to 1995. From 1985 to 1998, fisheries contributed an average of 3.5% of GDP (an increasing absolute value as overall GDP expanded). In 1998, it was 2.7% (17.6% of agricultural activities), while providing 3% of employment, of which 68% was from
1359:
included a specific reference to the "preferential use" of fishing resources by "subsistence fishermen". A presidential committee on illegal fishing and marine conservation was established in 1989. In 1991, local governments became empowered in areas including fishing through
Republic Act 7160 (the
1318:
Presidential Decree 704 of 1975 was the most significant fishery law since 1932, becoming the new basis for
Philippine fisheries law upon its issuance on May 16, 1975. This decree maintained the established definition of municipal waters as being 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from the
1002:
Management tools included within the
Fisheries Code of 1998 include harvest limits, vessel monitoring, compliance and penalty measures, fishing gear registration, and catch documentation. Other laws and ordinances delivered through means such as Fishery Administrative Orders, Presidential Decrees,
1300:
peaked in the late 1960s in most areas. A number of provinces banned trawling at various points starting from 1954, until May 1983 when trawling was banned within 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of the shore or in water shallower than 7 fathoms nationwide. Demersal catches did not increase after 1976.
1293:
were likely already close to being overfished during the 1950s. The technological development of the industry benefited existing capital holders, and commercial production soon began to outstrip the previously dominant municipal fisheries. The government encouraged this increasing output, without
847:
As of 2018, 1,856 registered commercial fishing boats targeted small pelagic species such as sardines, 68% of which used ringnet fishing, 19% of which used purse seines, and 13% of which used bagnets. Fishing may be undertaken by a fleet of ships operating in one fishery. Some may handle fishing,
816:
In 2020, commercial capture fisheries produced 35.84% of the
Philippine's fisheries output, or 975,205.08 metric tons. As of 2022, commercial fisheries produced 862,686.35 metric tons worth PhP 74.93 billion. The costs involved in capture fisheries are mostly operational, with less than 10% being
105:
Commercial fishing boats are defined through the
Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (RA 8550), which defines fishing scale by boat size: 3.1 to 20 gross tonnes as small-scale, 20.1 to 150 gross tonnes as medium-scale, and anything larger as large-scale. While some boats, especially large ones, are
1075:
The enforcement of laws is shared between many local and national bodies. Effective fisheries management remains a challenge due to the many interlocking factors affecting fisheries, and diverse bodies responsible for enforcement. Boats registered as commercial vessels may not be large enough or
1234:
was passed in 1866 which gave control of all coastal resources to the Manila authorities, from whom they could be leased for use. However, for most resources, there was no management, and so exploitation was effectively unrestricted. Chinese immigration during this period introduced new fishing
1196:
is likely to damage the country's fisheries, slowing the growth of the industry compared to current conditions. Its effect is likely to differ between species, for example heavily impacting anchovies and tuna. It is also expected to decrease potential income among those who might purchase fish.
935:
Socioeconomic challenges have occurred as decreasing incomes and inequitable resource access have exacerbated poverty and created resource conflicts. Commercial fisheries illegally operating in municipal waters have reduced catches in many coastal areas. Overfishing affects all commonly fished
50:
for local use and smaller vessels. Current laws are based on the Fisheries Code of 1998, which distinguishes between the two forms of capture fisheries. Small commercial fishing boats can fish within the outer bounds of municipal fisheries, but only with the permission of that local government.
1260:
was introduced by Japanese fishermen in the early 20th century. This increase in productivity and increased demand led to the development of larger towns whose economy was based upon fishing. The Fisheries Act of 1932 (Act 4003) restricted fishing access to American and Filipino companies, and
910:
region receiving 46% of sardine catch. The six most significant sardine fisheries are the Ragay Gulf-Ticao Pass-San Bernardino Strait area, the Bohol Sea, the East Sulu Sea and Sulu Archipelago, the Visayan Sea, the Moro Gulf and its associated Illana Bay, and Sibuguey Bay. Foreign vessel tuna
272:
are caught in minor quantities. Aside from frigate tuna, bullet tuna, and eastern little tuna, these species are usually caught in the deeper ocean. Some fishing is carried out in international waters and other national waters for tuna in the Pacific Ocean, and on occasion in the Indian Ocean,
1334:
production dropped to just 30% of the total. The capture of small pelagic fish plateaued after 1975, despite still-increasing fishing effort. Trawling decreased starting in the 1980s due to the overfishing of demersal fisheries combined with increasing cost, becoming replaced by the cheaper
1048:
was banned. Species-level restrictions may also be more nuanced, for example banning the capture of full-sized breeding milkfish. The establishment of closed seasons helps conserve target populations but can also disrupt livelihoods. The closure in the Davao Gulf is specifically targeted at
1097:
are also involved in some monitoring and enforcement activities. The institutional setup creates overlapping rules, regulations, and areas of responsibility. These may complicate some implementation and enforcement efforts, however, they also provide multiple avenues for enforcement.
1025:
was mandated by Fisheries Administrative Order 167 in 1989. Enforcement only became significant in 2012, following a 24% decline in catch from 2010 to 2011. The November to March period coincides with the spawning period of these species. A closed season was established near the
3458:
Nygiel B. Armada; Leoderico P. Avila Jr; Romeo Cabungcal; Howard Cafugauan; Joey L. Gatus; Marlito N. Guidote; Aniceta Gulayan; Moh. Nur Harun; William P. Jatulan; Romina Astrid V. Lim; Gerardo Maglinte; Asuncion E. Sia; Rebecca P. Smith; Geronimo T. Silvestre (2010).
1417:
was from commercial fisheries. There were 923 licensed commercial vessel operators. In 2022, commercial fisheries produced 862,686.35 metric tons (19.89% of total fisheries production). More than half of commercial fisheries products were landed in Region XII (
919:
The increase in commercial fishing and the collapse of municipal fishing have contributed to malnourishment, and for species where both fisheries compete, more are now caught by the commercial sector. The average price of many species has increased over time.
