316:
eyes is broader than the upper eyelid width. The ear drum or tympanum is very distinct and is at least as wide as two-thirds the diameter of the eye. The first finger is often longer than the second and the toes are at least half webbed. A warty tubercle is found just before the junction of the thigh and shank (subarticular tubercle) and two moderate ones are on the shank (metatarsus). No skin fold occurs along the tarsus. The "knee" (tarsometatarsal articulation) reaches the tympanum or the eye when the hind leg is held parallel along the side of the body. The dorsal side is covered with spiny warts. The parotoids are prominent, kidney-shaped, or elliptical and elongated, and secrete milky white
Bufotoxin. The dorsal side is yellowish or brownish and the spines and ridges are black. The underside is unmarked or spotted. Males have a subgular vocal sac and black pads on the inner fingers that help in holding the female during copulation.
237:
387:
99:
375:
308:
74:
55:
325:
635:
The Asian common toad has been described as one of
Australia's "10 most unwanted" species, and "potentially more damaging than the cane toad". It may cause serious ecological problems due to "competition with native species, its potential to spread exotic parasites and pathogens and its toxicity".
315:
The top of the head has several bony ridges, along the edge of the snout (canthal ridge), in front of the eye (preorbital), above the eye (supraorbital), behind the eye (postorbital), and a short one between the eye and ear (orbitotympanic). The snout is short and blunt, and the space between the
937:
Ujvaria, Beata; Casewell, Nicholas R.; Sunagar, Kartik; Arbuckle. Kevin; Wüster, Wolfgang; Log, Nathan; O’Meally, Denis; Beckmann, Christa; King, Glenn F.; Deplazes, Evelyne and
Madsena, Thomas; ‘Widespread convergence in toxin resistance by predictable molecular evolution’;
651:
The recent rate of incursions suggests a high likelihood of establishment in
Australia. So, experts are calling for the Australian government to develop a "high-priority contingency plan" that includes stronger environmental quarantine and surveillance strategies.
489:. They have been recorded from sea level up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) altitude, and live mostly in disturbed lowland habitats, from upper beaches and riverbanks to human-dominated agricultural and urban areas. They are uncommon in closed forests.
923:
Ujvaria, Beata; Mun, Hee-chang; Conigrave, Arthur D.; Bray, Alessandra; Osterkamp, Jens; Halling, Petter and Madsen, Thomas ‘Isolation breeds naïvety: island living robs
Australian varanid lizards of toad-toxin immunity via four-base-pair mutations’;
540:
It was found that all but one out of 77 species failed to show evidence of resistance to the toad toxin, which strongly suggests that these alien toads can significantly impact the native
Malagasy animal life and contribute to the worsening
1240:
516:
Since its discovery on the east coast, a grave fear has developed that if the Asian toad is not eradicated from
Madagascar and stronger quarantines are not developed to prevent reinvasion, it could have comparable impacts to those of
330:
329:
326:
331:
617:. The absence of resistance to toad toxins in native snake and varanid predators means that these species could suffer severe declines from the inadvertent spread of the Asian common toad via human traffic, and the currently
1067:
Reilly, Sean B.; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Stubbs, Alexander L.; Arida, Evy; Iskandar, Djoko T. and McGuire Jimmy A.; ‘ Toxic toad invasion of
Wallacea: A biodiversity hotspot characterized by extraordinary endemism’;
328:
1252:
977:
Marshall, Benjamin
Michael; Casewell, Nicholas R.; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank; Andreone, Franco; Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Zancolli, Giulia; Woog, Friederike; Wüster, Wolfgang (June 2018).
636:
Like cane toads, the Asian common toad secretes toxins from glands in their backs to deter predators. These toxins would beyond reasonable doubt severely affect native predators, such as
1830:
339:
Asian common toads breed in still and slow-flowing rivers and temporary and permanent ponds and pools. Adults are terrestrial and may be found under ground cover such as rocks,
556:, produces the possibility that some Malagasy animals do possess resistance to bufotenin because almost identical cardiac glycosides are produced by native plants of the genus
1673:
1174:
327:
1544:
1131:
Henderson W, Bomford M. 2011. Detecting and preventing new incursions of exotic animals in
Australia. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra.
