719:, Cromwell, influenced by Lambert, divided England into military districts ruled by Army Major-Generals, who answered only to him. The fifteen major generals and deputy major generals, called "godly governors" were central not only to national security but also to Cromwell's moral crusade. The generals supervised militia forces and security commissions, collected taxes and ensured support for the government in the English provinces and in Wales. Commissioners for securing the peace of the commonwealth were appointed to work with them in every county. While a few of the commissioners were career politicians, most were zealous Puritans who welcomed the major-generals, with open arms and embraced their work with enthusiasm. However, the major-generals lasted less than a year. Many feared that they threatened their reform efforts and authority. The major-generals' position was further harmed by a tax proposal by Major General John Desborough to provide financial backing for their work, which the
93:
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772:, a declaration of the English Parliament proclaimed in Scotland in 1652, the Scottish Parliament was permanently dissolved and Scotland was given 30 seats in the Westminster Parliament. In 1654, the Council of State issued an "Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England", which would be called the "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland". This remained the legal basis of the union until the Ordinance became an Act of Union under the
439:
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723:, instated in September 1656, voted down for fear of a permanent military state. Ultimately, however, Cromwell's failure to support his men by sacrificing them to his opponents caused their demise. Their activities between November 1655 and September 1656 had, however, reopened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened antipathies to the regime.
1031:, which granted a pardon for all crimes committed during the Civil War and the Interregnum to those who recognized him as the lawful king. On 8 May 1660, the Convention Parliament declared Charles II the lawful successor of Charles I and king. The Convention Parliament then began the transition back to monarchy through the passage of the
1042:, outside of politics and religion, the 1640s and the 1650s saw a revived economy characterized by growth in manufacturing, the elaboration of financial and credit instruments and the commercialization of communication. The gentry found time for leisure activities such as horse racing and bowling. In
642:
after one of its members, took on the role of more traditional
English Parliaments. However, it proved just as difficult for the Grandees to control and was in addition a subject of popular ridicule and so on 8 December, MPs who supported Cromwell engineered its end by passing a dissolution motion at
909:
In 1657, Oliver
Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement. That presented him with a dilemma since he had been instrumental in abolishing the monarchy. Cromwell agonised for six weeks over the offer. He was attracted by the prospect of stability that
740:
observed that "While there were reforming aspirations and coercion in the
Protectorate's British policies, these can hardly said to amount to a 'British vision' designed to create a new British state from the separate kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland. What the regime seems to have intended
731:
By the end of 1653, the
Protectorate was in the unique position of being the first government in history to be in control of the entirety of the British Isles. The scope of the Instrument of Government extended to the governance of Scotland and Ireland; it provided for representatives from Scotland
941:
and an ermine-lined coronet but not a crown or an orb. However, a crown and an orb were present on the lord protector's seal. However, most notably, the office of Lord
Protector was still not to become hereditary though Cromwell was now able to nominate his own successor. Cromwell's new rights and
946:, a legislative instrument that replaced the Instrument of Government. Cromwell himself, however, was at pains to minimise his role by describing himself as a constable or watchman. However, Cromwell "had never gained the willing consent of the nation", and the Protectorate relied on armed force.
806:
which directed that large numbers of the Irish population be executed and that most
Catholic property owners should lose their lands and be made to relocate to the west of the country. The English army of occupation stood at 9,000 in 1657, although it had been reduced significantly from its 1649
969:
Richard sought to expand the basis for the
Protectorate beyond the army to civilians. He summoned a Parliament in 1659, but the republicans engaged in "endless obstruction and filibustering", attacked the "quasi-monarchal" aspects of the Protectorate and "condemned Oliver's rule as a period of
759:
the
Scottish government was dissolved and the English Parliament absorbed the kingdom of Scotland into the Commonwealth. Military rule was imposed, with 10,000 English troops garrisoned across the country to quell the threat of local uprisings. Negotiations between commissioners of the English
714:
met on 3 September 1654, and after some initial gestures approving appointments previously made by
Cromwell, began to work on a moderate programme of constitutional reform. Rather than opposing Parliament's bill, Cromwell dissolved it on 22 January 1655. After a royalist uprising, led by
973:
Three things undermined the
Protectorate: the "anxieties of the army, the irresponsibility of the Parliament and the rashness of Richard Cromwell". What ultimately prevented the retention of the Protectorate was the opposition of the "junior officers" and "many of the common soldiers".