1076:
properly equipped to fish those waters, leading to unprevented illegal fishing in municipal waters. Philippine environmental law is often regarded as very high quality while facing a consistent challenge in implementation and enforcement. The prevention of
977:(BFAR) in non-municipal waters, and the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 (RA 8435), which calls for the development of the fisheries sector to ensure food availability, create economies of scale, and create value-added products. The 1992
45:
has a long history, a distinct commercial fishing industry began to emerge in the 20th century as fishing efforts intensified and new technologies were introduced. Overfishing led to increased competition, and over time coastal waters became restricted to
1064:
200:
is thought to be around US$ 966.6 billion. The thousands of islands support a large coastal population. Highly productive due to large amounts of sunlight, and stable and warm temperatures, the country's waters are highly diverse, and are part of the
1425:) combined. There were 5,090 registered commercial fishing vessels under 1,004 registered operators. Of these vessels, 45.66% were small-scale, 48.39% medium-scale, and 5.97% large-scale. Over half of the operators were registered in Metro Manila.
192:. surrounding 36,289 kilometres (22,549 mi) of coasts, of which 184,600 square kilometres (71,300 sq mi) is on continental shelf of 200 metres (660 ft) deep or less, and 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) is
1346:
since the 1950s, began to be officially encouraged as conservation and anti-trawling devices in the 1980s. When placed in municipal waters, they often attracted illegal commercial fishing. Their overall impact was mixed, sometimes damaging.
1368:
Act (RA 7586) created a common framework for protected areas, including marine ones. This came during a period of political conflict due to increasing disputes over fisheries resources and the spread of the understanding of sustainability.
1088:
seeing the most cases (178). Overall, only 30 related to fishing with illegal chemicals or explosives, and only 5 related to poaching. Most cases were related to incidents within municipal fisheries, or areas with closed seasons. The
2543:
Cesar Z. Luna; Geronimo T. Silvestre; Marciano F. Carreon III; Alan T. White; Stuart J. Green (2004). "Sustaining Philippine Marine Fisheries Beyond "Turbulent Seas": A Synopsis of Key Management Issues and Opportunities".
1388:
Federation of Fishing Associations and Allied Industries (SFFAAI). Two tuna processing associations from General Santos joined in 2000. SFFAAI pushed the government to more actively participate in the establishment of the
123:
where permitted by the municipality and in water further out to sea (more than 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the shore), although larger fishing boats are banned from operating close to shore. Common equipment includes
1330:, expanding the potential fisheries under Philippine jurisdiction. Executive Order 656 of 1981 created the National Committee on Illegal Entrants, whose mandate included tackling foreign fishing in Philippine waters.
923:
The development of more productive fisheries created social stratification, with commercial fishing boat owners of a higher class than their employed laborers. Commercial fishing operations benefit from subsidies and
3427:"Development of National and Local Government Fisheries Registration and Licensing Frameworks for the Philippines: Registration and Licensing Framework for the Municipal Capture Fisheries Sector of the Philippines"
1083:
BFAR organizes its response to IUU through a Fisheries Law Enforcement Operations Action Plan, although there is no centralized record of patrol data. From 2015 to 2017 BFAR filed 1,026 cases nationally, with the
1127:
1404:
issued Fisheries Administrative Order 263 (FAO 263) in 2019, dividing Philippine waters into 12 Fisheries Management Areas taking into account geography and fish stock distribution. Following the annexation of
973:, marine resources are intended to be used exclusively by Filipinos. Laws to manage fisheries include the Republic Act (RA) 10654 amending the Fisheries Code of 1998 (RA 8550) which defines the role of the
858:). These smaller boats transfer caught fish to another ship for transport to port. Almost half of tuna are caught using seine nets, with ringnets and handline fishing tools capturing about a quarter. Large
832:. The largest commercial fishery is the tuna fishery, which includes big-eye tuna, eastern little tuna, frigate tuna, skipjack, and yellowfin tuna. This is followed by the sardine market, which includes
1151:
3197:
2582:
820:
Key fishery species are caught by both commercial and municipal fisheries, with commercial fisheries taking 61.2% of the 10 most caught species in 2012. Large commercial fisheries focus on
1162:
991:
BFAR is responsible for managing fisheries resources outside of municipal waters, which it does through the issuance of Fisheries Administrative Orders (FAOs). BFAR has an office in
1319:
shore, although this did not at the time exclude commercial fishing from these waters. A later amendment allowed the President to ban commercial fishing in chosen municipal waters.
58:(BFAR) is responsible for managing commercial fisheries resources and maintains a registry of commercial fishing vessels. A large commercial fishing industry works out of southern
3591:"A Policy Study on the Clarification of Jurisdiction Between the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department of Agriculture for Coastal Resource Management"
2758:
1018:
strength, and bans on fishing methods like trawling. There are minimum mesh sizes for different species, ranging from 1.9 cm (0.75 in) to 3.5 cm (1.4 in).
1021:
Closed seasons for specific species are enabled by the Philippine Fisheries Code. A November 15 to March 15 closed season for sardines, herring, and mackerel in parts of the
1165:. Bilateral fisheries cooperation efforts have been undertaken with Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand. The Philippines engages in multilateral talks within
1390:
1143:
1107:
1031:
437:(dogfish) sharks. These deep-sea fisheries go through boom and bust cycles of perhaps half a decade or so as fishing depletes the population. Their main product is
3675:
2148:
Johann Bell; Len Garces (2004). "The Potential Role of Restocking and Stock Enhancement in the Management of Marine Invertebrate Fisheries in the Philippines".
1200:
1077:
947:
Over time, the percentage of fish caught that are larger species has decreased. Squid have also been widely caught in juvenile stages. The introduction of
66:, although their actual fishing grounds are often elsewhere. Philippine-registered tuna fishing vessels sometimes fish outside of Philippine waters in the
1253:
1227:
3700:
1365:
1327:
2777:
Adelina B. Benavente-Villena; Michael D. Pido (2004). "Poaching in Philippine Marine Waters: Intrusion of Chinese Fishing Vessels in Palawan Waters".