1740:
897:
1049:
See Price-Rees, Samantha J.; Brown, Gregory P. and Shine, Richard; ‘Interacting Impacts of Invasive Plants and Invasive Toads on Native Lizards’, in
1660:
1456:
1686:
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1750:
1409:
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One study analyzed the sequences of the Na+/K+-ATPase gene (sodium-potassium pump) in dozens of Malagasy species that may be feeding on
1755:
1785:
1593:
1469:
1175:
http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/agriculture-and-food/pests-diseases-and-weeds/pest-animals/a-z-of-pest-animals/asian-black-spine-toad
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are found in still and slow-moving waterbodies. They are often seen at night under street lamps, especially when winged
98:
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1495:
1417:
910:
Pearson, Richard G.; ‘Asian common toads in Madagascar: an urgent effort to inform surveys and eradication efforts’;
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363:
faster than those that were kept in mixed groups. Tadpoles have been shown to be able to recognize kin. The 96h
236:
210:
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518:
1307:
953:
1321:
1422:
857:"Malathion acute toxicity in tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus, morphological and behavioural study"
1745:
1712:
1639:
1173:
Department of Environment and Primary Industries. 2014. Asian black-spined toad. Victorian Government.
706:
521:. Because – like Australia's – Madagascar's native predators have been isolated from bufonids since the
296:
193:
978:
1598:
311:
The wart patterns of the toads are unique and have been used for individual identification in studies.
1443:
1368:
1268:
1162:
https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Biosecurity-failures-asian-black-spined-toads.pdf
299:, and their tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after monsoon rains finish.
1373:
1300:
63:
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837:
790:
751:
610:
602:
364:
219:
93:
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Invasive Species Council, 2014, Biosecurity Failures in Australia, The Asian Black-Spined Toad,
1678:
386:
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1008:
1000:
878:
829:
549:
542:
1585:
1228:
808:
Saidapur, S. K.; Girish, S. (2000). "The Ontogeny of Kin Recognition in Tadpoles of the Toad
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990:
868:
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782:
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712:
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35:
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is also almost certain to be further affected in the lower-altitude portion of its range.
618:
482:
414:
410:
307:
1146:
https://pestsmart.org.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/Bufo_melanostictus_220410.pdf
1144:) Risk Assessments for Australia; Department of Agriculture and Food: Western Australia.
295:
The species grows to about 20 cm (8 in) long. Asian common toads breed during
1284:
486:
289:
513:, and by 2014, was found in a 100 km (39 sq mi) zone around that city.
371:
for the tadpoles is 7.5 mg/L and sublethal levels of exposure can impair swimming.
1734:
1521:
686:
677:
632:
The Asian common toad has been detected in Australia at least four times since 2000.
474:
360:
83:
78:
1027:"Toxic toad invasion puts Madagascar's predators at risk, genetic evidence confirms"
979:"Widespread vulnerability of Malagasy predators to the toxins of an introduced toad"
54:
1652:
1474:
1435:
957:
841:
582:
352:
170:
31:
898:"Invasion de crapauds venimeux à Toamasina: une menace pour l'écosystème malgache"
17:
1344:
1482:
1381:
1353:
873:
856:
558:
340:
1098:
1083:
940:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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506:
402:
285:
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1004:
882:
1500:
1114:
Covacevich, Jeanette, and Archer, Mike; ‘The distribution of the cane toad,
606:
526:
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466:
462:
450:
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368:
281:
160:
140:
110:
1396:
1012:
954:"This snake rips a hole in living toads' stomachs to feast on their organs"
833:
730:
Berry, P. Y.; Bullock, J. A. (1962). "The Food of the Common Malayan Toad,
716:
1619:
1562:
1338:
1308:
This snake rips a hole in living toads' stomachs to feast on their organs
1188:
Assessment and Prioritisation of Risk for Forty Introduced Animal Species
578:
525:, they are thought to lack resistance to toad toxins as found in natural
522:
458:
438:
426:
394:
356:
241:
130:
711:. Fauna of British India. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 505–507.
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769:
Saidapur, S. K.; Girish, S. (2001). "Growth and Metamorphosis of
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574:
430:
343:, and logs, and are also associated with human habitations. The
150:
1319:
1140:
Page A, Kirkpatrick W, Massam M. 2008. Black–spined Toad (
1099:"Southeast Asian Toad, Asian Common Toad, Spectacled Toad"
1285:
Eviscerated alive: Novel and macabre feeding strategy in
1118:
in Australia and its effects on indigenous vertebrates’;
1190:. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra
548:
Nevertheless, evidence from one Australian species, the
351:
swarm. They have been noted to feed on a wide range of
613:. The species is now common at Sentani in far eastern
1609:
1328:
1156:
1154:
1831:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider
1110:
1108:
1249:Amphibians and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia
393:Asian common toads occur widely from northern
335:Breeding pairs of Duttaphrynus melanostictus.