855:, which then became an English colony. The Lord Protector became aware of the contribution the Jewish community made to the economic success of the Netherlands, now England's leading commercial rival. Allied to Cromwell's toleration of private worship of non-Puritans, that led to his
1016:, the commander of English forces in Scotland and a royalist sympathizer, to force Monck's submission or defeat. Monck instead marched south. As Lambert's army marched north, his ranks began to dwindle and he was ultimately forced to retreat back to London.
637:
and with the support of other officers in the Army, sent a request to Congregational churches in every county to nominate those they considered fit to take part in the new government. On 4 July a Nominated Assembly, nicknamed the "Assembly of Saints" or
735:
The regime's policy towards Ireland and Scotland initially had three components: secure the recent conquest of those countries with armies of occupation; punish those who had opposed the English conquest; reshape both countries in the image of England.
783:
was appointed as President of a new Council for Scotland which was part of an attempt to recast the government along civilian lines and to begin to win over the major landholders to the regime. The council was made up of six Englishmen and two Scots.
807:
complement of 35,000. The Instrument of Government specified that Ireland was entitled to 30 seats in the Parliament in London, the same number as Scotland. Initially, the country was ruled on behalf of the Protectorate by Cromwell's son-in-law,
680:. It made Cromwell Lord Protector for life to undertake "the chief magistracy and the administration of government". He had the power to call and dissolve parliaments but was obliged under the Instrument to seek the majority vote of the
1082:'s curse upon any man who would rebuild Jericho and to its fulfillment in Hiel the Bethelite, who according to 1 Kings 16:34 "laid the foundation thereof in Abiram his firstborn, and set up the gates thereof in his youngest son Segub".
910:
it held out, but in a speech on 13 April 1657, he made it clear that God's providence had spoken against the office of king: “I would not seek to set up that which Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build
1007:
After Richard Cromwell was removed from power by the Grandees of the New Army, the Rump Parliament was instated and soon after was replaced by the Committee of Safety and Council of State under the authority of
1046:, important innovations included the development of a mass market for music, increased scientific research and an expansion of publishing. All of those trends were discussed in depth at the newly-established
621:
On 20 April 1653, after learning that Parliament was attempting to stay in session despite an agreement to dissolve and having failed to come up with a working constitution, Cromwell, with the backing of the
2116:
970:
tyranny and economic depression". Both father and son were seen as leading a tyrannical government of the "Sword", in diametric opposition to a "Civil" government with a free parliament.
2089:
2121:
966:, succeeded as Lord Protector. The impression of strength and durability of the Protectorate when Richard succeeded proved deceptive; the lack of unity would destroy the Protectorate.
92:
2717:
2109:
989:
on 19 May 1659. "Richard was never formally deposed or arrested, but allowed to fade away. The Protectorate was treated as having been from the first a mere usurpation".
607:
1411:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares"
1059:
815:, and a group of hard line radical parliamentary commissioners. As in Scotland, a more moderate policy was adopted in 1655. In that year, Cromwell sent his son,
2099:
1413:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defence of Valdivia, Indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares].
1867:
A Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath, and Knights Bachelor made between the fourth year of King Henry VI and the restoration of King Charles II ...
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a time of day at which the house usually had few members in attendance. Those who refused to recognise the motion were forcibly ejected by soldiers.
98:
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457:
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30:
This article is about the state that existed from 1653 to 1659. For the time period in British history from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660, see
1965:
1847:
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1809:
1790:
1771:
1752:
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1591:
1566:
1223:
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1023:, to re-enter Parliament on 21 February 1660. On 16 March 1660, the Long Parliament dissolved itself after preparations were made for the
2702:
856:
756:
2472:
37:
For an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, see
768:
began to formalise the incorporation of Scottish legal and political structures into the new British state. Under the terms of the
1917:
1893:
1800:
MacKenzie, Kirsteen (2009). "Oliver Cromwell and the Solemn League and Covenant of the Three Kingdoms". In Patrick Little (ed.).