1401:
974:
55:
1226:
What is now the Philippines has a long history of coastal fishing communities, with folklore referencing relationships with fish and fishing. During
1207:. There have also been issues with the illegal fishing of foreign vessels in Philippine waters, including vessels from China, Indonesia, and Taiwan.
3256:
1216:
2706:
1030:(the East Sulu Sea, Basilan Strait, and Sibuguey Bay) in 2011 through joint Administrative Order No. 1 of the Department of Agriculture and the
2364:
1135:
120:
47:
2493:
Geronimo Silvestre; Daniel Pauly (2004). "Management of Tropical Coastal Fisheries in Asia: An Overview of Key Challenges and Opportunities".
2003:
1912:
1322:
The tuna industry became large enough for a producers and exporters association to form in the 1970s. The mid-1970s saw the introduction of
2654:
1410:
1356:
1111:
3745:
1992:
1397:
to the Philippine tuna industry. The Philippines lobbied for its reopening, which occurred in 2012 when 36 vessels were granted access.
1119:
984:
RA 8550 forms the basis of current fisheries law, replacing all prior laws that might contradict it. The primary goal of this act was
3651:
3567:
3530:
3403:
3363:
3317:
3278:
3239:
3171:
2983:
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2909:
2872:
2839:
2791:
2628:
2558:
2507:
2406:
2338:
2162:
2125:
2085:
2043:
1952:
1808:
1746:
1576:
1193:
1178:
1142:. Such international treaties ratified by the Philippine Congress become part of Philippine law. The Philippines is a member of the
1052:
Philippine waters are divided into 12 Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs), plus a special fisheries management area covering parts of
978:
22:
are the fisheries located more than 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the coast, which are generally fished with boats larger than 3
3132:
3104:
3042:
2680:
872:
844:. The various roundscad species make up the third largest commodity. The sardine market is generally over two-thirds commercial.
1705:
1197:
Typhoons and other tropical storms cause direct damage to many fisherfolk, as well as to communal infrastructure such as ports.
1042:
from November 1 to January 31 through joint DA-DILG Administrative Order 1. From December 2011 to February 2012, the fishing of
876:
1170:
970:
2239:
1848:
116:-style boat can be as large as 30 metres (98 ft), and are common due to being relatively cheap, and locally constructed.
2470:
396:. Their presence is generally seasonal. From 1991 to 2001, 63% of small pelagic fish caught were from commercial fisheries.
3488:
1899:
1361:
1669:
3426:
1794:
Ester C. Zaragoza; Cesario R. Pagdilao; Eriberto P. Moreno (2004). "Fisheries for Tuna and Other Large Pelagic Fishes".
1147:
159:
42:
1049:
commercial fishing, with employees of commercial ships permitted to fish in smaller vessels during the closure period.
2333:. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series. Vol. 6. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2001.
1741:. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series. Vol. 5. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2001.
1374:
163:
184:
whose over 7,000 islands are surrounded by waters including 2,263,816 square kilometres (874,064 sq mi) of
2895:
William P. Jatulan (2004). "The Evolving Role of National Government Agencies in Coastal and Fisheries Management".
1185:. Research and management cooperation is undertaken with nearby states, including Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam.
2209:
996:
992:
941:
2969:
Edwyn B. Alesna; Joezen Q. Dizon-Corrales; Austerlito Cabangbang (2004). "Commercial Fisheries Licensing System".
1174:
1155:
937:
1131:
564:
146:
which incorporate lift nets. Medium-sized boats are commonly used for seine fishing, with models including the
3349:
Jeneen R. Garcia (2004). "Equitable Access and Preferential Use of Municipal Waters by Municipal Fisherfolk".
3009:
Edison D. Macusi; Andre Chagas da Costa-Neves; Christian Dave Tipudan; Ricardo P. Babaran (January 16, 2023).
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By the mid-1960s, production was double what it was in 1951. Overall, there was an almost sixfold increase in
1115:
3460:
2393:
1343:
1015:
966:
859:
855:
544:
185:
173:
1413:. By 2022, all 12 management boards had been organized, and 11 scientific advisory groups had been set up.
1231:
1038:
to protect small pelagic species. In 2015, a closed season was implemented to product roundscad around the
944:
altered. Trawl catch per hour has declined over time. In total, perhaps 75% of all fisheries are depleted.
465:
3069:
2029:
Ester C. Zaragoza; Cesario R. Pagdilao; Eriberto P. Moreno (2004). "Overview of Small Pelagic Fisheries".
1241:
nets that allowed for larger catches to supply growing urban populations. At the end of the 19th century,
1090:
514:
459:
3303:
Daniel Pauly (2004). "A Brief Historical Review of Living Marine Resources Research in the Philippines".
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1706:"Quantifying the Prevalence and Impact of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in the Philippines"
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manpower-intensive municipal fisheries, 26% from aquaculture, and 6% from commercial fishing. During the
496:
534:
317:
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Noel C. Barut; Mudjekeewis D. Santos; Len R. Garces (2004). "Overview of Philippine Marine Fisheries".
3011:"Closed Season and the Distribution of Small-Scale Fisheries Fishing Effort in Davao Gulf, Philippines"
2583:"As food security issues weigh on the Philippines: Here is where fisheries management might be headed"
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333:
269:
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Stuart J. Green; Alan T. White; Jimely O. Flores; Marciano F. Carreon III; Asuncion E. Sia (2003).
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329:
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478:
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408:
389:
321:
274:
181:
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453:
2759:"Marketing and Post-Harvest Research (MPR) in the Philippine Fisheries: A Review of Literature"
1938:
Ricardo P. Babaran (2004). "Artifical Reefs and Fish Aggregating Devices: Help or Hindrance?".