8:
280:. It is probably a complex of more than one
1186:Massam M, Kirkpatrick W and Page A (2010).
773:Tadpoles: Effects of Kinship and Density".
573:was introduced to the Indonesian island of
1316:
861:The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology
72:
53:
42:
1055:vol. 179, No. 3 (March 2012), pp. 413-422
994:
952:Garcia de Jesus, Erin (October 2, 2020).
872:
855:David, M.; Kartheek, R. M. (2015-10-01).
1063:
1061:
1299:. Published online September 11, 2020.
661:
671:
669:
667:
665:
284:species that is widely distributed in
676:van Dijk, P. P.; et al. (2004).
7:
1741:IUCN Red List least concern species
1208:(Asian Common Toad). Record size".
687:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
359:. Tadpoles grown in sibling groups
1310:, on: ScienceNews, October 2, 2020
25:
1289:(Günther, 1864) eating organs of
1301:doi:10.3897/herpetozoa.33.e57096
1122:, volume 17 (1975), pp. 305–310.
1120:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
628:An unwanted species in Australia
97:
581:in 1974, then subsequently to
1:
1293:(Schneider, 1799) in Thailand
942:, volume 112, pp. 11911-11916
1751:Amphibians described in 1799
1233:Amphibians of Southeast Asia
1097:Frazier, S. (Jun 13, 2011).
1082:Frazier, S. (Dec 15, 2011).
928:, vol. 67 (2013) pp. 289–294
874:10.1016/j.jobaz.2015.01.004
1847:
1410:Duttaphrynus-melanostictus
1374:Duttaphrynus_melanostictus
1360:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
1330:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
1291:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
1243:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
1204:Lu, W.; Qing, N. (2010). "
680:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
253:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
203:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
47:Duttaphrynus melanostictus
29:
996:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.024
896:R., Arnaud (2014-04-17).
705:Boulenger, G. A. (1890).
225:
218:
199:
192:
94:Scientific classification
92:
70:
61:
52:
45:
1756:Amphibians of Bangladesh
1101:. Project Noah. 6894260.
1086:. Project Noah. 8077245.
382:Distribution and habitat
30:Not to be confused with
1786:Amphibians of Indonesia
1052:The American Naturalist
566:Wallacea and West Papua
529:and snake predators of
519:cane toads in Australia
509:in 2011 at the port of
262:Asian black-spined toad
1821:Amphibians of Thailand
1806:Amphibians of Pakistan
1796:Amphibians of Malaysia
1766:Amphibians of Cambodia
1306:Erin Garcia de Jesus:
1177:; retrieved 2017-05-28
1164:; retrieved 2017-05-28
1148:; retrieved 2022-06-03
1072:; August 2017, pp. 1-3
814:Journal of Biosciences
775:Journal of Herpetology
717:10.5962/bhl.title.5490
708:Reptilia and Batrachia
390:
378:
336:
312:
248:
1826:Amphibians of Vietnam
1761:Amphibians of Myanmar
1713:Paleobiology Database
1210:Herpetological Review
1070:Global Change Biology
912:Global Change Biology
812:(Anura; Bufonidae)".
603:Indonesian New Guinea
533:in its native range.
389:
377:
334:
320:Ecology and behaviour
310:
270:black-spectacled toad
239:
185:D. melanostictus
1816:Amphibians of Taiwan
1287:Oligodon fasciolatus
1269:Oligodon fasciolatus
900:. Midi Madagasikara.
367:of commercial grade
27:Species of amphibian
1801:Amphibians of Nepal
1771:Amphibians of China
1084:"Asian Common Toad"
543:biodiversity crisis
256:is commonly called
64:Conservation status
1811:Frogs of Sri Lanka
1791:Amphibians of Laos
1776:Fauna of Hong Kong
1611:Bufo melanostictus
1206:Bufo melanostictus
1142:Bufo melanostictus
826:10.1007/BF02703935
810:Bufo melanostictus
771:Bufo melanostictus
732:Bufo melanostictus
611:Vogelkop Peninsula
554:Tiliqua scincoides
391:
379:
337:
313:
249:
228:Bufo melanostictus
18:Common Indian Toad
1728:
1727:
1700:Open Tree of Life
1571:Open Tree of Life
1322:Taxon identifiers
989:(11): R654–R655.
