1113:
647:. Apart from their duties as commander of the Excubitors, holders of the office now also undertook other functions such as recruiting troops and interrogating suspected traitors. The count of the Excubitors was even sent to lead campaigns. The power that went with the position, and the intrigues of men like Priscus and the would-be usurper Valentinus, doomed the post to eventual decline during the latter half of the 7th century, although it is likely that the post continued in existence into the 8th century, until the corps was reorganized.
1439:
651:
956:
6948:
460:
873:, was among the leaders of a failed plot against Constantine V's life in 765, and was executed after its discovery. This initiated a purge of the new units from suspected opponents of the Emperor's policies. By the 780s, following years of imperial favour and military victories under Constantine V and his son
1372:
itself and was intended exclusively to protect the emperor. From their foundation and throughout the early period of their existence, the
Excubitors numbered 300 men. Originally recruited exclusively from Isaurians, the unit was eventually opened up to other ethnicities, but it is unclear how the new
554:) relied on the support of the Excubitors for his unchallenged accession; their count, Tiberius, was a close friend who had been appointed to the post through Justin's intervention. Tiberius was to be the Emperor's right-hand man throughout his reign, eventually succeeding him as
510:), who was entirely independent of all other officials and subordinated only to the emperor himself. By virtue of his proximity to the emperor, the count of the Excubitors became an official of great importance in the 6th and 7th centuries. This post, which can be traced up to
1668:
The fact that the unit did not partake in campaigns during the 7th century preserved it from the reforms that affected the field army during this period, so that the late antique terminology for its junior officers remained relatively intact. The domestic was assisted by a
6975:
5117:
323:
In the later part of the 7th century the
Excubitors appear to have morphed into a parade-ground formation, and they fade from the record as a corps. Individual seals of office suggest that the title of
5827:
2215:
The husband of
Maurice's sister Gordia, he was made count of the Excubitors sometime early in Maurice's reign, and held it until he retired to a monastery in 603. He also served at the same time as
1062:
of the capital atrophied during the mid-11th century, and many of them disappear in the turmoils of foreign invasion and civil wars that followed the destruction of the
Byzantine field army in the
296:. The Excubitors remained an active military unit for the next two centuries, although, as imperial bodyguards, they did not often go on campaign. Their commander, the Count of the Excubitors (
1430:
also appear in charge of administrative matters such as handing out pay to the soldiers, as well as more sensitive tasks such as delivering letters, making arrests, and preparing expeditions.
1640:, these designations no longer appear in any later source, and they may have been of brief existence. The subaltern domestic of the Excubitors may either by a copyist error, or, according to
1758:(762–846), who was himself recruited into the regiment and served there until deserting it following the Battle of Marcellae, in 773 the regiment itself was divided into at least eighteen
2105:
Count of the
Excubitors, he was charged with suppressing racing faction violence in Constantinople, and in investigating the conspiracy to assassinate Emperor Justinian in November 562.
6060:
1972:
and the
Excubitors were scattered in garrisons in Thrace and Bithynia rather than being stationed within Constantinople, making it harder for them to be used in mounting a coup.
1112:
728:
during this time, in stark contrast to the periods before and after, when the
Excubitors are attested as an active military unit. Furthermore, in many of these seals, individual
312:
was able to use this position to rise to the throne in 518, and thereafter the Counts of the
Excubitors were among the main political power-holders of their day; two more,
2644:
698:
before them, the
Excubitors degenerated to a parade-ground unit that saw no active service. Indeed, it appears that during the 7th and early 8th centuries, the titles of
5040:
1526:) of the Greens, which functioned as a militia for the defence of Constantinople, and of the regiment of the "Walls". The domestics were originally of strikingly low
931:
and the
Excubitors nevertheless continued to play an active political role in the events of the following decades: in 792, they attempted to overthrow Irene's son,
6936:
5290:
5191:
1373:
recruits were chosen. Based on the retention of late antique ranks in the middle Byzantine period, the Excubitors appear to have been structured similarly to the
6980:
6624:
5201:
5134:
842:, being loyal to the emperor's person, represented a counterbalance to the thematic armies of the provinces and constituted a powerful tool in implementing the
5149:
5144:
2009:
Count of the Excubitors under Emperor Anastasius I, before becoming emperor. As count of the Excubitors, he took part in the suppression of the rebellion of
1332:
6225:
5211:
5186:
1644:, indicate a subordinate official in charge of Excubitors stationed in the provinces; indeed such provincial detachments are attested, albeit only for the
382:), before rising to the throne in 820. The Excubitors fought in several campaigns during the following centuries, and are last attested in the disastrous
6576:
6559:
5216:
5196:
120:
6275:
6121:
6093:
5737:
5729:
5206:
5139:
781:
in 687, the Excubitors as a corps disappear from the historical sources until they re-emerge, under a new commander, the domestic of the Excubitors (
6471:
5832:
2878:
1301:
1263:
946:
against the Bulgars, and in 797, their support was crucial for Irene's overthrowing her own son and replacing him as sole ruler; and again, the two
6320:
4756:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
911:
were extensively employed in campaigns during this period: their participation is attested at least for Constantine V's 773 campaign against the
1924:, modern scholars are of differing opinions regarding its numerical strength. Drawing on the lists of officers and accounts of Arab geographers
6800:
6325:
6724:
5484:
5477:
5033:
4970:
4949:
4925:
4833:
1527:
6335:
5623:
2387:
916:
124:
6476:
2734:
5467:
6985:
6805:
6218:
4740:
6906:
5472:
4885:
4857:
4802:
4778:
4721:
4693:
4671:
4647:
4625:
4604:
1032:
in 949, the Byzantine force included a contingent of over 700 Excubitors. In 958, the Excubitors participated in the repulsion of a
898:, on the throne, and in 785/86 Irene forcibly disarmed them and exiled some 1,500 tagmatic soldiers due to their resistance to the
1500:), is well attested in the various lists of offices in the 9th–10th centuries, where it is held in tandem with that of the chief (
6995:
5969:
5026:
1421:
1325:
1271:
1165:
836:. As such the Excubitors were no longer a palace guard, but a unit actively engaged in military campaigns. At the same time, the
658:
The participation of the Excubitors in campaigns is well attested, such as in 598, when Emperor Maurice took them to defend the
6941:
6763:
5295:
5063:
2207:
583:
181:
330:
became an honorific dignity rather than an active military appointment during the early part of the 8th century. This changed
6911:
6901:
6773:
6694:
6380:
5952:
5896:
5817:
5684:
4712:
2321:
1369:
1152:
6512:
740:—are shown to have conjointly held bureaucratic offices, while at least one seal is known of a certain George, who was both
1634:, was split in two units, one for the West and one for the East, each headed by a respective domestic. However, unlike the
6768:
6758:
6673:
6428:
6213:
3036:
2261:
2181:
2074:
1085:
201:
189:
169:
112:
6990:
6842:
6810:
6714:
6423:
6395:
6203:
5742:
3045:
383:
148:
1053:
890:
had become firm adherents to the iconoclast cause. Within less than two months of Leo V's death in 780, Empress-regent
624:) as emperor. Valentinus dominated the new regime, but his attempt to become emperor himself in 644 ended in his being
6566:
6208:
6055:
5812:
5563:
1318:
1234:
1182:
1077:
987:); the Domestic of the Excubitors fell in the field along with the other senior Byzantine generals, including Emperor
6886:
6832:
6571:
6443:
6433:
6133:
6013:
5891:
5822:
5710:
5679:
5522:
5462:
2226:
2054:
1645:
1296:
1135:
829:
598:
185:
6746:
6270:
6126:
5911:
5802:
5689:
4877:
4640:
Byzantine Praetorians. An Administrative, Institutional and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata, c. 580-900
1761:
1267:
894:
had to foil an attempt spearheaded by the Domestic of the Excubitors to place Constantine V's exiled second son,
828:
were cavalry units, armed and equipped by the imperial arms factories to a higher standard than the provincial ('
4577:
The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos
6045:
5797:
5284:
2665:
2275:. Named count of the Excubitors in succession to Priscus, he led Byzantine troops against the Sasanians around
2062:
1572:
1286:
1238:
1021:
899:
136:
5163:
2172:
of Tiberius, he was probably appointed count of the Excubitors as the latter's successor when Tiberius became
1406:
among the ranks of the later, middle Byzantine incarnation of the Excubitors, however, it is thought that the
456:
and eventually degenerated to parade-ground formations, the Excubitors long remained a crack fighting force.
