1037:
1100:
2307:
1088:
910:(ICC) developed fire code requirements to provide adequate protection to the building and occupants. These codes specify the combustibility rating for materials, the entrance and exit requirements, as well as active fire protection requirements, along with numerous other things. In the U.S. other agencies have also developed building codes that specify combustibility ratings such as state and/or county governing bodies. Following the requirements of these fire codes are crucial for higher occupancy buildings.
1025:
1063:
50:
31:
73:
148:) are not taken into account. The original mass of flammable material and the mass of the oxygen consumed (typically from the surrounding air) equals the mass of the flame products (ash, water, carbon dioxide, and other gases). Lavoisier used the experimental fact that some metals gained mass when they burned to support his ideas (because those chemical reactions capture oxygen atoms into solid compounds rather than gaseous water).
879:(UFL/UEL) represents the highest air to fuel vapor concentration at which combustion can take place when ignited by an external source. Any fuel-air mixture higher than this would be too concentrated to result in combustion. The values existing between these two limits represent the flammable or explosive range. Within this threshold, give an external ignition source, combustion of the particular fuel would likely happen.
58:
2976:
2988:
2010:
811:. It is defined as the lowest material temperature required for fuel oils in the materials to begin to give off flammable vapors in the quantity high enough to support a flash of fire when ignited by an external source. A lower flash point indicates higher flammability. Materials with flash points below 100
1000:
Various countries have tests for determining non-combustibility of materials. Most involve the heating of a specified quantity of the test specimen for a set duration. Usually, the material must not support combustion and must not lose more than a certain amount of mass. As a general rule of thumb,
891:
of a liquid, which varies with its temperature, is a measure of how much the vapor of the liquid tends to concentrate in the surrounding atmosphere as the liquid evaporates. Vapor pressure is a major determinant of the flash point and flame point, with higher vapor pressures leading to lower flash
569:
meet TB 117 in products that they distribute across the United States. The proliferation of flame retardants, and especially halogenated organic flame retardants, in furniture across the United States is strongly linked to TB 117. When it became apparent that the risk-benefit ratio of this approach
697:
A non-combustible material is a substance that does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subject to fire or heat, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated. Any solid substance complying with either of two sets of passing criteria listed in
755:, even when not suspended in air, remains a fire hazard. The National Fire Protection Association (U.S.) specifically addresses the prevention of fires and dust explosions in agricultural and food products facilities in NFPA Code section 61, and other industries in NFPA Code sections 651â664.
183:. Therefore, since the 1950s, efforts to put forward the use of "flammable" in place of "inflammable" were accepted by linguists, and it is now the accepted standard in American English and British English. Antonyms of "flammable" or "inflammable" include:
849:
of a material is a temperature value at which sustained flame can be supported on the material once ignited by an external source. Once the flame point of a material is reached, it produces enough fuel vapors or oils to support continuous burning.
868:
represents the lowest air to fuel vapor concentration required for combustion to take place when ignited by an external source, for any particular chemical. Any concentration lower than this could not produce a flame or result in combustion. The
684:
Substances with low combustibility may be selected for construction where the fire risk must be reduced, such as apartment buildings, houses, or offices. If combustible resources are used there is greater chance of fire accidents and deaths.
280:
and other regulations governing the use of building materials as well as the storage and handling of highly flammable substances inside and outside of structures and in surface and air transportation. For instance, changing an
560:
foam used to fill furniture be able to withstand a small open flame, equivalent to a candle, for at least 12 seconds. In polyurethane foam, furniture manufacturers typically meet TB 117 with additive halogenated organic
140:, one of the pioneers in these early insights, stated: "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed." The burning of a solid material may appear to lose weight if the mass of combustion gases (such as
242:
62:
1062:
1801:
1229:
A more recent industrial standard is the
European EN 13501-1 - Fire classification of construction products and building elementsâwhich roughly replaces A2 with A2/B, B1 with C, B2 with D/E and B3 with F.