914:, 21 (2015), p. 9
550:bluetongue lizard
538:D. melanostictus.
332:
274:common Sunda toad
258:Asian common toad
234:
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87:
16:(Redirected from
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1251:. Archived from
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622:New Guinea quoll
571:D. melanostictus
531:D. melanostictus
503:D. melanostictus
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36:Asian giant toad
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1558:Observation.org
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1235:. Ecology Asia.
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619:near threatened
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415:Nicobar Islands
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863:. Physiology.
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493:Introductions
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361:metamorphosed
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79:Least Concern
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37:
33:
19:
1746:Duttaphrynus
1610:
1329:
1296:
1290:
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1279:H. Bringsøe
1267:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1248:
1242:
1232:
1229:"Asian toad"
1213:
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1205:
1187:
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1116:Bufo marinus
1115:
1092:
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1034:. Retrieved
1031:ScienceDaily
1030:
1021:
986:
982:
972:
961:. Retrieved
958:Science News
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734:Schneider".
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172:Duttaphrynus
171:
46:
40:
32:Asiatic toad
1483:iNaturalist
1382:AmphibiaWeb
1354:Wikispecies
1281:et al.
559:Bryophyllum
505:arrived in
469:islands of
441:, southern
341:leaf litter
297:the monsoon
1735:Categories
1297:Herpetozoa
1259:2009-04-30
1036:2018-06-22
963:2020-10-13
656:References
507:Madagascar
498:Madagascar
467:Indonesian
465:, and the
403:Bangladesh
266:Asian toad
1345:Q28031739
1266:See also
1005:0960-9822
926:Evolution
883:2090-9896
607:Manokwari
577:in 1958,
511:Toamasina
463:Singapore
451:Hong Kong
419:Sri Lanka
369:malathion
357:scorpions
282:true toad
211:Schneider
179:Species:
161:Bufonidae
117:Kingdom:
111:Eukaryota
1679:10232806
1620:Wikidata
1339:Wikidata
1216:(1): 61.
1013:29870701
834:11022229
579:Sulawesi
523:Jurassic
459:Malaysia
439:Cambodia
427:Thailand
397:through
395:Pakistan
349:termites
242:Matheran
220:Synonyms
157:Family:
141:Amphibia
131:Chordata
127:Phylum:
121:Animalia
107:Domain:
84:IUCN 3.1
1666:5216781
1626:Q715003
1599:1359445
1586:4801497
1462:2422538
1449:1039118
867:: 1–7.
842:4014610
795:1566115
756:1440674
642:goannas
609:on the
595:Sumbawa
527:varanid
483:Anambas
471:Sumatra
435:Vietnam
423:Myanmar
411:Andaman
213:, 1799)
167:Genus:
147:Order:
137:Class:
82: (
1718:379333
1705:962265
1692:661820
1583:uBio:
1576:962265
1514:773557
1501:121979
1423:271939
1295:. In:
1011:
1003:
881:
840:
832:
793:
754:
736:Copeia
646:quolls
638:snakes
587:Lombok
479:Borneo
447:Taiwan
345:larvae
276:, and
1674:IRMNG
1653:5X4BC
1640:25178
1594:WoRMS
1563:86632
1550:30335
1534:NAS:
1527:54707
1488:62345
1436:6DQ3T
1394:AoI:
838:S2CID
791:JSTOR
752:JSTOR
599:Timor
591:Sumba
583:Ambon
455:Macau
443:China
407:India
399:Nepal
286:South
246:India
240:From
151:Anura
1687:ITIS
1661:GBIF
1635:BOLD
1545:NCBI
1537:2867
1522:IUCN
1509:ITIS
1475:1904
1470:GISD
1457:GBIF
1418:BOLD
1272:for:
1009:PMID
1001:ISSN
879:ISSN
830:PMID
740:1962
692:2004
644:and
601:and
575:Bali
485:and
475:Java
453:and
431:Laos
413:and
365:LC50
288:and
1648:CoL
1496:ISC
1444:EoL
1431:CoL
1405:ASW
1387:236
1369:ADW
991:doi
869:doi
822:doi
783:doi
744:doi
713:doi
605:at
457:to
34:or
1737::
1715::
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1676::
1663::
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1573::
1560::
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1485::
1472::
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1433::
1420::
1407::
1397:97
1384::
1371::
1356::
1341::
1283::
1247:.
1231:.
1214:41
1212:.
1153:^
1107:^
1060:^
1029:.
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987:28
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664:^
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209:(
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38:.
20:)
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