1291:
6951:
6375:
6101:
5921:
5807:
2775:
1617:), as well as a subaltern "Domestic of the Excubitors". This has led to the suggestion that, probably under
1305:
1192:
870:
313:
173:
4792:
846:
pursued by Constantine V. Their original role as palace guardians was taken over by another, newly created
6876:
6466:
6308:
5752:
5558:
5532:
5527:
5300:
5276:
5272:
5239:
2774:
and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office. Potentially identical with a namesake
2730:
2035:
1810:). The post was originally that of a standard-bearer, but after Constantine V's reform of the unit into a
1438:
1259:
999:
912:
533:
369:
2240:
before being appointed as count of the Excubitors, shortly after Phocas came to power. In 607 he married
6594:
6448:
5638:
5548:
5512:
5397:
5127:
5122:
4768:
3028:
2782:
1960:, based on a more conservative reading of sources, have provided estimates of around 1,000 men for each
1641:
1400:
both suggested that they were a separate, although possibly related, unit. Based on the presence of the
1040:
498:
144:
6185:
1741:). He may have commanded provincial detachments of the regiment, and there may have been more than one
2328:, and was given the position of count of the Excubitors. From this post, he led campaigns against the
2256:
against the Sasanians, but was dismissed and forced to retire as a monk by Heraclius in December 612.
955:
6837:
6820:
6641:
6400:
6365:
6248:
6180:
5715:
5658:
4750:
2602:
2312:
1929:
1755:
1413:
965:
925:
by Irene, despite their iconoclastic bias, is testament to their effectiveness as a field force. The
843:
602:
358:
193:
2972:(uncertain reading) and domestic of the Excubitors of the West, known only from his seal of office.
1383:. Since they were a bodyguard unit intended to serve in the palace, they were most likely infantry.
5747:
5663:
5653:
5517:
5280:
5268:
5155:
2729:
and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office. Possibly to be identified with
2472:
1494:
The regimental commander, the domestic of the Excubitors (often also shortened to "the Excubitor",
1063:
943:
895:
451:
128:
6947:
6825:
6815:
6689:
6360:
6243:
6160:
6023:
5375:
5355:
5335:
5325:
5091:
5006:
4907:
4788:
4764:
2803:
2329:
2010:
1736:
1025:
1010:
799:
642:
400:
277:
140:
717:
2332:, and may have been responsible for the overthrow of Heraklonas and his mother, Empress-regent
2118:
He was appointed count of the Excubitors during the reign of Justinian I, and was a protégé of
1918:
of the Excubitors and its subdivisions can not be determined with certainty; as with the other
357:
of the middle-Byzantine period. Notable members of the regiment during this time include Saint
6881:
6786:
6719:
6699:
6667:
6599:
6586:
6507:
6502:
6253:
6018:
5868:
5387:
5340:
5330:
5320:
4998:
4966:
4945:
4921:
4917:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600
4899:
4881:
4853:
4829:
4798:
4774:
4736:
4717:
4707:
4703:
4689:
4667:
4643:
4621:
4600:
4581:
2333:
2269:
A cousin of the Emperor Heraclius, he participated in the overthrow of Phocas and was named a
2158:
1594:
1540:
874:
650:
606:
572:
443:
317:
287:
274:
177:
1956:
with the division of the regiments in the mid-10th century. Other scholars, most prominently
6751:
6544:
6492:
6438:
6405:
6355:
6148:
6138:
5916:
5604:
5496:
5419:
5402:
5380:
5365:
5350:
5264:
5049:
4867:
4843:
4821:
2553:
1933:
1477:
1417:
1187:
1140:
1029:
977:
973:
714:
as court dignities, paralleling the development of similar formerly military titles such as
605:, who secured it during the power struggles that accompanied the regency of Empress-dowager
433:
424:
344:
132:
63:
459:
6896:
6729:
6709:
6704:
6659:
6649:
6609:
6604:
6549:
6330:
5936:
5853:
5848:
5588:
5578:
5414:
5408:
5392:
5370:
5360:
5345:
2967:
2463:
2187:
2130:
1863:
1578:
1380:
1202:
1177:
1127:
891:
678:
663:
659:
437:
280:. The 300-strong force, originally recruited from among the warlike mountain tribe of the
4575:
2141:. When Justin II became insane, as the most influential member of the court he was named
2086:
as an austere and incorruptible man, who took part in the discovery of the conspiracy of
1350:
The internal structure of the regiment during its first centuries is obscure. Unlike the
4733:
Die byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert: Studien zur Organisation der Tagmata
6734:
6614:
6347:
6106:
6000:
5986:
5785:
5648:
5489:
5244:
4911:
4903:
4895:
2988:
2911:
2821:
2144:
1925:
1657:
1653:
1397:
1365:
1220:
1197:
1104:
932:
487:
479:
354:
270:
247:
217:
101:
85:
1379:. Their arms and equipment are unknown, other than that they are recorded as carrying
631:
By the late 6th century, the count of the Excubitors held the highest court ranks, of
6969:
6654:
6531:
6497:
6235:
6170:
6143:
6028:
5643:
5583:
4825:
3049:
3009:
2091:
1702:
1561:
1081:
855:
805:
689:
518:
350:
338:
74:
1575:. At the same time, the court dignities they held rose to the much loftier ranks of
6415:
6390:
6370:
6175:
6153:
6008:
5256:
5251:
5085:
4935:
4813:
4681:
2932:
2058:
1207:
1067:
988:
833:
767:
4939:
4915:
4871:
4847:
4661:
4615:
4594:
1028:
in 917, both heavy defeats against the Bulgarians. In the expedition against the
17:
6916:
6891:
6385:
6195:
5962:
5568:
5553:
4657:
4635:
4530:
4491:
4475:
4459:
4443:
4427:
4411:
4357:
4341:
4325:
4261:
4233:
4188:
3024:
2846:
2110:
2031:
1957:
1805:
1751:
1672:
1649:
778:
614:
555:
97:
3902:
2946:
Mentioned in a deed from southern Italy, possibly identical with the previous.
6190:
6050:
6040:
5863:
5573:
4585:
4571:
3100:
2984:
2561:
2325:
2253:
1822:
probably functioned as junior officers. The junior officers also included the
1618:
1533:
1243:
1224:
790:
610:
373:
197:
5002:
4960:
6739:
6619:
6111:
5979:
5926:
5858:
2815:
2596:
2249:
2241:
2119:
2087:
2083:
1554:
1503:
1393:
1145:
1044:
919:
in 782. Indeed, the historian John Haldon remarks that the retention of the
667:
634:
544:
465:
418:
293:
281:
116:
2643:
and domestic of the Excubitors, he is recorded among the attendants at the
1020:) and raised him to the throne. The regiment also fought at the battles of
5018:
2425:]), executed by Constantine V during his purge of iconophiles in 765.