78:
2104:
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2153:
2004:
1987:
799:
750:
615:
684:. However, Cromwell's power was also buttressed by his continuing popularity among the army, which he had built up during the
2565:
2183:
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1980:
1975:
879:
773:
720:
266:
819:, to Ireland who assumed control over the country and adopted a more conciliatory approach to the country's administration.
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with only four ships and a thousand men. However English plans to engage in Chile came into fruition only in 1669, with
2372:
1941:
1910:
1369:""The Worke Wee May Doe in the World": The Western Design and the Anglo-Spanish Struggle for the Caribbean, 1654–1655"
978:
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300:
72:
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1960:
943:
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875:
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2377:
2347:
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634:
281:
867:, in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the Civil Wars.
501:, was the English form of government lasting from 16 December 1653 to 25 May 1659, under which the kingdoms of
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The collapse of the radical consensus that had spawned the Nominated Assembly led to the Grandees passing the
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dismissed by his father in April 1653. This marked the end of the Protectorate, with the Rump acting as the
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31:
2615:
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2447:
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2009:
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214:
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by using many of its symbols and regalia, such as a purple ermine-lined robe, a sword of justice, a
702:
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as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. Cromwell died in September 1658 and was succeeded by his son
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2407:
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482:
444:
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was awarded by France to the Protectorate. It would be sold back to France by Charles II in 1662.
2625:
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2500:
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1002:
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Richard had proved that he could neither manage the Parliament nor control the army. On 7 May, a
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and subsequently prudently guarded. Cromwell was sworn in as Lord Protector on 16 December 1653.
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The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland and Ireland 1639-1660
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Since 1649 until the Protectorate, England, Ireland and later Scotland had been governed as a
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in January of that year. All of Ireland came under the same governance after the successful
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1494:"The First Earl of Shaftesbury's Resolute Conscience and Aristocratic Constitutionalism"
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Angles on the English-Speaking World vol.7. The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707–2007
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in 1654. Having negotiated peace with the Dutch, Cromwell then proceeded to engage the
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630:, marched soldiers into the debating chamber and forcibly ended the Rump's session.
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2018:
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When Monck reached London he allowed Presbyterian members, who had been removed by
1013:
737:
180:
38:
985:, displacing the Protector's Council of State, and was in turn replaced by a new
847:. That involved secret preparations for an attack on the Spanish colonies in the
827:
During this period, Oliver Cromwell also faced challenges in foreign policy. The
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1607:
1047:
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921:, with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title, at
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Richard resigned in May 1659 due to his inability to control either the Army or
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1107:(3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 282–284.
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and Ireland, as well as England and Wales, to sit in Parliament in London.
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Within a month of the Rump's dismissal, Oliver Cromwell, on the advice of
1332:
Strong, Frank (1899). "The Causes of Cromwell's West Indian Expedition".
587:
1631:
1368:
1586:(3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 286.
1561:(3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 285.
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852:
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Initially, the country was run by eight English commissioners. In 1655
1687:
Durston, Christopher (1998). "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals".
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in 1653, the Protectorate implemented the Rump Parliament's draconian
1902:
1716:
Hirst, Derek (1990). "The Lord Protector, 1653–8". In Morrill (ed.).
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with the appointment of a Parliamentary military governor in Dublin.
141:
1610:(July 1996). "Locating the 1650s in England's seventeenth century".
1345:
1012:. The Committee of Safety then ordered General John Lambert to meet
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known as Simón de Casseres proposed to Cromwell a plan to take over
1840:
The Irish and British Wars 1637–1654: Triumph, Tragedy and Failure
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900:
701:
1764:
Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union With Ireland And Scotland
606:", as a republic, had been passed on 19 May 1649, following the
513:, with their associated territories were joined together in the
1906:
1027:
to succeed it. On 4 April 1660, Charles II proclaimed the
1584:
Early modern England 1485–1714 : a narrative history
1559:
Early modern England 1485–1714 : a narrative history
1105:
Early modern England 1485–1714 : a narrative history
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After Oliver's death in September 1658, his third son,
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Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
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all the Dominions and Territoryes thereunto belonging
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Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
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United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649–1660
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917:Instead, Cromwell was ceremonially reinstalled as
755:Following the defeat of the Scottish army in the
1875:– A list of men knighted by the Lord Protectors.