921:, one could not suddenly load it with flammable liquids and turn it into a gas storage facility, because the fire load and smoke development in that one apartment would be so immense as to overtax the
237:, granular, or pasty substances that easily ignite by brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burning match, and spread flame rapidly. The technical definitions vary between countries so the
245:, which defines the flash point temperature of flammable liquids as between 0 and 140 °F (60 °C) and combustible liquids between 140 °F (60 °C) and 200 °F (93 °C).
1036:
1001:
concrete, steel, and ceramics - in other words inorganic substances - pass these tests, so building codes list them as suitable and sometimes even mandate their use in certain applications. In
2823:
1099:
745:
1596:
929:
means for the building. The handling and use of flammable substances inside a building is subject to the local fire code, which is ordinarily enforced by the local fire prevention officer.
740:. There are at least 140 known substances that produce combustible dust. While the particles in a combustible dusts may be of any size, normally they have a diameter of less than 420
1817:
The chief executive, John C. Sheptor, said the probable cause of the explosion was sugar dust building up in storage areas, which could have been ignited by static electricity or a spark.
102:
if it ignites easily at ambient temperatures. In other words, a combustible material ignites with some effort and a flammable material catches fire immediately on exposure to flame.
1798:
2618:
1821:
628:
824:
2811:
574:) for the use of flame retardants, California modified TB 117 to require that fabric covering upholstered furniture meet a smolder test replacing the open
1849:
2426:
2072:
1087:
132:
until the mid-1700s) would seem to suggest that material "disappears" when burned, as only the ash is left. Further scientific research has found that
2116:
622:
302:
2082:
722:
a solid material composed of distinct particles or pieces, regardless of size, shape, or chemical composition, which presents a fire or deflagration
2144:
1691:
1607:
698:
Section 8 of ASTM E 136 when the substance is tested in accordance with the procedure specified in ASTM E 136 is considered to be non-combustible.
2790:
2088:
2077:
960:
951:
610:
can be conducted to determine the degree of flammability. Test standards used to make this determination but are not limited to the following:
82:
37:
552:
Flammability of furniture is of concern as cigarettes and candle accidents can trigger domestic fires. In 1975, California began implementing
217:
materials that ignite easily and thus are more dangerous and more highly regulated. Less easily ignited less-vigorously burning materials are
1934:
1897:
1024:
779:
176:= "to set fire to", where the Latin preposition "in-" means "in" as in "indoctrinate", rather than "not" as in "invisible" and "ineligible".
1731:
National
Materials Advisory Board, Panel on Classification of Combustible Dusts of the Committee on Evaluation of Industrial Hazards (1980)
1551:
1522:
1494:"Proposed Regulations - Notice of Proposed New Flammability Standards for Upholstered Furniture/Articles Exempt from Flammability Standards"
1233:
B3 or F rated materials may not be used in building unless combined with another material that reduces the flammability of those materials.
2835:
2829:
2032:
634:
306:
179:
The word "inflammable" may be erroneously thought to mean "non-flammable". The erroneous usage of the word "inflammable" is a significant
125:) catches on fire quite easily. A heavy oak desk is much harder to ignite, even though the wood fibre is the same in all three materials.
979:
Makes the temperature reading from either of two thermocouples rise by 50 degrees
Celsius or more above the initial furnace temperature
590:
Lightweight textiles with porous surfaces are the most flammable fabrics. Wool is less flammable than cotton, linen, silk, or viscose (
2331:
2706:
2058:
1496:. Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation. Archived from
648:
NFPA 850: Recommended
Practice for Fire Protection for Electric Generating Plants and High Voltage Direct Current Converter Stations
105:
The degree of flammability in air depends largely upon the volatility of the material - this is related to its composition-specific
677:. Special precautions are usually required for substances that are easily combustible. These measures may include installation of
638:
NFPA 287 Standard Test
Methods for Measurement of Flammability of Materials in Cleanrooms Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)
1854:
942:
751:
When suspended in air (or any oxidizing environment), the fine particles of combustible dust present a potential for explosions.