517:, was usually held by close members of the imperial family, often virtual
6265:
6165:
6116:
5974:
5906:
5694:
4754:
2445:
2001:
1881:
1872:, now much reduced in prominence). There were also the usual messengers (
1847:
1357:
1170:
625:
522:
471:
309:
165:
89:
5010:
4944:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
1551:
the domestic of the Excubitors came behind all the thematic commanders (
1538:, 'sword-bearers'), but they gradually rose to importance: while in the
6631:
6517:
6458:
5957:
5931:
5609:
2874:
2276:
2134:
2066:
2039:
1722:
1605:, records the existence of a "Domestic of the Excubitors of the East" (
1157:
1072:
1033:
6554:
6260:
6035:
5901:
3075:
3069:
3063:
2964:
2958:
2868:
2844:
2838:
2813:
2807:
2769:
2752:
2724:
2718:
2702:
2696:
2680:
2659:
2638:
2622:
2594:
2588:
2570:
2541:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2487:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2381:
2375:
2354:
2348:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2270:
2245:
2235:
2197:
2138:
1961:
1919:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1851:
1835:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1767:
1759:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1700:
1670:
1584:
1576:
1566:
1552:
1531:
1521:
1515:
1501:
1481:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1420:
speculates that they fulfilled a role similar to the regular cavalry
1361:
1229:
1057:
1048:
947:
920:
906:
885:
864:
853:
847:
837:
823:
804:, which comprised the elite professional central army established by
797:
788:
587:
503:
342:
257:
93:
2757:
and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.
2707:
and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.
2685:
and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.
2492:
and domestic of the Excubitors, known only from his seal of office.
4794:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527–641
998:). The most prominent domestic of the Excubitors of the period was
4770:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527
4716:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 646–647.
1437:
954:
458:
429:
386:
in 1081 that destroyed the remnants of the middle-Byzantine army.
722:. This is evidenced by a large number of seals naming individual
421:, as part of Leo's effort to counterbalance the influence of the
6539:
1368:, the Excubitors were a small and elite unit that served in the
6865:
6296:
6081:
5773:
5440:
5061:
5022:
2462:]), he participated in a conspiracy against Empress-regent
2548:
2458:
2421:
474:, the first commander of the Excubitors to rise to the throne.
3402:
3400:
3398:
2034:, he became count of the Excubitors but fell foul of Empress
1899:
1873:
1857:
1841:
1829:
1797:
1773:
1708:
1678:
1612:
1606:
1509:
1495:
1465:
1453:
1056:, was taken captive. As with most of the Byzantine army, the
782:
632:
491:
377:
303:
251:
6976:
Military units and formations established in the 5th century
3964:
3962:
3145:
3143:
4920:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 288–314.
4663:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
2569:
The future emperor Michael II was appointed to the post of
4753:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
2475:, and finally was arrested and imprisoned in a monastery.
1356:, which comprised several sub-units garrisoned throughout
582:). Under Maurice, the post was held by his brother-in-law
4962:
John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057
4617:
The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power
3453:
3451:
3201:
3199:
2178:. He likely held his post in tandem with the position of
952:
were crucial in the deposition of Irene herself in 802.
96:(8th–11th centuries), provincial detachments at least in
4391:
4389:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
3937:
3935:
3882:
3880:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3569:
3567:
3482:
3480:
3478:
1486:, with a few variations in the titles of its officers.
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3174:
3172:
3170:
1719:
was of relatively low-to-middle court rank (originally
1416:
officers of the count of the Excubitors. The historian
1043:
of 1030, where they were ambushed and dispersed by the
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
3622:
3620:
3618:
2824:
describes him as a valiant and distinguished warrior.
2320:
An Armenian aristocrat, he enforced the coronation of
4991:
Byzantion, Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines
4686:
Byzantine Military Unrest, 471–843: An Interpretation
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4201:
4199:
4197:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3759:
3757:
2806:
in 917. His father Maroules had been Domestic of the
2065:. He was murdered in Easter 536 in the mutiny led by
2013:, leading the imperial fleet against the rebel navy.
1981:
1784:
as the main subaltern officers of the regiment. Each
1442:
Seal of inos (?), domestic of the Imperial Excubitors
417:
and were recruited from among the sturdy and warlike
3241:
3239:
3237:
2575:
by Leo V in 813, and held it for a number of years.
1778:), showing the retention of the role of the earlier
478:
The unit was headed by the count of the Excubitors (
6782:
6682:
6640:
6585:
6530:
6485:
6457:
6414:
6346:
6307:
6234:
6092:
5999:
5945:
5884:
5841:
5784:
5728:
5703:
5672:
5631:
5622:
5597:
5541:
5505:
5451:
5309:
5225:
5172:
5103:
5074:
4989:Croke, Brian (2005). "Leo I and the Palace Guard".
4852:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
2987:, who records him as domestic of the Excubitors of
2658:
An Armenian nobleman, he was regimental commander (
2601:of the racing faction of the Greens, under Emperor
1611:), and a "Domestic of the Excubitors of the West" (
976:in 811, when the Byzantine army was routed by Tsar
320:, rose to become emperors in the late 6th century.
159:
154:
108:
81:
69:
59:
39:
34:
2873:and domestic of the Excubitors when he defeated a
1076:, where they are recorded as participating at the
863:Nevertheless, the possibly first commander of the
521:. Thus it was the support of his men that secured
2386:, and domestic of the Excubitors, grandfather of
1747:at the same time, for each of these detachments.
1565:of 899, the domestic is shown as superior to the
1424:, commanding troops of 30 men each, but the
532:), who held the post at the time of the death of
4596:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180
2802:He commanded the regiment and was killed at the
796:) and in a new capacity, as one of the imperial
2877:raid in the Balkans. Identified by some with a
1790:was further divided into sub-units headed by a
5409:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
3057:Martinos (possibly also Marianos or Adrianos)
2252:for the overthrow of Phocas. He led troops in
654:Lead seal of the Excubitor Basil (7th century)
5034:
2843:", he participated with over 700 men and his
2186:(commander-in-chief of the East) against the
1326:
1066:in 1071. The Excubitors are last attested in
8:
4873:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
2082:Count of the Excubitors, he is described by
440:. Unlike the older palace regiments of the
4759:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
3650:
3110:
3104:
3074:and "Domestic of the Imperial Excubitors" (
3003:
2926:
2905:
2882:
2467:
2216:
2191:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2142:
2053:As count of the Excubitors, he served with
2025:
1967:
1944:
1867:
1803:
1779:
1684:
1635:
1629:
1425:
1407:
1401:
1387:
1374:
1351:
972:The Excubitors took part in the disastrous
959:
926:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
715:
705:
699:
693:
640:
566:
543:), his elevation to the throne. Similarly,
463:
449:
441:
422:
353:regiments that constituted the core of the
325:
297:
285:
231:
225:
6862:
6313:
6304:
6293:
6089:
6078:
5790:
5781:
5770:
5628:
5455:
5448:
5437:
5071:
5058:
5041:
5027:
5019:
4172:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4028:
2851:in the failed expedition to Crete in 949.
1904:), possibly entrusted with police duties.
1452:, the regiment (often called collectively
1333:
1319:
1095:
73:Imperial guard (mid-5th – 7th centuries),
4965:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4773:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4735:(in German). Vienna: Fassbaender Verlag.
4004:
3980:
3953:
3847:
3674:
3609:
3597:
3558:
3534:
3498:
3305:
3293:
3269:
3205:
3161:
3149:
2090:. In 552, he was member of an embassy to
2061:, where he played a critical role in the
692:. During the later 7th century, like the
565:). He too would be succeeded by his own
372:, who served as regimental commander, or
341:reformed the corps into one of the élite
4706:(1991). "Domestikos ton exkoubiton". In
649:
609:in 641, before deposing her and her son
3638:
3546:
3457:
3406:
3127:
3092:
3080:), known only from his seal of office.
2983:The grandfather of the military writer
2521:), known only from his seal of office.
2359:), known only from his seal of office.
2307:), known only from his seal of office.
1936:suggested an establishment strength of
1571:of the European themes and even to the
1278:
1252:
1119:
1103:
1039:The Excubitors took part in the failed
448:, which were under the control of the
4395:
4309:
4245:
4217:
3992:
3968:
3926:
3886:
3871:
3835:
3775:
3736:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3662:
3585:
3573:
3522:
3510:
3486:
3469:
3442:
3418:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3228:
3178:
2336:. Possibly identical to the previous.