668:After the dissolution of Barebone's Parliament,
1247:
1060:Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
1373:Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations
1918:
933:for the occasion. The event in part echoed a
741:was the anglicisation of the British Isles".
499:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
50:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
18:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
8:
1729:(2nd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 116–118.
1720:. p. 137. Call Number: DA426 .O45 1990.
831:, which had broken out in 1652, against the
672:put forward a new constitution known as the
654:, which paved the way for the Protectorate.
602:, which established England, together with "
113:
2718:States and territories established in 1653
1925:
1911:
1903:
1718:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
857:encouragement of Jews to return to England
600:Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth
126:
45:
2164:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
1672:. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd.
1509:
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132:The territory of the Commonwealth in 1659
1870:, London: Mitchell and Hughes, p.
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1492:Mansfield, Andrew (3 September 2021).
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929:, which had been specially moved from
804:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
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811:, a military governor with the title
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7:
1736:Country and Court: England 1658–1714
1804:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
1743:Jørgen, S; Rasmussen, J.R. (2007).
1202:
1178:
999:Commonwealth of England (1659–1660)
981:was formed on the authority of the
2174:History of the politics of England
1823:. Everyman classics. p. 128.
1738:. Edward Arnold. pp. 113–120.
1367:Harrington, Matthew Craig (2004).
798:With the completion of the brutal
757:Anglo-Scottish war of 1650 to 1652
25:
2693:1659 disestablishments in England
2169:History of the economy of England
1864:Metcalfe, Walter Charles (1885),
1802:Oliver Cromwell: New Perspectives
120:("Peace is obtained through war")
2657:
851:and resulted in the invasion of
835:, was eventually won by Admiral
462:
437:
423:
91:
71:
64:
2154:History of education in England
1653:. Manchester University Press.
1430:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011
800:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
760:Parliament and the deputies of
751:Scotland under the Commonwealth
616:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2688:1653 establishments in England
2149:Government in medieval England
1727:The British Republic 1649–1660
1670:Cromwellian Scotland 1651–1660
1375:. The Florida State University
1334:The American Historical Review
774:Second Protectorate Parliament
721:Second Protectorate Parliament
27:British government (1653–1659)
1:
1838:Wheeler, James Scott (2002).
1025:Convention Parliament of 1660
712:First Protectorate Parliament
550:Third Protectorate Parliament
2139:English overseas possessions
1651:The Cromwellian Protectorate
942:powers were laid out in the
880:John Narborough's expedition
211:with an executive presidency
2708:Former countries in Ireland
1891:More About the Protectorate
1821:Speeches of Oliver Cromwell
1747:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1248:Jørgen & Rasmussen 2007
905:Standard of Oliver Cromwell
546:English Committee of Safety
2739:
2703:Former countries in Europe
1966:Economy in the Middle Ages
996:
944:Humble Petition and Advice
887:Battle of the Dunes (1658)
791:
748:
698:Rule of the Major-Generals
695:
692:Rule of the Major-Generals
676:, closely modelled on the
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575:
354:Humble Petition and Advice
36:
29:
2654:
1689:English Historical Review
1511:10.1017/s0018246x21000662
1218:, Scarecrow Press, 2004,
993:Aftermath and restoration
544:. He was replaced by the
402:
377:
320:
258:
230:
125:
109:
60:
55:
2288:East Riding of Yorkshire
2205:Kingdom of Great Britain
1783:'Scotland: a New History
1762:Little, Patrick (2004).
1701:10.1093/ehr/cxiii.450.18
1214:Manganiello, Stephen C.
950:Rule of Richard Cromwell
674:Instrument of Government
664:Instrument of Government
648:Instrument of Government
582:English Council of State
562:English Council of State
527:Instrument of Government
328:Instrument of Government
1896:14 October 2012 at the
1725:Hutton, Ronald (2000).
1624:10.1111/1468-229X.00016
1582:Bucholz, R. O. (2020).
1557:Bucholz, R. O. (2020).
1407:Urbina C., María Ximena
1103:Bucholz, R. O. (2020).
843:in warfare through his
658:Rule of Oliver Cromwell
578:Commonwealth of England
525:was dissolved, and the
515:Commonwealth of England
458:Commonwealth of England
431:Commonwealth of England
32:Commonwealth of England
2723:Military dictatorships
2010:Black Death in England
1649:Coward, Barry (2002).