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2787:
2624:
2554:
2503:
2402:
2334:
2246:
2158:
2121:
2081:
2039:
1999:
1948:
1908:
1855:
1804:
1742:
1678:
1572:
833:
761:
549:
508:
337:
313:
289:
229:
197:
3081:
3022:
2284:
1638:
1627:"Projected Economic Impact of Climate Change on Marine Capture Fisheries in the Philippines"
1039:
428:
325:
3226:
2932:
Marciano F. Carreon III (2004). "Information Management Systems for Philippine Fisheries".
2826:
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1733:
1381:
could allow boats up to 50 GT to fish from 10.1 kilometres (6.3 mi) off their shores.
1339:
1204:
1182:
1094:
1085:
1068:
850:
735:
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558:
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393:
261:
189:
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Porfirio M. Aliño; Hazel O. Arceo; Andre J. Uychiaoco (2004). "Marine Protected Areas".
1286:
903:
891:
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82:
150:. Large boats range throughout the country, but are often registered in Metro Manila.
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1297:
1275:
1257:
985:
774:
670:
404:
225:
213:
112:
94:
67:
35:
23:
3085:
2288:
441:, which is extracted for export. Other deep-sea products caught include fish of the
220:
species, 6 of which are fished commercially, and of these 4 are the most important:
1418:
1385:
1335:
1307:
884:
696:
400:
368:
233:
209:
133:
71:
63:
27:
26:. Commercial fishing occurs throughout the country, targeting both large and small
1533:
168:
1406:
1279:
1237:
1053:
1022:
1004:
722:
588:
580:
576:
523:
381:
377:
362:
345:
297:
253:
249:
3615:
3257:"Rich Seas, Poor Fishers: The Impact of Fisheries Subsidies in the Philippines"
2858:
Rudolf Hermes (2004). "Integration of Fisheries into Coastal Area Management".
2111:
Jose A. Ingles (2004). "Status of the Blue Crab Fisheries in the Philippines".
890:
The larger ports are more able to handle complex operations. The most used, in
3638:
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3517:
3390:
3350:
3304:
3158:
2970:
2933:
2896:
2859:
2778:
2615:
2545:
2494:
2149:
2112:
2072:
2030:
1939:
1795:
1563:
1290:
1044:
1035:
899:
898:
has more piers. Foreign fishing vessels also bring fish to General Santos and
829:
657:
600:
571:
Distinct large major marine fishing grounds include the East, West, and South
473:
443:
420:
416:
349:
341:
293:
193:
2250:
1859:
1682:
1643:
3701:"Conservation and Management Measure for Temporary Extension of CMM 2008-01"
3637:
Stanley N. Swerdloff (2004). "The Philippine Tuna Industry Gets Organized".
2365:"Philippines banks on new fisheries management system, but rollout is rocky"
2186:
1604:
1600:
1302:
1271:
1011:
596:
592:
584:
433:
373:
278:
241:
2071:
Jimely O. Flores (2004). "Fishing in Deep-water Areas of the Philippines".
1203:
have reduced the ability of Filipino fisherfolk to access fisheries in the
902:. General Santos is especially important for the commercial tuna fishery.
3706:. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. March 2012. p. 2
3027:
894:, received 13.4% of all commercial fishing in 2012, although the port in
880:
825:
608:
572:
438:
385:
257:
245:
129:
125:
107:
99:
59:
3681:. West Pacific East Asia Oceanic Fisheries Management Project. p. 2
3068:
Ruby P. Napata; Liberty N. Espectato; Genna D. Serofia (April 1, 2020).
2440:
1270:
passive gear, such as fish corrals. Trawl nets increased in efficiency.
3010:
895:
748:
424:
412:
357:
309:
305:
3105:"Establishment of Fisheries Management Areas (FMA) in the Philippines"
1274:
began to spread, increasing range and mobility. In capture fisheries,
3198:"Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated Fishing: The Philippine Experience"
2733:"Biology and resource potential of cephalopods [Philippines]"
1377:, the fishery industry expanded despite most industries contracting.
862:
known as "superlights" are used to attract species such as the squid
484:
482:
makes up 90% of all catches. There are significant fisheries for the
282:
237:
138:
88:
3043:"Ocean organization says Philippine municipal waters are overfished"
2469:
N.C. Barut; Mudjekeewis Dalisay Santos; L.R. Garces (January 1997).
932:
as smaller boats may sometimes share a small amount of their catch.
312:
fishery consists of nine species, although there are six main ones:
3157:
Marlito N. Guidote (2004). "Fisheries Management and Enforcement".
1128:
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
2761:. Discussion Papers. Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
1166:
1123:
1063:
519:
353:
301:
167:
81:
3070:"Closed season policy in Visayan Sea, Philippines: A second look"
3676:"Review of the Philippine National Tuna Industry Council (NTIC)"
2441:"Change in Philippine Capture Fisheries: An Historical Overview"
1007:
871:
Commercial captures are landed at a mixture of large government
821:
217:
31:
3728:. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. August 8, 2024.
3398:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. pp. 261–262.
3234:. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series. Vol. 8.
2834:. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series. Vol. 2.
2273:"Sustainable fishery management trends in Philippine fisheries"
2271:
Frazen Tolentino-Zondervan; Niels A. Zondervan (May 15, 2022).
2157:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. pp. 249–251.
1152:
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
62:, mostly focused on tuna. Many other vessels are registered in
3279:"Taiwan: fishing for a fishery agreement with the Philippines"
2707:"Philippines tries to bring back small fish key to rural diet"
1768:"Report on the status of artisanal fishing in the Philippines"
3389:
Virgilio B. Santos (2004). "Waters of Missed Understanding".
2208:
Aniceto M. Hernando Jr.; Efren Ed. C. Flores (January 1981).
906:
is the major port for sardine commercial fisheries, with the
273:
although the majority of tuna catch is from domestic waters.
3640:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
3556:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
3519:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
3392:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
3352:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
3306:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
3160:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2972:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2935:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2898:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2861:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2780:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2617:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2614:
Nygiel B. Armada (2004). "State of the Demersal Fisheries".