1608:δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων τῆς ἀνατολῆς
1009:), whose supporters overthrew Emperor
31:
4599:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
3317:
3281:
3257:
3190:
2279:, before going to Egypt as governor.
1392:in the corps has been controversial:
766:After being mentioned in a letter by
246:, i.e. 'sentinels'; transcribed into
7:
6981:Guards units of the Byzantine Empire
4554:
4542:
4514:
4380:
4284:
4205:
4016:
3941:
3914:
3859:
3823:
3811:
3792:
3763:
3748:
3626:
3430:
3245:
3044:Commanded the Excubitors during the
3008:who was killed during the revolt of
2645:869 Church council in Constantinople
2388:Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople
2234:Already a distinguished general and
1614:δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων τῆς δύσεως
688:some Excubitors appear as guards to
125:Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)
4818:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
4614:Evans, James Allan Stewart (1996).
4580:. London: Oxford University Press.
3077:domestikos tōn basilikōn exkoubitōn
964:of Emperor Michael II and his son,
4713:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
3134:
2413:) and domestic of the Excubitors (
1978:Known commanders of the Excubitors
308:), soon acquired great influence.
25:
6907:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
4941:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
2196:in 582. By 577/78, he was also a
1966:. For security reasons, both the
1628:), the regiment, like the senior
1559:) in order of precedence, in the
1520:) members of the racing faction (
711:
506:komēs tōn exkoubitōn/exkoubitorōn
493:κόμης τῶν ἐξκουβίτων/ἐξκουβιτόρων
121:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
6946:
4849:Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081
4826:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah19072
4642:. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
4526:
4487:
4471:
4455:
4439:
4423:
4407:
4353:
4337:
4321:
4257:
4229:
4184:
3898:
3023:Commanded the Excubitors during
2450:and domestic of the Excubitors (
2129:he led the campaign against the
1892:, some of whom were also termed
1583:('first sword-bearer') and even
1386:The presence of officers called
1111:
601:. Another powerful occupant was
395:Early period: Imperial bodyguard
5296:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
5118:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
4688:. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
1802:, deriving from the late Roman
1766:, probably each commanded by a
1623:
1015:
1004:
993:
982:
937:
879:
810:
772:
672:
619:
592:
577:
560:
549:
538:
527:
405:
399:The Excubitors were founded by
6381:Great Palace of Constantinople
6122:Patriarchate of Constantinople
4234:Strategios Podopaguros (#7130)
2621:An Armenian, he commanded the
2304:komēs tou basilikou exkoubitou
1750:Based on a reference from the
1446:In its later incarnation as a
1084:in 1081, under the command of
917:Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor
1:
4593:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002).
3368:, pp. 121, 136, 161–162.
2887:
2859:
2613:
2552:]), he was killed at the
2218:magister militum per Orientem
2182:magister militum per Orientem
2123:
1950:
1937:
1599:
1545:
1047:, while their commander, the
816:
682:
511:
411:
362:
331:
263:
50:
43:
6843:University of Constantinople
6424:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
5574:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
5263:Byzantine successor states (
3115:the guards stationed there..
3076:
3070:
3064:
2965:
2959:
2869:
2845:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2770:
2765:late 9th/early 10th century
2753:
2725:
2719:
2703:
2697:
2681:
2660:
2639:
2623:
2595:
2589:
2571:
2542:
2536:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2488:
2453:domestikos tōn ekskoubitorōn
2452:
2444:
2438:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2382:
2376:
2364:Domestics of the Excubitors
2355:
2349:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2271:
2236:
2198:
1962:
1920:
1914:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1852:
1836:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1768:
1760:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1701:
1671:
1585:
1577:
1567:
1553:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1502:
1482:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1058:
1049:
948:
921:
907:
886:
865:
854:
848:
838:
832:') forces, likely including
824:
798:
789:
775: 685–695, 705–711
762:Later period: Elite regiment
504:
343:
258:
149:Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)
6513:Saint Catherine's Monastery
5569:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
5564:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
4959:Wortley, John, ed. (2010).
4731:Kühn, Hans-Joachim (1991).
4163:, pp. 1354–1355, 1510.
4127:, pp. 1052–1057, 1510.
4091:, pp. 1324–1325, 1510.
2867:He is mentioned as being a
2837:Referred to simply as "the
2356:komēs tou theiou exkoubitou
2295:and "Count of the Imperial
1949:and the Excubitors rose to
1476:) was structured along the
1132:'Classical' Byzantine army
7012:
6902:Neo-Byzantine architecture
5523:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2980:turn of 10th/11th century
2543:domestikos tou ekskoubitou
2416:domestikos tōn ekskoubitōn
2190:, until he himself became
1900:
1874:
1858:
1842:
1830:
1798:
1774:
1709:
1679:
1613:
1607:
1510:
1496:
1466:
1454:
783:
492:
378:
304:
253:ἐξκουβίτορες or ἐξκούβιτοι
252:
113:Maurice's Balkan campaigns
77:(mid-8th – 11th centuries)
6986:Late Roman military units
6929:
6872:
6861:
6472:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
6316:
6303:
6292:
6088:
6077:
5793:
5780:
5769:
5458:
5447:
5436:
5070:
5057:
4878:Stanford University Press
4358:Michael II. (#4990/corr.)
4139:, pp. 940–942, 1510.
4067:, pp. 815–816, 1510.
4031:, pp. 649–650, 1295.
2518:domestikos tou exkoubitou
2363:
1996:Counts of the Excubitors
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
784:δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων
379:δομέστικος τῶν ἐξκουβίτων
27:Byzantine imperial guards
6046:Droungarios of the Fleet
4876:. Stanford, California:
4460:Ioannes Grapson (#22915)
3903:Ioannikios (#3389/corr.)
3710:, pp. 125–126, 128.
2666:Battle of Boulgarophygon
2395:Strategios Podopagouros
2324:as co-emperor alongside
2063:Battle of Mount Bourgaon
1834:, 'standard carriers'),
1573:Eparch of Constantinople
1239:Droungarios of the Fleet
942:), after the disastrous
900:restoration of the icons
137:Battle of Boulgarophygon
6996:1080s disestablishments
6560:Early Byzantine mosaics
5922:Domestic of the Schools
4620:. New York: Routledge.
4492:Pothos Argyros (#26730)
2221:against the Sasanians.
2042:and later a monastery.
1497:ὁ ἐξκουβίτωρ/ἐξκούβιτος
1478:same standardized lines
1306:Walls of Constantinople
1193:Domestic of the Schools
1099:Part of a series on the
871:Strategios Podopagouros
633:
314:Tiberius II Constantine
259:exkoubitores/exkoubitoi
174:Tiberius II Constantine
119:' campaigns during the
6877:Byzantine commonwealth
5639:Praetorian prefectures
5559:Logothetes tou genikou
5533:Quaestor sacri palatii
5528:Comes rerum privatarum
5301:Fall of Constantinople
5240:Sack of Constantinople
4900:"The Army, c. 420–602"
4175:, pp. 1197, 1510.
4151:, pp. 1353, 1510.
4115:, pp. 1022, 1510.
4055:, pp. 1248, 1510.
4043:, pp. 1051, 1510.
3111:
3105:
3004:
2977:Nikolitzes Kekaumenos
2927:
2906:
2883:
2731:Symbatios the Armenian
2468:
2244:, daughter of Emperor
2217:
2192:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2143:
2026:
1968:
1945:
1868:
1804:
1780:
1699:, 'lieutenant') and a
1636:
1630:
1480:followed by the other
1443:
1426:
1408:
1402:
1388:
1375:
1352:
1264:revolts and civil wars
1000:Michael II the Amorian
969:
960:
927:
905:At the same time, the
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
716:
706:
700:
694:
655:
641:
567:
483:
475:
464:
450:
442:
423:
370:Michael II the Amorian
326:
298:
286:
226:
221:
6577:Komnenian renaissance
6572:Macedonian period art
6477:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
6449:Walls of Thessaloniki
5549:Logothetes tou dromou
5164:Twenty Years' Anarchy
5128:Valentinianic dynasty
5123:Constantinian dynasty
4751:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
4666:. London: UCL Press.