1498:The Historical Journal
1033:Restoration Settlement
959:
906:
897:Oliver Cromwell's role
813:Lord Deputy of Ireland
707:
612:execution of Charles I
548:, which dissolved the
306:(1654–55/1656–58/1659)
208:parliamentary republic
114:
1842:. London: Routledge.
957:
904:
829:First Anglo-Dutch War
794:Interregnum (Ireland)
705:
640:Barebone's Parliament
523:Barebone's Parliament
215:military dictatorship
148:Common languages
1819:Roots, Ivan (1989).
1734:Jones, J.R. (1978).
1482:, pp. 117, 118.
1078:The reference is to
1029:Declaration of Breda
896:
727:British Isles policy
2061:Glorious Revolution
2029:English Renaissance
1981:English unification
1951:Prehistoric Britain
1668:Dow, F. D. (1979).
1535:, pp. 116–118.
1470:, pp. 113–119.
1322:, pp. 144–145.
979:Committee of Safety
927:King Edward's Chair
717:Sir John Penruddock
552:, and reseated the
483:Republic of Ireland
445:Kingdom of Scotland
115:Pax quaeritur bello
2664:England portal
2313:Greater Manchester
2200:Kingdom of England
2159:History of English
1976:Anglo-Saxon period
1934:History of England
1781:Lynch, M. (1991).
1003:Stuart Restoration
960:
907:
876:Spanish-rule Chile
859:, 350 years after
776:on 26 June 1657.
708:
678:Heads of Proposals
2670:
2669:
2041:English Civil War
1971:Sub-Roman Britain
1849:978-0-415-22132-0
1830:978-0-460-01254-6
1811:978-0-230-57421-2
1792:978-1-4464-7563-8
1773:978-1-84383-099-3
1766:. Boydell Press.
1754:978-87-635-0702-8
1679:978-0-85976-049-2
1660:978-0-7190-4317-8
1593:978-1-118-53222-5
1568:978-1-118-53222-5
1224:978-0-8108-5100-9
1157:, pp. 35–36.
1130:, pp. 18–37.
1114:978-1-118-53222-5
1010:Charles Fleetwood
931:Westminster Abbey
809:Charles Fleetwood
762:Scotland's shires
497:, officially the
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248:• 1658–1659
236:• 1653–1658
16:(Redirected from
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2698:Christian states
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2100:Second World War
2005:Late Middle Ages
1988:High Middle Ages
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1796:
1785:. Random House.
1777:
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1618:(263): 359–383.
1604:
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964:Richard Cromwell
958:Richard Cromwell
923:Westminster Hall
861:their banishment
682:Council of State
652:Council of State
592:Council of State
535:Richard Cromwell
521:. It began when
517:, governed by a
495:The Protectorate
466:
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2388:Nottinghamshire
2383:North Yorkshire
2303:Gloucestershire
2243:Buckinghamshire
2238:City of Bristol
2214:
2188:
2144:English society
2127:
2126:
2105:Postwar Britain
2095:Interwar period
2090:First World War
2024:Elizabethan era
1993:Norman Conquest
1961:Medieval period
1936:
1931:
1898:Wayback Machine
1882:
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1858:Further reading
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1932:
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1880:External links
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1695:(450): 18–37.
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1504:(4): 969–991.
1484:
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1458:, p. 113.
1448:
1446:, p. 128.
1436:
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1386:
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1340:(2): 228–245.
1324:
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1167:MacKenzie 2009
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925:. He sat upon
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833:Dutch Republic
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823:Foreign policy
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2011:
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1998:Norman period
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1310:, p. 26.
1309:
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1273:
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1249:
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1204:
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1180:
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2506:Christchurch
2438:Warwickshire
2353:Lincolnshire
2228:Bedfordshire
2068:Georgian era
2051:Protectorate
2050:
2046:Commonwealth
2019:Tudor period
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1423:(2): 11–36.