975:
heats three specimens of a material in a furnace. Combustibile materials are those for which any of the three specimens either:
2467:
1493:
230:
233:
are solids that are readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are
392:
Materials that rapidly vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal temperatures, or readily disperse in air and burn readily
3029:
2817:
2774:
2446:
2109:
1597:"NCDOI OSFM Evaluation Services: Subject of White Paper: Classification of Building Materials According to Combustibility"
1463:"Technical Bulletin 117: Requirements, test procedure and apparatus for testing the flame retardance of resilient filling"
938:
3034:
2888:
2726:
1287:
759:
designed to reduce airborne dust account for more than 40 percent of all dust explosions. Other important processes are
2759:
2691:
2508:
2341:
1462:
907:
760:
2040:
2036:
2020:
1428:
767:, transporting powders, filing silos and containers (which produces powder), and the mixing and blending of powders.
264:
or even an explosion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is quantified through
2991:
2326:
2266:
2841:
2676:
2336:
1783:"Dust Explosion Scenarios and Case Histories in the CCPS Guidelines for Safe Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids"
1767:"NFPA 61 Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities"
1297:
614:
268:. Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratings achieved are used in
3019:
3014:
2979:
2785:
2701:
2681:
2658:
2421:
2186:
2102:
1859:
860:
1955:
362:
Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before they ignite
3024:
2628:
2593:
2441:
2391:
1267:
1123:
1006:
926:
787:
775:
617:
229:
below 100 °F (38 °C)âwhere combustible liquids have a flash point above 100 °F (38 °C).
2769:
2648:
2623:
2613:
2321:
2281:
1262:
1079:
922:
686:
553:
1922:
1885:
2956:
2930:
2883:
2498:
2386:
2366:
1753:"Only OSHA Has Not Adopted Chemical Safety Board Recommendations Stemming from Imperial Sugar Explosion"
1708:
1114:
Materials can be tested for the degree of flammability and combustibility in accordance with the German
875:
737:
65:
1921:
Manha, William D. (2009-01-01), Musgrave, Gary Eugene; Larsen, Axel (Skip) M.; Sgobba, Tommaso (eds.),
1633:"Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C"
774:
In
January 2003, a polyethylene powder explosion and fire at the West Pharmaceutical Services plant in
752:
713:
2653:
2513:
2221:
531:
133:
109:, which is temperature dependent. The quantity of vapour produced can be enhanced by increasing the
2696:
2603:
1886:"11 - Physicochemical fuel properties and tribological behavior of aegle marmelos correa biodiesel"
1782:
952:
CAN/ULC-S114, Standard Method of Test for
Determination of Non-combustibility in Building Materials
526:
49:
30:
2483:
2411:
2376:
2371:
2226:
1826:
1518:
1292:
1242:
961:
CAN4-S114, "Standard Method of Test for
Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials
647:
642:
637:
1799:"Controlling Static Hazards is Key to Preventing Combustible Cloud Explosions" Newton Gale, Inc.