4103:, pp. 856, 1510.
4079:, pp. 831, 1510.
4019:, pp. 92, 93–94.
3193:, pp. 11–12, 41.
3109:were guard posts and
3046:Battle of Dyrrhachium
3031:into northern Syria.
2931:, he was murdered at
2910:, he was murdered in
2509:and "Domestic of the
2407:(in one text variant
2347:"Count of the Divine
2248:, but conspired with
1642:Vera von Falkenhausen
1508:) of the "suburban" (
1441:
1360:(and occasionally in
1078:Battle of Dyrrhachium
958:
844:iconoclastic policies
653:
462:
384:Battle of Dyrrhachium
368:to 792), and Emperor
292:as the main imperial
284:, replaced the older
145:Battle of Azaz (1030)
104:(10th–11th centuries)
88:(5th–8th centuries),
6774:Units of measurement
6508:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
6401:Pammakaristos Church
6249:Corpus Juris Civilis
6200:Missionary activity
5659:Exarchate of Ravenna
5485:Imperial bureaucracy
4812:Ng, Michael (2012).
4262:Konstantinos (#3826)
3956:, pp. 102, 104.
3874:, pp. 121, 138.
3284:, pp. 264, 267.
2038:and was banished to
2024:A former secretary (
1756:Joannicius the Great
1713:, 'secretary'). The
1279:Strategy and tactics
1166:Palaiologan-era army
359:Joannicius the Great
305:κόμης τῶν ἐξκουβίτων
6991:460s establishments
6298:Culture and society
6161:Ecumenical councils
5664:Exarchate of Africa
5654:Quaestura exercitus
5518:Magister officiorum
5513:Praetorian prefects
5156:Byzantine Dark Ages
4908:Ward-Perkins, Bryan
4789:Martindale, John R.
4765:Martindale, John R.
4248:, pp. 355–356.
3971:, pp. 292–293.
3929:, pp. 291–292.
3838:, pp. 258–271.
3722:, pp. 138–139.
3653:, pp. 156–159.
3600:, pp. 428–429.
3588:, pp. 242–245.
3561:, pp. 419–420.
3549:, pp. 168–170.
3513:, pp. 232–233.
3501:, pp. 363–364.
3472:, pp. 231–232.
3409:, pp. 646–647.
3380:, pp. 162–164.
3344:, pp. 136–137.
3308:, pp. 309–310.
3017:Leo Choirosphaktes
3012:in southern Italy.
2935:in southern Italy.
2593:and simultaneously
1943:men, which for the
1064:Battle of Manzikert
944:Battle of Marcellae
666:. They served with
452:magister officiorum
376:of the Excubitors (
337:, when the Emperor
129:Battle of Marcellae
6715:Flags and insignia
6361:Baths of Zeuxippus
6244:Codex Theodosianus
6134:Oriental Orthodoxy
5092:Later Roman Empire
4708:Kazhdan, Alexander
4704:Kazhdan, Alexander
4682:Kaegi, Walter Emil
2925:Referred to as an
2904:Referred to as an
2804:Battle of Acheloos
2791:of the same name.
2664:) and fell at the
2372:early 8th century
1737:spatharokandidatos
1444:
1153:Komnenian-era army
1120:Structural history
1054:Leo Choirosphaktes
1011:Leo V the Armenian
970:
656:
643:vir gloriosissimus
476:
278:Leo I the Thracian
262:) were founded in
141:Battle of Acheloos
6963:
6962:
6925:
6924:
6882:Byzantine studies
6857:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6668:Alexander Romance
6526:
6525:
6503:Nea Moni of Chios
6366:Blachernae Palace
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6254:Code of Justinian
6102:Eastern Orthodoxy
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
5995:
5994:
5869:Scholae Palatinae
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5730:Foreign relations
5724:
5723:
5618:
5617:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5231:(1204–1453)
4972:978-0-521-76705-7
4951:978-0-520-20496-6
4927:978-0-5213-2591-2
4868:Treadgold, Warren
4844:Treadgold, Warren
4835:978-1-4051-7935-5
4545:, pp. 98–99.
4476:Anonymus (#31259)
4428:Symbatios (#7170)
4342:Anonymus (#11339)
4189:Sisinnios (#6755)
3944:, pp. 59–60.
3917:, pp. 58–59.
3665:, pp. 91–93.
3260:, pp. 11–13.
3152:, pp. 13–14.
3084:
3083:
3060:9th/11th century
2534:"Domestic of the
1595:Escorial Taktikon
1541:Taktikon Uspensky
1343:
1342:
915:, and during the
875:Leo IV the Khazar
752:(a member of the
679:Sasanian Persians
568:comes excubitorum
501:
484:comes excubitorum
444:Scholae Palatinae
299:comes excubitorum
288:Scholae Palatinae
275:Byzantine emperor
207:
206:
18:Comes excubitorum
16:(Redirected from
7003:
6950:
6863:
6806:Imperial Library
6752:Byzantine Greeks
6493:Daphni Monastery
6444:Panagia Chalkeon
6439:Hagios Demetrios
6406:Prison of Anemas
6356:Basilica Cistern
6314:
6305:
6294:
6149:West Syriac Rite
6139:Alexandrian Rite
6090:
6083:Religion and law
6079:
6014:Maritime themata
5970:Palaiologan army
5823:Military manuals
5791:
5782:
5771:
5629:
5605:Megas logothetes
5456:
5449:
5438:
5311:By modern region
5232:
5179:
5178:(717–1204)
5110:
5072:
5059:
5050:Byzantine Empire
5043:
5036:
5029:
5020:
5014:
4976:
4955:
4931:
4891:
4863:
4839:
4808:
4784:
4760:
4746:
4727:
4699:
4677:
4653:
4631:
4610:
4589:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4531:Ioannes (#23288)
4524:
4518:
4512:
4495:
4485:
4479:
4469:
4463:
4453:
4447:
4437:
4431:
4421:
4415:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4384:
4378:
4361:
4351:
4345:
4335:
4329:
4326:Niketas (#35427)
4319:
4313:
4307:
4288:
4282:
4265:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4192:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3796:
3790:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3651:Birkenmeier 2002
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3209:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3097:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3037:Constantine Opos
3007:
2971:
2962:
2930:
2909:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2881:domestic of the
2872:
2864:
2861:
2850:
2842:
2819:
2811:
2776:domestic of the
2773:
2756:
2739:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2706:
2700:
2684:
2663:
2642:
2626:
2618:
2615:
2600:
2592:
2574:
2554:Battle of Pliska
2545:
2539:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2491:
2471:
2466:in favor of the
2455:
2449:
2441:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2385:
2379:
2358:
2352:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2287:6th/7th century
2274:
2239:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2148:
2128:
2125:
2029:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:Warren Treadgold
1923:
1917:
1912:The size of the
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1589:('patrician').