2547:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2496:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2151:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2114:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2074:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
2032:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
1941:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
1797:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
1565:
In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries
431:
is less common, with the only commonly fished species being
2581:
Edwina D. Garchitorena; Caterina Maria Po (July 27, 2022).
1854:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. October 2023.
248:. In 2022, skipjack made up 50.04% of tuna production. The
188:
and 679,800 square kilometres (262,500 sq mi) of
3562:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. p. 220.
3461:"7 Years & 4 Seas Our Quest for Sustainable Fisheries"
2395:
Philippine Fisheries in Crisis: A Framework for Management
607:. Many large-scale commercial ventures operate out of the
2828:
Legal and Jurisdictional Framework for Coastal Management
2024:
2022:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1384:
In August 1999, six tuna fishing associations formed the
476:
species, 7 of which are fished for market. The blue crab
3384:
3382:
3225:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2001).
2825:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2001).
1249:
nets began to spread, and other new net types followed.
1163:
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
3596:. The Coastal Resource Management Project. pp. 1–2
3203:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. p. 12
3133:"The Journey Towards the Protection of Philippine Rise"
3127:
3125:
999:
or by the local government in which they are situated.
628:
Commercial marine capture fisheries by species in 2012
451:, mostly exported to South Korea, and shrimp including
3494:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. p. 2
1534:"Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles Philippines"
366:
genus). Other small pelagics include mackerels of the
2853:
2851:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2681:"USAid: 70% of Philippine fishing grounds overfished"
2488:
2486:
2484:
1562:
Glenn D. Aguilar (2004). "Philippine Fishing Boats".
1289:
from this period to the mid-1980s. Some fisheries in
965:
Fishing is expressly meant to be managed through the
1735:
Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
216:
fisheries, and invertebrate fisheries. There are 21
3483:
3481:
3152:
3150:
2245:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. 2022.
1998:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. 2020.
1933:
1931:
1907:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. 2018.
1677:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. 2020.
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1161:The Philippines is a cooperating non-member of the
911:transshipment is only permitted at the Davao port.
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
2705:Joeal Calupitan; Patrick Whittle (April 6, 2023).
2655:"Policy Brief: Bottom Trawling in the Philippines"
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2475:Status and Management of Coastal Fisheries in Asia
2451:(1). University of San Carlos Publications: 25–56.
2106:
2104:
2066:
2064:
2062:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1265:Technological development and commercial expansion
3511:
3509:
2649:
2647:
1762:
1760:
1758:
936:species. The amount of fish caught often exceeds
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2477:. ICLARM Conference Proceedings. pp. 62–71.
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2320:
2318:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1391:Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
1144:Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
981:(NIPAS) Act regulates national protected areas.
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
1108:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1032:Department of the Interior and Local Government
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1457:. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
979:National Integrated and Protected Areas System
969:to ensure ecosystem sustainability. Under the
447:genus, mostly consumed by ethnic Chinese, the
3525:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
3312:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
3099:
3097:
3095:
3004:
3002:
2867:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
2786:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
2752:
2750:
2623:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
2553:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2120:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
2080:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
2038:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
1947:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
1803:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
1571:. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
1536:. Food and Agriculture Organization. May 2014
1278:began to be widely adopted, and in the 1960s
208:Philippine fisheries include small and large
8:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
1711:. Coastal Resources Center. January 31, 2021
1625:David Suh; Robert Pomeroy (April 16, 2020).
1078:illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing
817:fixed costs like licenses, taxes, and fees.
3192:
3190:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2445:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
2234:
2232:
2230:
2187:"Shrimp Trawl Fisheries in the Philippines"
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
522:species harvested include species from the
336:. The most fished small pelagic species is
119:Smaller commercial fishing boats fish both
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1366:National Integrated Protected Areas System
1071:sailors practicing boarding a fishing ship
877:Philippine Fisheries Development Authority
626:
3220:
3218:
3026:
2471:"Overview of Philippine marine fisheries"
2210:"The Philippines Squid Fishery: A Review"
1642:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1402:Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
1351:Devolution and the Fisheries Code of 1998
975:Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
288:The most fished small pelagic species is
56:Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
3726:"Fisheries Country Profile: Philippines"
3277:Lucio Blanco Pitlo III (June 14, 2013).
1728:
1726:
1455:"Fisheries Country Profile: Philippines"
1294:regard to environmental sustainability.
1434:
1217:History of fisheries in the Philippines
256:are caught in some quantity, while the
20:Commercial fisheries in the Philippines
1136:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
236:. Other large pelagic species include
2363:Keith Anthony Fabro (July 21, 2021).
1328:the country's exclusive economic zone
399:Commonly fished demersal species are
7:
3135:. National Museum of the Philippines
2473:. In G. Silvestre; D. Pauly (eds.).
1411:COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
1112:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
611:region, especially in the cities of
2240:"Philippine Fisheries Profile 2021"
1993:"National Sardines Management Plan"
1849:"2022 Philippine Fisheries Profile"
1606:Rural Aquaculture in the Philipines
883:, including 1,783 from Region XII (
2185:Jonathan O. Dickson (March 2020).
1120:Convention on Biological Diversity
1110:in 1984, and is also party to the
469:, popular among Taiwanese buyers.
16:Fisheries beyond 15km of the shore
14:
3674:Bayani B. Fredeluces (May 2012).
3618:. Philippine Statistics Authority
3489:"Philippine Fishery Legislations"
3255:Geela Garcia (November 4, 2021).
1671:Philippine Fisheries Profile 2020
1179:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
2757:Nerissa D. Salayo (April 2000).
3086:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105115
2679:Jun N. Aguirre (July 5, 2019).
2439:Alexander Spoehr (March 1984).
2289:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106149
1171:Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission
971:Constitution of the Philippines
3074:Ocean & Coastal Management
2277:Ocean & Coastal Management
1453:Napoleon Salvador J. Lamarca.
1256:saw demand for fish increase.