1766:
1752:
673:
or is being stored. It is also important in processes that produce combustible substances as a
72:
1575:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2795:
2686:
2668:
2558:
2396:
2306:
2291:
1930:
1893:
1736:
1700:
968:
565:. No other U.S. states had similar standards, but because California has such a large market,
460:
137:
129:
305:(HMIS) standard for flammability ratings, as do many US regulatory agencies, and also the US
2893:
2231:
1357:
1272:
807:
is a metric of how easy it is to ignite the vapor of the material as it evaporates into the
222:
1699:, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 17 November 2006,
2935:
2588:
2523:
2462:
2431:
2406:
2356:
2351:
2165:
2125:
1805:
1277:
1257:
562:
348:
290:
106:
2083:"Combustible Dust: Agricultural Related Fires and Explosions Increasing, but Preventable"
1662:
1399:
1132:
The following are the categories in order of degree of combustibility and flammability:
2754:
2731:
2716:
2578:
2518:
2488:
2457:
2401:
2361:
2296:
2286:
2181:
917:
as originally intended. In other words, if a portion of a building were designed as an
888:
783:
756:
707:
678:
571:
238:
141:
118:
3008:
2961:
2951:
2749:
2721:
2638:
2256:
2246:
2216:
2160:
901:
820:
778:
resulted in the deaths of six workers and injuries to 38 others. In
February 2008 an
764:
595:
566:
269:
180:
1497:
1461:
California
Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings (March 2000).
643:
NFPA 701: Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films
57:
2878:
2764:
2643:
2633:
2568:
2533:
2493:
2452:
2416:
2206:
2201:
2171:
1733:
Classification of combustible dusts in accordance with the national electrical code
1046:
727:
670:
557:
506:
110:
770:
Investigation of 200 dust explosions and fires, between 1980 and 2005, indicated
2598:
2553:
2543:
2436:
2381:
2346:
2241:
1362:, 5th ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2014. accessed 3/11/2015
1221:
1187:
1106:
1053:
804:
579:
395:
365:
352:
226:
145:
113:
of the material forming a mist or dust. Take wood as an example. Finely divided
1892:, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 309â336,
2858:
2711:
2211:
2196:
2176:
1979:
1282:
972:
840:
812:
808:
674:
666:
575:
261:
17:
1704:
2780:
2608:
2573:
2563:
2548:
2528:
2503:
2276:
2271:
2236:
2191:
2139:
1735:
Publication NMAB 353-3, National Research Council (U.S.), Washington, D.C.,
1252:
995:
918:
914:
717:
607:
282:
277:
273:
265:
114:
1519:"Calif. law change sparks debate over use of flame retardants in furniture"
1469:
1440:
2073:
Fire Performance of Ageing Cable Compounds, NFPA Treatise by Perry Marteny
1431:
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals
669:. This is an important property to consider when a substance is used for
375:
Liquids and solids that can ignite under almost all temperature conditions
2873:
2583:
2538:
2261:
2251:
2150:
1191:
1073:
1069:
1010:
594:). Polyester and nylon resist ignition, and melt rather than catch fire.
473:
420:
378:
286:
1740:
959:
Non-combustible: means that a material meets the acceptance criteria of
570:
was unfavorable and industry had used falsified documentation (i.e. see
1049:
828:
816:
541:
488:
441:
399:
382:
256:
is the ease with which a combustible substance can be ignited, causing
76:
43:
1632:
243:
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals
53:
Sample Holder for DIN4102 Flammability Class B1 Vertical Shaft Furnace
1404:
Common Errors in English Usage, The Web Site of Professor Paul Brians
1126:
1076:
1043:
1002:
723:
455:
428:
424:
403:
285:
by altering the flammability of the contents requires the owner of a
234:
2091:
Division of Occupational Safety and Health, N.C. Department of Labor
2085:
Division of Occupational Safety and Health, N.C. Department of Labor
2039:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1325:
E.g. NFPA 651 (aluminium), NFPA 652 (magnesium), NFPA 655 (sulphur)
748:
has yet to adopt a comprehensive set of rules on combustible dust.
2914:
2868:
2094:
950:
Combustible: A material that fails to meet acceptance criteria of
741:
733:
661:
is a measure of how easily a substance bursts into flame, through
591:
501:
335:
95:
71:
56:
48:
29:
689:
substances are preferred for building materials and furnishings.
427:/ a complicated mixture of hydrocarbons that includes isomers of
2863:
1693:
Investigation Report No. 2006-H-1, Combustible Dust Hazard Study
1247:
1204:
736:, especially magnesium, titanium and aluminum, as well as other
662:
582:
signed the modified TB117-2013, which became effective in 2014.