1588:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1537:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1429:
1418:Warren Treadgold
1411:
1405:
1391:
1378:
1355:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1297:Military manuals
1253:Campaign history
1188:Magister militum
1115:
1096:
1086:Constantine Opos
1061:
1052:
1030:Emirate of Crete
1019:
1017:
1008:
1006:
997:
995:
986:
984:
978:Krum of Bulgaria
963:
951:
941:
939:
930:
924:
910:
889:
883:
881:
868:
859:
851:
841:
827:
821:
818:
814:
812:
803:
795:
786:
785:
776:
774:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
709:
703:
697:
687:
684:
676:
674:
646:
638:
623:
621:
596:
594:
581:
579:
570:
564:
562:
553:
551:
542:
540:
531:
529:
516:
513:
509:
497:
495:
494:
469:
455:
447:
428:
425:magister militum
416:
413:
409:
407:
381:
380:
367:
364:
348:
336:
333:
329:
307:
306:
301:
291:
268:
265:
261:
255:
254:
245:
242:
241:those out of bed
239:
236:
233:
229:
202:Constantine Opos
133:Battle of Pliska
64:Byzantine Empire
55:
52:
48:
45:
32:
21:
7011:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6956:
6921:
6897:Cyrillic script
6868:
6849:
6794:
6778:
6678:
6660:Digenes Akritas
6636:
6581:
6522:
6486:Other locations
6481:
6453:
6410:
6342:
6331:Cross-in-square
6299:
6280:
6230:
6084:
6065:
5991:
5941:
5937:Varangian Guard
5880:
5854:East Roman army
5849:Late Roman army
5837:
5776:
5757:
5720:
5699:
5668:
5614:
5593:
5589:Epi ton deeseon
5579:Epi tou eidikou
5537:
5501:
5443:
5424:
5411:
5314:
5312:
5305:
5291:Palaiologan era
5233:
5230:
5221:
5192:Nikephorian era
5180:
5177:
5168:
5111:
5109:(330–717)
5108:
5099:
5079:
5066:
5053:
5047:
5017:
4988:
4984:
4982:Further reading
4979:
4973:
4958:
4952:
4934:
4928:
4912:Whitby, Michael
4904:Cameron, Averil
4896:Whitby, Michael
4894:
4888:
4866:
4860:
4842:
4836:
4811:
4805:
4787:
4781:
4763:
4749:
4743:
4730:
4724:
4702:
4696:
4680:
4674:
4656:
4650:
4636:Haldon, John F.
4634:
4628:
4613:
4607:
4592:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4498:
4486:
4482:
4470:
4466:
4454:
4450:
4444:Aëtios (#20144)
4438:
4434:
4422:
4418:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4364:
4352:
4348:
4336:
4332:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4291:
4283:
4268:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4195:
4183:
4179:
4173:Martindale 1992
4171:
4167:
4161:Martindale 1992
4159:
4155:
4149:Martindale 1992
4147:
4143:
4137:Martindale 1992
4135:
4131:
4125:Martindale 1992
4123:
4119:
4113:Martindale 1992
4111:
4107:
4101:Martindale 1992
4099:
4095:
4089:Martindale 1992
4087:
4083:
4077:Martindale 1992
4075:
4071:
4065:Martindale 1992
4063:
4059:
4053:Martindale 1992
4051:
4047:
4041:Martindale 1992
4039:
4035:
4029:Martindale 1980
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3799:
3791:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3235:
3227:
3212:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3071:prōtospatharios
3029:failed campaign
2968:Chrysotriklinou
2960:prōtospatharios
2919:Makrotheodoros
2890:
2862:
2856:Pothos Argyros
2771:prōtospatharios
2754:prōtospatharios
2737:
2726:prōtospatharios
2704:prōtospatharios
2682:prōtospatharios
2616:
2506:prōtospatharios
2489:prōtospatharios
2464:Irene of Athens
2188:Sasanian Empire
2131:Pannonian Avars
2126:
1980:
1953:
1940:
1910:
1864:late Roman rank
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1666:
1622:
1602:
1579:prōtospatharios
1548:
1492:
1436:
1370:imperial palace
1348:
1339:
1203:Stratopedarches
1178:Varangian Guard
1128:East Roman army
1094:
1014:
1003:
992:
981:
974:Pliska campaign
936:
892:Irene of Athens
878:
819:
809:
771:
764:
685:
671:
660:Anastasian Wall
618:
613:and installing
591:
576:
559:
548:
537:
526:
514:
438:East Roman army
436:element in the
414:
404:
397:
392:
365:
349:- professional
334:
266:
243:
240:
237:
234:
210:
161:
53:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7009:
7007:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6968:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6591:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6429:Byzantine Bath
6426:
6420:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6348:Constantinople
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6107:Byzantine Rite
6098:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5987:Grand domestic
5984:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5953:Komnenian army
5949:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5828:Military units
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:Battle tactics
5794:
5788:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5490:Medieval Greek
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5459:
5453:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5245:Fourth Crusade
5236:
5234:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Macedonian era
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Theodosian era
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5016:
5015:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4971:
4956:
4950:
4932:
4926:
4892:
4886:
4864:
4858:
4840:
4834:
4809:
4803:
4791:, ed. (1992).
4785:
4779:
4767:, ed. (1980).
4761:
4747:
4742:3-9005-38-23-9
4741:
4728:
4722:
4700:
4694:
4678:
4672:
4654:
4648:
4632:
4626:
4611:
4605:
4590:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4557:, p. 100.
4547:
4535:
4519:
4496:
4480:
4464:
4448:
4432:
4416:
4412:Paulos (#5863)
4400:
4398:, p. 357.
4385:
4362:
4346:
4330:
4314:
4312:, p. 356.
4289:
4266:
4250:
4238:
4222:
4220:, p. 355.
4210:
4193:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4009:
4007:, p. 359.
4005:Treadgold 1997
3997:
3995:, p. 102.
3985:
3983:, p. 103.
3981:Treadgold 1995
3973:
3958:
3954:Treadgold 1995
3946:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3891:
3889:, p. 291.
3876:
3864:
3852:
3850:, p. 494.
3848:Treadgold 1997
3840:
3828:
3826:, p. 105.
3816:
3797:
3780:
3778:, p. 290.
3768:
3753:
3741:
3739:, p. 138.
3724:
3712:
3700:
3698:, p. 137.
3679:
3675:Treadgold 1995
3667:
3655:
3643:
3641:, p. 359.
3631:
3629:, p. 103.
3614:
3612:, p. 433.
3610:Treadgold 1997
3602:
3598:Treadgold 1997
3590:
3578:
3576:, p. 235.
3563:
3559:Treadgold 1997
3551:
3539:
3537:, p. 417.
3535:Treadgold 1997
3527:
3525:, p. 233.
3515:
3503:
3499:Treadgold 1997
3491:
3489:, p. 234.
3474:
3462:
3460:, p. 168.
3447:
3445:, p. 132.
3435:
3423:
3411:
3394:
3392:, p. 161.
3382:
3370:
3358:
3356:, p. 162.
3346:
3334:
3332:, p. 164.
3322:
3320:, p. 174.
3310:
3306:Treadgold 1997
3298:
3296:, p. 227.
3294:Treadgold 1997
3286:
3274:
3272:, p. 218.
3270:Treadgold 1997
3262:
3250:
3233:
3231:, p. 136.
3210:
3206:Treadgold 1995
3195:
3183:
3181:, p. 291.
3166:
3164:, p. 152.
3162:Treadgold 1997
3154:
3150:Treadgold 1995
3139:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2912:southern Italy
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2822:John Skylitzes
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1926:Ibn Khordadbeh
1909:
1906:
1665:
1664:Other officers
1662:
1654:southern Italy
1626: 959–963
1491:
1488:
1435:
1432:
1398:A. H. M. Jones
1366:Constantinople
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1302:Fortifications
1299:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:Constantinople
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1227:
1221:Byzantine navy
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1198:Grand Domestic
1195:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1105:Byzantine army
1101:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1022:Boulgarophygon
1018: 813–820
1007: 820–829
996: 802–811
985: 803–814
940: 780–797
933:Constantine VI
882: 775–780
852:, that of the
813: 741–775
793:tōn exkoubitōn
763:
760:
677:) against the
675: 610–641
622: 641–668
595: 602–610
580: 582–602
563: 578–582
552: 565–578
541: 491–518
530: 518–527
519:heirs apparent
432:and the large
408: 457–474
396:
393:
391:
388:
355:Byzantine army
271:imperial guard
208:
205:
204:
163:
157:
156:
152:
151:
110:
106:
105:
86:Constantinople
83:
79:
78:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7008:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6864:
6860:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:Encyclopedias
6799:
6798:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6725:Hellenization
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6683:Everyday life
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6655:Acritic songs
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6498:Hosios Loukas
6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6291:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6171:Monophysitism
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6144:Armenian Rite
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6076:
6062:
6061:Naval battles
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5768:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5584:Protasekretis
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5435:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Komnenian era
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:Heraclian era
5148:
5146:
5145:Justinian era
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5102:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4936:Whittow, Mark
4933:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4887:0-8047-2630-2
4883:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4859:0-8047-3163-2
4855:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4804:0-521-20160-8
4800:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4780:0-521-20159-4
4776:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4723:0-19-504652-8
4719:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4695:90-256-0902-3
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4673:1-85728-495-X
4669:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4649:3-7749-2004-4
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4627:0-415-02209-6
4623:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4606:90-04-11710-5
4602:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4517:, p. 98.