1181:, and with the parties of the
1060:Implementation and enforcement
1:
1901:National Tuna Management Plan
1362:Local Government Code of 1991
1140:Port State Measures Agreement
1106:The Philippines ratified the
372:genus, round herrings of the
2327:Managing Municipal Fisheries
1305:exploitation, primarily the
1301:Deep-sea fishing began with
1252:A growing population during
1148:Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
308:. The cheap but nutritious
160:Geography of the Philippines
1631:Frontiers in Marine Science
1375:1997 Asian financial crisis
164:Wildlife of the Philippines
128:nets, push nets, ringnets,
3762:
3746:Fishing in the Philippines
1214:
997:Philippine Ports Authority
958:
938:maximum sustainable yields
562:. Octopus species include
157:
43:fishing in the Philippines
1175:Coral Triangle Initiative
1156:Coral Triangle Initiative
1102:International cooperation
854:(platforms that act as a
565:Amphioctopus membranaceus
376:family, fusiliers of the
142:, are specially designed
34:and sardines, as well as
1644:10.3389/fmars.2020.00232
1599:Wilfredo G. Yap (1999).
1344:fish aggregating devices
1134:agreements (such as the
1132:World Trade Organization
1116:FAO Compliance Agreement
860:fishing light attractors
856:fish aggregating devices
623:Productivity and methods
3228:Coastal Law Enforcement
2217:Marine Fisheries Review
1016:fishing light attractor
967:precautionary principle
552:. Also present are the
545:Uroteuthis singhalensis
186:exclusive economic zone
174:exclusive economic zone
172:Territorial waters and
136:. Some boats, known as
1091:Philippine Coast Guard
1072:
636:Volume (metric tonnes)
196:. The value of marine
180:The Philippines is an
177:
102:
1770:. RARE. February 2023
1232:Spanish Law of Waters
1215:Further information:
1067:
959:Further information:
535:Uroteuthis duvaucelii
466:Heterocarpus gibbosus
318:Goldstripe sardinella
171:
158:Further information:
85:
3646:. pp. 189–191.
3028:10.3390/world4010004
2941:. pp. 193–195.
2904:. pp. 171–172.
2711:The Associated Press
1282:became more common.
961:Fisheries management
515:Trachypenaeus fulvus
503:Penaeus semisulcatus
460:Heterocarpus sibogae
270:Pacific bluefin tuna
30:species, especially
3616:"Fishery Resources"
1423:Zamboanga Peninsula
1313:San Joaquin, Iloilo
1201:Disputes with China
1028:Zamboanga Peninsula
942:species composition
908:Zamboanga Peninsula
865:Uroteuthis bartschi
838:fimbriated sardines
762:Eastern little tuna
629:
529:Uroteuthis bartschi
497:Penaeus merguiensis
472:The country has 51
390:Indian oil sardines
348:(and others of the
334:fimbriated sardines
230:Eastern little tuna
121:in municipal waters
3432:. USAID. p. 1
3049:. November 7, 2022
2731:L.T. Daya (1987).
1355:The newly created
1342:, already used as
1298:Demersal fisheries
1235:equipment such as
1073:
926:economies of scale
710:Fimbriated sardine
645:Indian oil sardine
627:
554:Pharaoh cuttlefish
479:Portunus pelagicus
449:manetail snake eel
326:spotted sardinella
198:ecosystem services
182:Archipelagic state
178:
176:of the Philippines
103:
2005:978-971-8722-86-2
1914:978-971-8722-56-5
1421:) and Region IX (
1357:1987 constitution
814:
813:
550:bigfin reef squid
509:Metapenaeus ensis
277:is used to catch
48:municipal fishing
3753:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3645:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3524:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3455:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3397:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3357:
3346:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3090:
3089:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2822:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2540:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2436:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2322:
2293:
2292:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2236:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1989:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1906:
1896:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1853:
1845:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1530:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1340:Artificial reefs
1040:Calamian Islands
630:
526:family, such as
429:Deep-sea fishing
322:white sardinella
70:, and sometimes
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3522:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3283:East Asia Forum
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3047:Manila Bulletin
3041:
3040:
3036:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2978:. p. 200.
2975:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2938:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2613:
2612:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2438:
2437:
2416:
2409:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2348:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2296:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1652:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1353:
1267:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1205:South China Sea
1191:
1183:Nauru Agreement
1104:
1095:Philippine Navy
1086:Eastern Visayas
1069:Philippine Navy
1062:
963:
957:
917:
834:Bali sardinella
736:Indian mackerel
625:
605:Babuyan Channel
559:Sepia esculenta
491:Penaeus monodon
401:threadfin bream
394:Indian mackerel
338:Bali sardinella
314:Bali sardinella
290:Bali sardinella
190:territorial sea
166:
156:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3717:
3692:
3666:
3652:
3629:
3607:
3582:
3568:
3545:
3531:
3505:
3477:
3443:
3418:
3404:
3378:
3364:
3332:
3318:
3295:
3269:
3247:
3240:
3214:
3186:
3172:
3146:
3121:
3091:
3060:
3034:
2998:
2984:
2961:
2947:
2924:
2910:
2887:
2873:
2847:
2840:
2806:
2792:
2764:
2746:
2723:
2697:
2671:
2643:
2629:
2599:
2573:
2559:
2522:
2508:
2480:
2454:
2414:
2407:
2377:
2346:
2339:
2294:
2263:
2226:
2200:
2177:
2163:
2140:
2126:
2100:
2086:
2058:
2044:
2018:
2004:
1967:
1953:
1927:
1913:
1872:
1823:
1809:
1781:
1754:
1747:
1722:
1688:
1650:
1612:
1591:
1577:
1547:
1468:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1352:
1349:
1287:fishing effort
1276:otter trawlers
1266:
1263:
1223:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1194:Climate change
1190:
1187:
1103:
1100:
1061:
1058:
956:
953:
916:
913:
904:Zamboanga City
892:General Santos
812:
811:
806:
801:
795:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
771:
770:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
738:
732:
731:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
712:
706:
705:
702:
699:
693:
692:
689:
686:
684:Yellowfin tuna
680:
679:
676:
673:
667:
666:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
647:
641:
640:
637:
634:
624:
621:
613:General Santos
540:Swordtip squid
340:, followed by
292:, followed by
266:striped bonito
222:yellowfin tuna
203:Coral Triangle
155:
152:
98:equipped with
79:
76:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3710:September 21,
3702:
3696:
3693:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3655:
3653:971-92753-4-0
3649:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3571:
3569:971-92753-4-0