536:
483:
257:
122:
2098:
1884:
Thangarasu, Vinoth; Anand, R. (2019-01-01), Azad, Kalam (ed.),
1786:
39th AIChE Loss Prevention Symposium Session on Dust Explosions
293:
design basis of the facility can take the change into account.
2003:
730:
or some other oxidizing medium over a range of concentrations.
1119:
289:
to apply for a building permit to make sure that the overall
982:
Flame continuously for 10 seconds or more inside the furnace
913:
For existing buildings, fire codes focus on maintaining the
172:. The word "inflammable" came through French from the Latin
2824:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
1068:
DIN 4102 B1 (difficult to ignite/often self-extinguishing)
746:
United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
986:
Otherwise, the material is classified as non-combustible.
1360:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1316:
I.e. they can pass through a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve.
971:
476-4:1970 defines a test for combustibility in which a
34:
DIN4102 Flammability Class B1 Vertical Shaft Furnace at
2028:
2023:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
1929:, Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 661â694,
121:
and produce a blast wave. A piece of paper (made from
27:
Ability to easily ignite in air at ambient temperatures
1105:
DIN 4102 B3: Polyurethane foam (easy to ignite = many
941:, combustibility is defined by the local code. In the
416:
Flammable substances include, but are not limited to:
94:
material is a material that can burn (i.e., sustain a
1663:"Hazard Communication Guidance for Combustible Dusts"
1115:
681:
or storage remote from possible sources of ignition.
1850:"Sugar refinery near Savannah determined to rebuild"
2944:
2923:
2851:
2804:
2740:
2667:
2476:
2314:
2132:
1890:
Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment
345:
Materials that must be preheated before they ignite
2619:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1822:"Lives and a Georgia Community's Anchor Are Lost"
1686:
1684:
1682:
1344:inflammable, a. (n.) 1. combustible a. and n. 1.
98:) in air under certain conditions. A material is
79:test apparatus for determining combustibility at
1439:. U.S. Department of Labor. 2006. Archived from
1389:. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2009. 357. Print.
1129:, as well as some of its constituent materials.
556:(TB 117), which required that materials such as
1437:Occupational Safety & Health Administration
732:In addition to wood, combustible dusts include
1118:4102. DIN 4102, as well as its British cousin
772:approximately 100 fatalities and 600 injuries.
629:International Organization for Standardization
2110:
1667:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
8:
1657:
1655:
1653:
80:
35:
2427:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
2117:
2103:
2095:
2089:Combustible Dust: A Major Hot Work Hazard"
1570:
1568:
1134:
1093:DIN 4102 B2: Timber, normal combustibility
2812:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
2059:Learn how and when to remove this message
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
712:A number of industrial processes produce
623:International Electrotechnical Commission
303:Hazardous Materials Identification System
2145:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1923:"Chapter 20 - Propellant Systems Safety"
892:points and higher flammability ratings.
720:. Combustible dust has been defined as:
314:
2791:Listing and approval use and compliance
1337:
1309:
1020:
716:as a by-product. The most common being
598:is the most flammable synthetic fiber.
1552:"These clothes are the most flammable"
1468:(Report). pp. 1â8. Archived from
1423:
1421:
625:IEC 60707, 60695-11-10 and 60695-11-20
2836:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1916:
1914:
1879:
1877:
7:
2987:
2830:National Fire Protection Association
1376:. Toronto: Dundurn, 2004. 96. Print.
1017:Categorization of building materials
635:National Fire Protection Association
307:National Fire Protection Association
221:. For example, in the United States
521:Examples of nonflammable substances
83:Technische Universität Braunschweig
38:Technische Universität Braunschweig
2332:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
1606:. 8 September 2011. Archived from
1030:DIN4102 A1 noncombustible rockwool
25:
2707:Fire alarm notification appliance
1820:Dewan, Shaila (9 February 2008).