4516:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4383:, p. 97.
4382:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4287:, p. 99.
4286:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4208:, p. 96.
4207:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3862:, p. 95.
3861:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3814:, p. 94.
3813:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3795:, p. 58.
3794:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3766:, p. 93.
3765:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:, p. 59.
3750:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3677:, p. 41.
3676:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3433:, p. 48.
3432:
3427:
3424:
3421:, p. 78.
3420:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3248:, p. 57.
3247:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3208:, p. 92.
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:Italo-Normans
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:Melus of Bari
3006:
3001:
2998:
2996:Leo Patianos
2995:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:John Grapson
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:Pope Vigilius
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1889:prōtomandatōr
1884:
1883:
1870:
1865:
1854:
1849:
1838:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1727:, 'groom' or
1725:
1724:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1703:chartoularios
1675:
1674:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1620:
1603: 971/75
1597:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:Klētorologion
1557:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1462:
1461:to exkoubiton
1455:τὸ ἐξκούβιτον
1450:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1364:) as well as
1363:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Siege warfare
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:Italo-Normans
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:Azaz campaign
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1001:
990:
979:
975:
967:
962:
957:
953:
950:
945:
934:
929:
923:
918:
914:
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
876:
872:
867:
861:
858:
857:
850:
845:
840:
835:
831:
826:
807:
806:Constantine V
802:
801:
794:
792:
780:
769:
761:
759:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
719:
713:
708:
702:
696:
691:
690:Pope Martin I
680:
669:
665:
661:
652:
648:
645:
644:
637:
636:
629:
628:by the mob.
627:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
589:
585:
574:
569:
557:
546:
535:
524:
520:
508:
507:
500:
489:
485:
481:
473:
468:
467:
461:
457:
454:
453:
446:
445:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
420:
402:
401:Emperor Leo I
394:
389:
387:
385:
375:
371:
360:
356:
352:
351:heavy-cavalry
347:
346:
340:
339:Constantine V
328:
321:
319:
315:
311:
300:
295:
290:
289:
283:
279:
276:
273:-unit by the
272:
260:
249:
228:
223:
219:
215:
209:Military unit
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
158:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
75:heavy cavalry
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6666:
6434:Hagia Sophia
6416:Thessalonica
6391:Hagia Sophia
6371:Chora Church
6309:Architecture
6186:Great Schism
6176:Paulicianism
6154:Miaphysitism
6009:Karabisianoi
5873:
5313:or territory
5273:Thessalonica
5257:Latin Empire
5252:Frankokratia
5227:
5187:Isaurian era
5174:
5105:
5090:
5086:Roman Empire
5076:
4994:
4990:
4961:
4940:
4916:
4872:
4848:
4817:
4793:
4769:
4755:
4732:
4711:
4685:
4662:
4658:Haldon, John
4639:
4616:
4595:
4576:
4550:
4538:
4522:
4483:
4467:
4451:
4435:
4419:
4403:
4349:
4333:
4317:
4253:
4241:
4225:
4213:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3949:
3922:
3910:
3894:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3771:
3744:
3715:
3703:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3639:Wortley 2010
3634:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3554:
3547:Whittow 1996
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3465:
3458:Whittow 1996
3438:
3426:
3414:
3407:Kazhdan 1991
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3186:
3157:
3130:
3095:
3048:against the
2863: 958/9
2829:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2748:9th century
2693:9th century
2676:9th century
2610:Constantine
2580:
2547:
2526:
2457:
2430:Constantine
2420:
2344:7th century
2212:582/584–603
2150:
2059:North Africa
1974:
1954: 6,000
1941: 4,000
1932:, historian
1911:
1749:
1710:χαρτουλάριος
1667:
1593:
1591:
1560:
1539:
1493:
1473:ta exkoubita
1467:τὰ ἐξκούβιτα
1445:
1434:Later period
1394:John B. Bury
1385:
1349:
1346:Early period
1208:Protostrator
1080:against the
1071:
1068:Anna Komnene
1038:
989:Nikephoros I
971:
904:
862:
834:horse armour
768:Justinian II
765:
734:—as well as
662:against the
657:
630:
586:, and under
534:Anastasius I
505:
477:
398:
322:
213:
211:
29:
6917:Megali Idea
6892:Byzantinism
6595:Agriculture
6386:Hagia Irene
6219:Kievan Rus'
6196:Mount Athos
6019:Cibyrrhaeot
5963:Vestiaritai
5818:Mercenaries
5695:Catepanates
5554:Sakellarios
5473:Family tree
5398:Mesopotamia
5217:Angelid era
5197:Amorian era
4997:: 117–151.
4572:Bury, J. B.
4396:Haldon 1984
4310:Haldon 1984
4246:Haldon 1984
4218:Haldon 1984
3993:Haldon 1999
3969:Haldon 1984
3927:Haldon 1984
3887:Haldon 1984
3872:Haldon 1984
3836:Haldon 1984
3776:Haldon 1984
3737:Haldon 1984
3720:Haldon 1984
3708:Haldon 1984
3696:Haldon 1984
3663:Haldon 1999
3586:Haldon 1984
3574:Haldon 1984
3523:Haldon 1984
3511:Haldon 1984
3487:Haldon 1984
3470:Haldon 1984
3443:Haldon 1999
3419:Haldon 1999
3390:Haldon 1984
3378:Haldon 1984
3366:Haldon 1984
3354:Haldon 1984
3342:Haldon 1984
3330:Haldon 1984
3229:Haldon 1984
3179:Whitby 2000
3112:excubitores
3068:, imperial
3025:Romanos III
2847:topotērētēs
2784:droungarios
2745:Theophilos
2738: 860s
2723:, imperial
2701:, imperial
2322:Constans II
2284:Valentinus
2208:Philippicus
2111:Tiberius II
2032:Justinian I
1958:John Haldon
1862:, from the
1837:signophoroi
1825:skeuophoroi
1819:drakonarioi
1806:draconarius
1799:δρακονάριος
1793:drakonarios
1752:hagiography
1744:topotērētai
1716:topotērētēs
1694:placeholder
1680:τοποτηρητής
1673:topotērētēs
1660:in Greece.
1650:Longobardia
1024:in 896 and
779:Pope John V
731:excubitores
615:Constans II
584:Philippicus
556:Tiberius II
470:of Emperor
222:excubitores
182:Philippicus
115:of 582-602
109:Engagements
98:Longobardia
82:Garrison/HQ
54: 1081
6970:Categories
6912:Third Rome
6838:University
6821:Philosophy
6811:Inventions
6674:Historians
6642:Literature
6625:Varangians
6467:San Vitale
6396:Hippodrome
6376:City Walls
6276:Mutilation
6271:Hexabiblos
6191:Bogomilism
6181:Iconoclasm
6051:Megas doux
6041:Greek fire
6024:Aegean Sea
5897:Kleisourai
5874:Excubitors
5864:Bucellarii
5716:Despotates
5685:Kleisourai
5624:Provincial
5468:Coronation
5442:Governance
5207:Doukid era
5140:Leonid era
4814:"Excubiae"
4586:1046639111
3318:Kaegi 1981
3282:Evans 1996
3258:Evans 1996
3191:Evans 1996
3123:References
3101:Roman army
2985:Kekaumenos
2891: 922
2840:exkoubitor
2712:Symbatios
2617: 842
2603:Theophilos
2597:dēmokratēs
2590:Exkoubitos
2572:exkoubitos
2562:Michael II
2546: [
2537:Exkoubiton
2512:Exkoubiton
2473:Nikephoros
2456: [
2439:spatharios
2419: [
2404:spatharios
2350:Exkoubiton
2326:Heraklonas
2313:Valentinus
2298:Exkoubiton
2254:Asia Minor
2163:574?–582?