1420:
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1377:. Retrieved
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1128:Durston 1998
1123:
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1044:high culture
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1014:George Monck
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734:
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670:John Lambert
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645:
632:
628:Army Council
620:
603:
585:
539:
498:
494:
493:
413:Succeeded by
412:
407:
111:Motto:
110:
99:Coat of arms
83:Bottom: Flag
43:
39:Protectorate
2616:Southampton
2486:Bournemouth
2448:West Sussex
2393:Oxfordshire
2293:East Sussex
2073:Regency era
2056:Restoration
1533:Hutton 2000
1320:Coward 2002
1308:Coward 2002
1296:Coward 2002
1284:Coward 2002
1272:Little 2004
1155:Coward 2002
1143:Coward 2002
1040:Derek Hirst
558:legislature
408:Preceded by
396:Irish pound
391:Pound Scots
373:25 May 1659
367:R. Cromwell
359:25 May 1657
295:Lower house
282:Other House
276:Upper house
263:Legislature
101:(1653–1659)
85:(1658–1659)
81:(1653–1658)
2677:Categories
2611:Shrewsbury
2591:Portsmouth
2571:Nottingham
2551:Manchester
2526:Folkestone
2511:Colchester
2481:Birmingham
2403:Shropshire
2363:Merseyside
2343:Lancashire
2268:Derbyshire
1643:References
1545:Jones 1978
1480:Jones 1978
1468:Jones 1978
1456:Jones 1978
1444:Roots 1989
1416:Magallania
1394:Hirst 1990
1260:Lynch 1991
1236:Lynch 1991
1226:. pp.9, 10
935:coronation
885:After the
872:crypto-Jew
870:In 1655 a
686:civil wars
572:Background
542:Parliament
529:appointed
393:(Scotland)
267:Parliament
201:Government
185:Fingallian
154:(official)
2636:Worcester
2621:St Albans
2606:Sheffield
2601:Rochester
2566:Newcastle
2546:Maidstone
2536:Liverpool
2458:Wiltshire
2318:Hampshire
2233:Berkshire
2220:By county
1709:0013-8266
1520:0018-246X
1090:Citations
849:Caribbean
566:executive
398:(Ireland)
388:(England)
286:(1658–59)
191:Religion
79:Top: Flag
56:1653–1659
2641:Worthing
2631:Wetherby
2581:Plymouth
2516:Coventry
2491:Brighton
2408:Somerset
2258:Cornwall
2253:Cheshire
2193:Polities
1942:Timeline
1894:Archived
1632:24423269
1409:(2017).
1203:Dow 1979
1179:Dow 1979
1054:See also
914:again".
865:Edward I
745:Scotland
624:Grandees
594:and the
588:republic
560:and the
507:Scotland
382:Currency
213:under a
2626:Torquay
2596:Reading
2556:Margate
2501:Chester
2496:Bristol
2423:Suffolk
2398:Rutland
2368:Norfolk
2263:Cumbria
1612:History
1354:1833554
939:sceptre
912:Jericho
891:Dunkirk
853:Jamaica
788:Ireland
650:in the
626:in the
590:by the
564:as the
511:Ireland
503:England
365:•
352:•
339:•
326:•
313:History
293:•
274:•
205:Unitary
169:Cornish
152:English
138:Capital
2576:Oxford
2541:London
2428:Surrey
2283:Durham
2278:Dorset
2132:Topics
1846:
1827:
1808:
1789:
1770:
1751:
1707:
1676:
1657:
1630:
1590:
1565:
1518:
1379:21 May
1352:
1222:
1111:
1080:Joshua
766:burghs
598:. The
509:, and
316:
226:
142:London
2586:Poole
2531:Leeds
2521:Dover
2298:Essex
2273:Devon
2184:Riots
1628:JSTOR
1350:JSTOR
1066:Notes
817:Henry
608:trial
165:Welsh
161:Irish
157:Scots
2646:York
2338:Kent
2179:Wars
1844:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1705:ISSN
1674:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1516:ISSN
1381:2015
1220:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1001:and
764:and
710:The
610:and
580:and
181:Yola
177:Norn
1872:205
1697:doi
1693:113
1620:doi
1506:doi
1425:doi
1342:doi
1035:.
863:by
537:.
2679::
1703:.
1691:.
1626:.
1616:81
1614:.
1514:.
1502:65
1500:.
1496:.
1421:45
1419:.
1371:.
1348:.
1336:.
1135:^
1050:.
882:.
568:.
505:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
1926:e
1919:t
1912:v
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1776:.
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1622::
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1508::
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1356:.
1344::
1338:4
1117:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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