1521:. PBS Newshour. January 1, 2014.
2986:
2975:
2974:
2305:
2008:
1855:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1525:from the original on Nov 2, 2014
1098:
1086:
1072:caulking used as a component in
1061:
1035:
1023:
943:National Building Code of Canada
790:, resulting in thirteen deaths.
412:Examples of flammable substances
2468:Vehicle fire suppression system
2156:Combustibility and flammability
2078:CAN4-S114 CAN/ULC-S114 Abstract
1927:Safety Design for Space Systems
1751:Smith, Sandy (7 February 2012)
866:lower explosive limit (LFL/LEL)
854:Flammability or explosive range
1848:Chapman, Dan (13 April 2008).
1387:Garner's Modern American Usage
297:Classification of flammability
136:holds for chemical reactions.
1:
2818:Institution of Fire Engineers
2775:Fire Safety Evaluation System
2447:Personal protective equipment
1406:. Washington State University
939:Authority Having Jurisdiction
2889:GHS precautionary statements
2727:Manual fire alarm activation
1288:Surface area to volume ratio
945:, it is defined as follows:
312:The ratings are as follows:
2760:Fire protection engineering
2692:Explosive gas leak detector
2509:Electromagnetic door holder
2342:External water spray system
1122:476 include for testing of
301:The US Government uses the
3051:
2936:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
2327:Automatic fire suppression
2267:K-factor (fire protection)
1372:Sherk, Bill. "fireproof",
993:
908:International Code Council
899:
838:
705:
618:UL 94 Flammability Testing
332:Materials that do not burn
2970:
2842:Underwriters Laboratories
2677:Aspirating smoke detector
2337:Detonation flame arrester
2303:
1346:Oxford English Dictionary
1298:Underwriters Laboratories
794:Important characteristics
615:Underwriters Laboratories
128:Common sense (and indeed
68:for inflammable chemicals
2786:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2702:Fire alarm control panel
2682:Carbon monoxide detector
2659:Standpipe (firefighting)
2422:Gaseous fire suppression
2187:Enthalpy of vaporization
1797:O'Brien, Michael (2008)
871:upper flammability limit
861:lower flammability limit
784:Imperial Sugar Company's
693:Non-combustible material
225:, by definition, have a
2629:Pressurisation ductwork
2594:Firewall (construction)
2442:Passive fire protection
2392:Fire suppression system
1348:. 2nd ed. 2009. CD-rom.
1268:Passive fire protection
1124:passive fire protection
927:passive fire protection
827:as potential workplace
819:) are regulated in the
788:Port Wentworth, Georgia
780:explosion of sugar dust
776:Kinston, North Carolina
2805:Industry organizations
2770:Fire-resistance rating
2649:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2624:Penetration (firestop)
2614:Packing (firestopping)
2322:Active fire protection
2282:Spontaneous combustion
1374:500 Years of New Words
1263:Active fire protection
1141:Degree of flammability
923:active fire protection
554:Technical Bulletin 117
548:Furniture flammability
321:Degree of flammability
87:
81:
69:
54:
46:
36:
2957:Template:Firefighting
2931:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2884:GHS hazard statements
2387:Fire sprinkler system
2367:Fire-retardant fabric
1201:Normal combustibility
1180:Difficult to ignite (
1166:â98% noncombustible (
1152:100% noncombustible (
876:upper explosive limit
75:
60:
52:
33:
3030:Explosion protection
2741:Professions, trades,
2654:Smokeproof enclosure
2514:Electromagnetic lock
2222:Flammability diagram
2133:Fundamental concepts
2029:improve this article
532:Carbon tetrachloride
134:conservation of mass
130:scientific consensus
3035:Chemical properties
2697:Fire alarm call box
2604:Heat and smoke vent
2041:footnote references
1960:ch302.cm.utexas.edu
1714:on 21 December 2016
1576:"Flammable Fabrics"
744:. As of 2012, the
586:Fabric flammability
2669:Fire alarm systems
2484:Annulus (firestop)
2412:Flashback arrestor
2377:Fire-safe polymers
2372:Fire retardant gel
2227:Flammability limit
1827:The New York Times
1804:2012-05-07 at the
1637:ASTM International
1385:Garner, Bryan A.,
1293:Ultrafine particle
1243:Explosive material
1216:leicht entflammbar
1190:and some high end
1182:schwer entflammbar
738:carbon-based dusts
631:ISO 9772 and 9773.