3565:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3546:
3534:
3532:971-92753-4-0
3528:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3498:September 23,
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3462:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3407:
3405:971-92753-4-0
3401:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3367:
3365:971-92753-4-0
3361:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3321:
3319:971-92753-4-0
3315:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3241:971-92289-8-9
3237:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3175:
3173:971-92753-4-0
3169:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2987:
2985:971-92753-4-0
2981:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2950:
2948:971-92753-4-0
2944:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2911:971-92753-4-0
2907:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2888:
2876:
2874:971-92753-4-0
2870:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2841:971-92289-1-1
2837:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2795:
2793:971-92753-4-0
2789:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2630:971-92753-4-0
2626:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2587:BusinessWorld
2584:
2577:
2574:
2562:
2560:971-92753-4-0
2556:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2511:
2509:971-92753-4-0
2505:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:971-92753-1-6
2404:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:971-92289-5-4
2336:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2164:971-92753-4-0
2160:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2129:
2127:971-92753-4-0
2123:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2089:
2087:971-92753-4-0
2083:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2047:
2045:971-92753-4-0
2041:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1954:971-92753-4-0
1950:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1810:971-92753-4-0
1806:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:971-92289-4-6
1744:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1580:
1578:971-92753-4-0
1574:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:Beam trawling
1255:
1254:American rule
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:Early history
1221:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
986:food security
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
954:
952:
950:
945:
943:
939:
933:
931:
927:
921:
914:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
852:
848:often around
845:
843:
842:round herring
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
672:
671:Skipjack tuna
669:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
631:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
510:
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
474:swimming crab
470:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:white sardine
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
262:longtail tuna
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:skipjack tuna
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
175:
170:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
134:Danish seines
131:
127:
122:
117:
115:
114:
109:
101:
97:
96:
91:
90:
84:
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
49:
44:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3720:
3708:. Retrieved
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3639:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3610:
3600:September 3,
3598:. Retrieved
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3555:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3518:
3496:. Retrieved
3470:September 1,
3468:. Retrieved
3434:. Retrieved
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3391:
3369:. Retrieved
3351:
3323:. Retrieved
3305:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3282:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3250:
3227:
3205:. Retrieved
3177:. Retrieved
3159:
3137:. Retrieved
3112:. Retrieved
3077:
3073:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3046:
3037:
3021:(1): 40–55.
3018:
3014:
2989:. Retrieved
2971:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2934:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2897:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2860:
2827:
2797:. Retrieved
2779:
2737:. Retrieved
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2634:. Retrieved
2616:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2546:
2513:. Retrieved
2495:
2474:
2448:
2444:
2394:
2368:. Retrieved
2326:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2220:
2216:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2150:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2113:
2091:. Retrieved
2073:
2049:. Retrieved
2031:
2009:. Retrieved
1958:. Retrieved
1940:
1918:. Retrieved
1900:
1863:. Retrieved
1814:. Retrieved
1796:
1772:. Retrieved
1734:
1713:. Retrieved
1670:
1634:
1630:
1605:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1564:
1538:. Retrieved
1459:. Retrieved
1419:Soccsksargen
1415:
1399:
1395:
1386:SOCCSKSARGEN
1383:
1379:
1371:
1354:
1336:Danish seine
1332:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:genus, near
1308:Centrophorus
1306:
1296:
1284:
1280:purse seines
1268:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1228:Spanish rule
1225:
1199:
1192:
1160:
1105:
1082:
1074:
1051:
1043:
1020:
1001:
990:
983:
964:
948:
946:
934:
929:
922:
918:
889:
885:Soccsksargen
875:(run by the
870:
863:
849:
846:
824:or seasonal
819:
815:
808:
804:1,042,317.88
803:
798:
697:Frigate tuna
570:
563:
557:
543:
533:
527:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
464:
458:
452:
442:
432:
398:
369:Rastrelliger
367:
361:
287:
234:frigate tuna
207:
179:
148:super hulbot
143:
137:
118:
111:
104:
93:
87:
64:Metro Manila
53:
40:
19:
18:
3080:: 105–115.
2223:(1): 13–20.
1601:"Resources"
1407:Benham Rise
1138:), and the
1054:Benham Rise
1023:Visayan Sea
1005:fishing net
993:each region
723:Bigeye scad
639:% of total
589:Camotes Sea
581:Visayan Sea
577:Sibuyan Sea
524:Loliginidae
382:flying fish
378:Caesionidae
363:Stolephorus
346:bigeye scad
298:bigeye scad
254:bullet tuna
250:bigeye tuna
212:fisheries,
194:coral reefs
3685:August 29,
3659:August 16,
3575:August 16,
3538:August 16,
3436:August 30,
3411:August 16,
3371:August 16,
3325:August 16,
3288:August 29,
3262:August 15,
3207:August 29,
3179:August 16,
3053:August 29,
2991:August 16,
2954:August 16,
2917:August 16,
2880:August 16,
2799:August 16,
2716:August 29,
2664:August 29,
2636:August 16,
2566:August 16,
2515:August 16,
2283:: 106149.
2193:August 29,
2170:August 16,
2133:August 16,
2093:August 16,
2051:August 16,
2011:August 15,
1960:August 16,
1920:August 29,
1816:August 16,
1774:August 15,
1715:August 15,
1584:August 16,
1429:References
1291:Manila Bay
1272:Motorboats
1154:, and the
1045:Sardinella
1036:Davao Gulf
955:Management
900:Davao City
790:188,840.00
675:165,105.27
662:167,152.72
658:Round scad
649:175,159.54
603:, and the
601:Davao Gulf
454:Plesionika
444:Trichiurus
417:rabbitfish
405:slipmouths
350:Carangidae
78:Definition
74:, oceans.