2127: 570
1901:λεγατάριοι
1895:legatarioi
1886:) under a
1882:mandatores
1875:μανδάτορες
1843:σιγνοφόροι
1831:σκευοφόροι
1730:spatharios
1619:Romanos II
1598:, written
1549: 842
1534:spatharioi
1528:court rank
1504:dēmokratēs
1244:Megas doux
1225:Greek fire
966:Theophilos
896:Nikephoros
820: 760
791:domestikos
749:scholarius
725:excubitors
718:candidatus
686: 650
611:Heraklonas
603:Valentinus
515: 680
415: 460
366: 772
335: 760
294:bodyguards
267: 460
214:Excubitors
198:Michael II
194:Valentinus
162:commanders
155:Commanders
47: 460
35:Excubitors
6740:Octoechos
6620:Silk Road
6112:Hesychasm
5980:Paramonai
5927:Hetaireia
5859:Foederati
5748:Diplomacy
5743:Diplomats
5649:Provinces
5478:Empresses
5281:Trebizond
5077:Preceding
5003:0378-2506
4820:. Wiley.
4555:Kühn 1991
4543:Kühn 1991
4515:Kühn 1991
4381:Kühn 1991
4285:Kühn 1991
4206:Kühn 1991
4017:Kühn 1991
3942:Bury 1911
3915:Bury 1911
3860:Kühn 1991
3824:Bury 1911
3812:Kühn 1991
3793:Bury 1911
3764:Kühn 1991
3749:Bury 1911
3627:Kühn 1991
3431:Bury 1911
3246:Bury 1911
3065:Patrikios
3005:excubitus
2957:Imperial
2954:950/1050
2951:John (?)
2940:Theodore
2928:excubitus
2907:excubitus
2870:patrikios
2830:Anonymous
2816:Hikanatoi
2768:Imperial
2751:Imperial
2720:Patrikios
2698:Patrikios
2679:Imperial
2640:Patrikios
2581:Anonymous
2527:Anonymous
2503:Imperial
2486:Imperial
2410:patrikios
2383:magistros
2377:Patrikios
2369:Sisinios
2292:Patrikios
2272:patrikios
2250:Heraclius
2242:Domentzia
2237:patrikios
2231:603?–612
2199:patrikios
2120:Justin II
2088:Artabanes
2084:Procopius
2075:Marcellus
2047:Theodore
1859:σινάτορες
1853:sinatores
1848:signifers
1781:scribones
1586:patrikios
1568:stratēgoi
1555:stratēgoi
1517:peratikoi
1511:περατικοὶ
1490:Commander
1427:scribones
1422:decurions
1414:subaltern
1412:were the
1409:scribones
1403:scribones
1389:scribones
1258:Lists of
1146:Hetaireia
1092:Structure
1050:patrikios
1045:Mirdasids
991:himself (
743:excubitor
737:scribones
701:excubitor
668:Heraclius
635:patrikios
545:Justin II
499:translit.
466:Tremissis
419:Isaurians
327:excubitor
282:Isaurians
170:Marcellus
117:Heraclius
6833:Scholars
6826:Rhetoric
6816:Medicine
6791:Learning
6690:Calendar
6567:Painters
6266:Basilika
6204:Bulgaria
6166:Arianism
6117:Hayhurum
6094:Religion
6056:Admirals
5975:Allagion
5907:Droungos
5813:Generals
5775:Military
5738:Treaties
5644:Dioceses
5463:Emperors
5376:Sardinia
5356:Dalmatia
5336:Bulgaria
5326:Anatolia
5285:Theodoro
5279: /
5275: /
5267: /
5011:44172993
4938:(1996).
4914:(eds.).
4898:(2000).
4870:(1997).
4846:(1995).
4684:(1981).
4660:(1999).
4638:(1984).
4574:(1911).
3106:excubiae
2966:epi tou
2879:namesake
2715:850/900
2690:Sergios
2668:in 896.
2661:exarchōn
2627:in 842.
2585:829/842
2500:750/850
2497:Arsaber
2483:750/800
2480:Niketas
2446:vikarios
2341:Stephen
2266:612–613
2169:notarius
2153:regent.
2151:de facto
2115:565–574
2102:561–562
2099:Marinus
2079:541–552
2050:535–536
2036:Theodora
2027:notarius
2018:Priscus
2011:Vitalian
2006:515–518
2002:Justin I
1908:Strength
1733:, later
1358:Bithynia
1235:Admirals
1183:Generals
1026:Acheloos
830:thematic
523:Justin I
472:Justin I
434:Germanic
374:Domestic
361:(served
310:Justin I
227:excubiti
166:Justin I
90:Bithynia
6942:Outline
6887:Museums
6787:Science
6764:Slavery
6720:Gardens
6700:Cuisine
6632:Dynatoi
6600:Coinage
6587:Economy
6555:Mosaics
6518:Mystras
6459:Ravenna
6321:Secular
6209:Moravia
5958:Pronoia
5932:Akritai
5917:Tagmata
5892:Themata
5833:Revolts
5803:Battles
5711:Kephale
5680:Themata
5610:Mesazon
5452:Central
5388:Maghreb
5341:Corsica
5331:Armenia
5321:Albania
5064:History
4710:(ed.).
4564:Sources
3135:Ng 2012
3099:In the
2884:Scholae
2812:of the
2786:of the
2781:, or a
2778:Scholae
2762:Aetios
2442:of the
2334:Martina
2277:Antioch
2262:Nicetas
2227:Priscus
2159:Maurice
2135:Sirmium
2133:around
2067:Stotzas
2055:Solomon
2040:Cyzicus
1988:Tenure
1969:Scholae
1946:Scholae
1930:Qudamah
1921:tagmata
1869:senator
1846:, i.e.
1775:σκρίβων
1769:skribōn
1754:of St.
1723:stratōr
1688:
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1637:Scholae
1631:Scholae
1483:tagmata
1376:Scholae
1353:Scholae
1287:Tactics
1268:battles
1171:allagia
1158:pronoia
1141:tagmata
1073:Alexiad
1059:tagmata
961:Solidus
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922:tagmata
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908:tagmata
887:tagmata
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839:tagmata
825:tagmata
800:tagmata
755:Scholae
712:awarded
707:scribon
695:Scholae
626:lynched
607:Martina
599:Priscus
573:Maurice
390:History
345:tagmata
318:Maurice
235:
190:Nicetas
186:Priscus
178:Maurice
160:Notable
60:Country
6952:Portal
6867:Impact
6747:People
6695:Cities
6545:Enamel
6326:Sacred
6261:Ecloga
6127:Saints
6036:Dromon
5912:Bandon
5902:Tourma
5885:Middle
5808:Beacon
5690:Bandon
5673:Middle
5542:Middle
5497:Senate
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2246:Phocas
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2175:Caesar
2145:Caesar
2139:Thrace
1991:Notes
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1816:, the
1787:bandon
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1646:themes
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1362:Thrace
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710:were
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639:and
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488:Greek
480:Latin
430:Aspar
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248:Greek
218:Latin
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6735:Lyra
6615:silk
6226:Jews
6001:Navy
5946:Late
5786:Army
5753:Wars
5704:Late
5598:Late
5228:Late
4999:ISSN
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4582:OCLC
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