170:capable of burning
88:
70:
55:
47:
3002:
3001:
2910:Safety data sheet
2905:List of S-phrases
2900:List of R-phrases
2796:Sprinkler fitting
2687:Circuit integrity
2559:Fire extinguisher
2397:Firefighting foam
2292:Thermal radiation
2069:
2068:
2061:
1984:codes.iccsafe.org
1936:978-0-7506-8580-1
1899:978-0-08-102728-8
1578:. City of Phoenix
1273:Flammable liquids
1227:
1226:
461:Isopropyl alcohol
409:
408:
223:flammable liquids
138:Antoine Lavoisier
16:(Redirected from
3042:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2977:
2894:Life Safety Code
2499:Compartmentation
2309:
2232:Flammable liquid
2119:
2112:
2105:
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2064:
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2050:
2044:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1994:
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1956:"Vapor Pressure"
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1862:on June 29, 2011
1858:. Archived from
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1839:
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1814:
1808:
1795:
1789:
1788:Atlanta, Georgia
1775:
1769:
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1707:, archived from
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1554:. Sikker hverdag
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1214:Easily ignited (
1135:
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1027:
1009:must be made of
1005:, for instance,
933:Code definitions
753:Accumulated dust
728:suspended in air
714:combustible dust
702:Combustible dust
563:flame retardants
349:lubricating oils
315:
231:Flammable solids
119:explosive flames
86:
41:
21:
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3015:Fire protection
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2589:Firestop pillow
2524:Emergency light
2477:Building design
2472:
2463:Tank blanketing
2432:Inerting system
2407:Flame retardant
2357:Fire protection
2352:Fire prevention
2310:
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2166:Dangerous goods
2128:
2126:Fire protection
2123:
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2017:This article's
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1980:"Digital Codes"
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1278:Flammable limit
1258:Fire protection
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925:as well as the
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197:non-combustible
189:non-inflammable
154:
107:vapour pressure
28:
23:
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11:
5:
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3025:Thermodynamics
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2489:Area of refuge
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2182:Dust explosion
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2021:external links
2016:
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2000:External links
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1639:. Oct 10, 2022
1624:
1613:on Dec 6, 2018
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994:Main article:
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889:vapor pressure
884:
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708:Dust explosion
706:Main article:
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687:Fire resistant
659:Combustibility
655:
654:Combustibility
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156:Historically,
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18:Combustibility
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1500:on 2013-05-24
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1443:on 2007-07-02
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1400:"inflammable"
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2980:
2879:Flame spread
2765:Fireproofing
2743:and services
2644:Smoke damper
2634:Safety glass
2569:Fire hydrant
2534:Fire curtain
2494:Booster pump