24:gross tons
2690:August 9,
2370:August 9,
2256:August 9,
2251:2704-3355
1865:August 9,
1860:2704-3355
1683:2704-3355
1461:April 30,
1303:Squalidae
1012:fish hook
830:roundscad
779:17,672.82
775:Slipmouth
766:21,650.28
753:27,150.09
749:Anchovies
740:36,268.87
727:42,795.50
714:48,440.75
701:72,572.61
688:79,508.70
617:Zamboanga
597:Moro Gulf
593:Bohol Sea
585:Samar Sea
457:species,
434:Squalidae
421:spadefish
409:blue crab
386:halfbeaks
374:Clupeidae
358:anchovies
352:family),
342:roundscad
306:anchovies
294:roundscad
279:mahi-mahi
242:swordfish
154:Resources
130:lift nets
100:lift nets
38:species.
3740:Category
3139:July 22,
3110:. OCEANA
2739:July 22,
2660:. OCEANA
2592:July 22,
1238:Salambáw
881:Mindanao
826:mackerel
609:Mindanao
573:Sulu Sea
488:shrimp,
439:squalene
413:groupers
380:family,
360:(of the
275:Trolling
258:albacore
246:sailfish
214:demersal
126:trawling
108:monohull
92:boat: a
60:Mindanao
36:demersal
3466:. USAID
3114:June 9,
2685:SunStar
1540:June 9,
1211:History
1189:Threats
1130:, some
896:Navotas
633:Species
425:catfish
310:sardine
210:pelagic
68:Pacific
28:pelagic
3650:
3622:May 1,
3566:
3529:
3402:
3362:
3316:
3238:
3170:
2982:
2945:
2908:
2871:
2838:
2790:
2627:
2557:
2506:
2405:
2337:
2249:
2161:
2124:
2084:
2042:
2002:
1951:
1911:
1858:
1807:
1745:
1681:
1609:. FAO.
1575:
1247:sapiao
1243:sapyaw
1177:, the
1173:, the
1169:, the
1150:, the
1146:, the
1126:, the
1118:, the
1114:, the
1014:size,
1010:size,
915:Impact
840:, and
787:Others
599:, the
595:, the
591:, the
587:, the
583:, the
579:, the
575:, the
548:, and
512:, and
485:Acetes
463:, and
423:, and
392:, and
356:, and
332:, and
304:, and
283:marlin
268:, and
260:tuna,
244:, and
238:marlin
232:, and
144:bangka
139:basnig
132:, and
113:bangka
110:, the
95:bangka
89:basnig
72:Indian
41:While
3704:(PDF)
3679:(PDF)
3644:(PDF)
3594:(PDF)
3560:(PDF)
3523:(PDF)
3492:(PDF)
3464:(PDF)
3430:(PDF)
3396:(PDF)
3356:(PDF)
3310:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
3201:(PDF)
3164:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3015:World
2976:(PDF)
2939:(PDF)
2902:(PDF)
2865:(PDF)
2832:(PDF)
2784:(PDF)
2735:. FAO
2658:(PDF)
2621:(PDF)
2551:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2399:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2213:(PDF)
2189:. FAO
2155:(PDF)
2118:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2036:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1945:(PDF)
1905:(PDF)
1852:(PDF)
1801:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1324:payao
1167:ASEAN
1124:CITES
949:payao
930:payao
873:ports
851:payao
809:100.0
799:Total
793:18.1
678:15.8
665:16.0
652:16.8
520:Squid
354:squid
302:squid
3712:2024
3687:2024
3661:2024
3648:ISBN
3624:2023
3602:2024
3577:2024
3564:ISBN
3540:2024
3527:ISBN
3500:2024
3472:2024
3438:2024
3413:2024
3400:ISBN
3373:2024
3360:ISBN
3327:2024
3314:ISBN
3290:2024
3264:2024
3236:ISBN
3209:2024
3181:2024
3168:ISBN
3141:2024
3116:2024
3055:2024
2993:2024
2980:ISBN
2956:2024
2943:ISBN
2919:2024
2906:ISBN
2882:2024
2869:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2801:2024
2788:ISBN
2741:2024
2718:2024
2692:2024
2666:2024
2638:2024
2625:ISBN
2594:2024
2568:2024
2555:ISBN
2517:2024
2504:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2372:2024
2335:ISBN
2258:2024
2247:ISSN
2195:2024
2172:2024
2159:ISBN
2135:2024
2122:ISBN
2095:2024
2082:ISBN
2053:2024
2040:ISBN
2013:2024
2000:ISBN
1962:2024
1949:ISBN
1922:2024
1909:ISBN
1867:2024
1856:ISSN
1818:2024
1805:ISBN
1776:2024
1743:ISBN
1717:2024
1679:ISSN
1586:2024
1573:ISBN
1542:2024
1463:2023
1400:The
1230:the
1093:and
1008:mesh
828:and
822:tuna
782:1.7
769:2.1
756:2.6
743:3.5
730:4.1
717:4.6
704:7.0
691:7.6
615:and
556:and
281:and
252:and
218:tuna
162:and
54:The
32:tuna
3082:doi
3078:187
3023:doi
2285:doi
2281:223
1639:doi
887:).
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3480:^
3446:^
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3335:^
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3217:^
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3017:.
3013:.
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2850:^
2809:^
2767:^
2749:^
2709:.
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2646:^
2602:^
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2483:^
2457:^
2449:12
2447:.
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2380:^
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2297:^
2279:.
2275:.
2229:^
2221:43
2219:.
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2103:^
2061:^
2021:^
1970:^
1930:^
1875:^
1826:^
1784:^
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1471:^
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568:.
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506:,
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494:,
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384:,
344:,
328:,
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320:,
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264:,
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