2453:Relief valve
2417:Fusible link
2207:Fire loading
2202:Fire control
2172:Deflagration
2155:
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2031:by removing
2018:
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1983:
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1074:firestopping
1047:fireproofing
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558:polyurethane
551:
507:Nitromethane
415:
353:cooking oils
311:
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266:fire testing
254:Flammability
253:
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249:Flammability
241:created the
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117:can undergo
111:surface area
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2599:Grease duct
2554:Fire escape
2544:Fire damper
2437:Intumescent
2382:Fire safety
2347:Fire bucket
2242:Flash point
1529:November 1,
1429:"A Guide to
1222:polystyrene
1107:hydrocarbon
1080:penetration
1054:polystyrene
1042:DIN4102 A2
915:occupancies
847:flame point
835:Flame point
805:flash point
799:Flash point
782:rocked the
765:pulverizing
580:Jerry Brown
396:natural gas
366:diesel fuel
227:flash point
219:combustible
215:combustible
213:applies to
166:combustible
162:inflammable
152:Definitions
146:water vapor
92:combustible
3009:Categories
2896:(NFPA 101)
2859:CE marking
2712:Fire drill
2315:Technology
2212:Fire point
2197:Fire class
2177:Detonation
1989:2023-04-10
1965:2023-04-10
1942:2023-04-10
1905:2023-04-10
1672:2023-04-10
1643:2023-04-10
1617:6 December
1582:2023-06-20
1558:2023-06-20
1504:2014-11-04
1479:2014-11-04
1447:2015-03-12
1333:References
1283:Power tool
973:technician
841:Fire point
809:atmosphere
757:Collectors
675:by-product
667:combustion
576:flame test
278:fire codes
262:combustion
174:inflammÄre
2852:Standards
2781:Fire test
2609:Occupancy
2574:Fire pump
2564:Fire hose
2549:Fire door
2529:Exit sign
2504:Crash bar
2277:Pyrolysis
2272:Pool fire
2237:Flashover
2192:Explosive
2140:Backdraft
2033:excessive
1756:EHS Today
1718:21 August
1705:246682805
1253:Fire test
1192:silicones
1144:Examples
1007:firewalls
996:Fire test
919:apartment
815:(38
786:plant at
718:wood dust
608:fire test
324:Examples
283:occupancy
274:insurance
211:Flammable
205:fireproof
158:flammable
115:wood dust
100:flammable
66:pictogram
2981:Category
2945:See also
2874:EN 16034
2584:Firestop
2539:Fire cut
2262:Jet fire
2252:Gas leak
2168:(HAZMAT)
2151:Boilover
1802:Archived
1523:Archived
1237:See also
1070:Silicone
1011:concrete
761:grinding
578:. Gov.
474:Methanol
467:CH(OH)CH
421:Gasoline
379:gasoline
309:(NFPA).
287:building
235:powdered
2993:Commons
2826:(NCEES)
2147:(BLEVE)
2027:Please
2019:use of
1741:8391202
1410:30 June
1127:systems
1050:plaster
937:For an
829:hazards
602:Testing
596:Acrylic
542:Ceramic
489:Acetone
442:Ethanol
400:propane
383:acetone
44:Germany
2924:Awards
2838:(SFPE)
2832:(NFPA)
2814:(FEMA)
2777:(FSES)
1933:
1896:
1779:et al.
1739:
1703:
1604:NC DOI
1433:(GHS)"
1138:Rating
1077:piping
1044:gypsum
1003:Canada
734:metals
724:hazard
456:Rubber
429:octane
425:Petrol
404:butane
318:Rating
203:, and
168:meant
77:German
2915:UL 94
2869:EN 54
2820:(IFE)
2449:(PPE)
1866:7 May
1833:7 May
1712:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1600:(PDF)
1473:(PDF)
1466:(PDF)
1304:Notes
1056:beads
896:Codes
726:when
592:rayon
527:Water
502:Paper
476:/ CH
336:water
96:flame
2864:EN 3
2844:(UL)
1931:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1868:2012
1835:2012
1737:OCLC
1720:2017
1701:OCLC
1619:2018
1531:2014
1412:2012
1248:Fire
1205:wood
906:The
887:The
858:The
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825:OSHA
763:and
663:fire
537:Iron
509:/ CH
495:COCH
491:/ CH
484:Wood
463:/ CH
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258:fire
164:and
144:and
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864:or
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665:or
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