194:
process. The transitional object is often the first "not me" possession that really belongs to the child. This could be a real object like a blanket or a teddy bear, but other "objects", such as a melody or a word, can fulfill this role as well. This object represents all components of "mothering", and it means that the child itself is able to create what it needs as well. It enables the child to have a fantasized bond with the mother when she gradually separates for increasingly longer periods of time. The transitional object is important at the time of going to sleep and as a defense against anxiety. In a study conducted in Brazil, children who used transitional objects were able to calm down and go to sleep more easily than children who did not use transitional objects.
363:
Western countries object attachments were indeed found to be common, with rates reaching as high as 60%. In a study conducted by
Michael Hong, it was found that around 50% of American children and only around 20% of Korean children developed an attachment to a blanket or an equivalent type of primary transitional objects. A similar study by Renata Gaddini found that around 30% of urban Italian children and only 5% of rural Italian children developed attachments to comfort objects. The interpretation of multiple studies suggests that child-rearing practices influence both the incidence of infants' attachment to inanimate objects and perhaps the choice of attachment objects.
202:
342:. These objects can include photographs, memorabilia, music records, and even artwork made with family members. With the increase in movement away from home, and sometimes constant movement from one place to another for job opportunities or immigration, it is very common for people to carry these items with them. People may look to these objects for emotional support during transitional periods, such as assimilating to a new area, or when experiencing
131:
1398:
36:
181:, which constitutes the child's awareness of separateness between itself and desired objects. While the subjective omnipotence experience is one in which the child feels that its desires create satisfaction, the objective reality experience is one in which the child independently seeks out objects of desire.
434:
article, writer "Bev" wrote about her daughter: "Security blanket. My younger child is one year old. When she finds a fuzzy blanket or a fleecy coat, she presses her cheek against it and sucks her thumb." Since 1920, blankets which clipped onto sleeping infants to prevent them from rolling out of bed
193:
with it. The mother cannot always be there to "bring the world" to the baby, a realization which has a powerful, somewhat painful, but ultimately constructive impact on the child. Through fantasizing about the object of its wishes the child will find comfort. A transitional object can be used in this
362:
behavior toward inanimate objects differs depending on the culture in which the infant was raised. It is suggested that infants' attachment to inanimate objects would be less frequent in societies in which in an infant may spend most of the day in close contact with their mother. In particular, in
172:
When the young child begins to separate the "me" from the "not-me" and evolves from complete dependence to a stage of relative independence, it uses transitional objects. Infants see themselves and the mother as a whole. In this phase the mother "brings the world" to the infant without delay which
221:
by
Richard H. Passman and his associates. Among other findings, they showed that security blankets are appropriately named – they actually do give security to those children attached to them. Along with other positive benefits, having a security blanket available can help children adapt to new
197:
In a later stage of the development, the child no longer needs the transitional object. It is able to make a distinction between "me" and "not-me", keeping inside and outside apart and yet interrelated. This development leads to the use of illusion, symbols and objects later on in life.
184:
Later on the child comes to realize that the mother is a separate entity, which tells the child that they have lost something. The child realizes that they are dependent on others, thus losing the idea that they are independent. This realization creates a difficult period and brings
209:
Winnicott related the concept of transitional object to a more general one, transitional phenomena, which he considered to be the basis of science, religion and all of culture. Transitional objects and phenomena, he said, are neither subjective nor objective but partake of both. In
337:
The notion of a "comfort object" may be expanded to include representations of one's family, home, and culture. It is significant to the person and gives psychological strength and assistance by representing their emotional attachments. The object helps with one's
222:
situations, aid in their learning, and adjust to physicians' and clinical psychologists' evaluations. Passman's research also points out that there is nothing abnormal about being attached to them. In the United States, about 60% of children have at least some
168:
in reference to a particular developmental sequence. With "transition" Winnicott means an intermediate developmental phase between the psychic and external reality. In this "transitional space" we can find the "transitional object".
291:
sent six hundred teddy bears and then the state of
Oklahoma sent sixty thousand stuffed animals to New York, which were distributed to children in schools affected by 9/11, family support organizations, and New York fire stations."
594:
Young, R. M. (1989). "Transitional phenomena: production and consumption", in B. Richards, ed., Crises of the Self: Further Essays on
Psychoanalysis and Politics. London: Free Association Books, pp. 57–72.
322:
Adults may also use comfort objects. Many adults consider the comfort that security blankets provide as essential to their mental and emotional well-being. Additionally, according to a 2011 survey by
749:
Sperati, Valerio; Ă–zcan, Beste; Romano, Laura; Moretta, Tania; Scaffaro, Simone; Faedda, Noemi; Turturo, Giada; Fioriello, Francesca; Pelosi, Simone; Giovannone, Federica; Sogos, Carla (2020).
242:, or any other creature, such as a mythical creature or fictional character. The toy is often used for physical comfort, and most commonly psychological comfort for children with
690:
Sperati, Valerio; Ă–zcan, Beste; Romano, Laura; Scaffaro, Simone; Moretta, Tania; Turturo, Giada; Aliberti, Maria
Nicoletta; Guidetti, Vincenzo; Baldassarre, Gianluca (2019).
173:
gives it a "moment of illusion", a belief that its own wish creates the object of its desire which brings with it a sense of satisfaction. Winnicott calls this
1298:
Passman, R. H.; Lautmann, L. A. (1982). "Fathers', mothers', and security objects' effects on the responsiveness of young children during projective testing".
629:
The recent history of such comfort objects, particularly teddy bears, as well a critique of their comfort-providing function can be found in Marita
Sturken,
118:
Comfort objects are said to enable children to gain independence and research indicates that these objects have positive effects on children by reducing
645:"Transitional Wearable Companions: A Novel Concept of Soft Interactive Social Robots to Improve Social Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder"
57:
44:
604:
1256:
Passman, R. H. (1977). "Providing attachment objects to facilitate learning and reduce distress: The effects of mothers and security blankets".
218:
819:
393:
are commonly used by
Japanese youth as "security objects". Using crib cards during exams can be considered a comfort object for students.
883:
1249:
1115:
921:
1433:
751:"Acceptability of the Transitional Wearable Companion "+me" in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparative Pilot Study"
214:, Robert Young has provided an exposition of these concepts and has generalized their role into psychic phenomena in adult life.
288:
543:"Um olhar sobre o perĂodo de adaptação de crianças pequenas a um centro de educação infantil e o uso de objetos transicionais"
201:
807:
1277:
Passman, R. H.; Halonen, J. S. (1979). "A developmental survey of young children's attachments to inanimate objects".
445:
243:
1348:
Winnicott, D. W. (1953). "Transitional objects and transitional phenomena – a study of the first not-me possession".
1428:
494:"Providing Attachment Objects to Facilitate Learning and Reduce Distress: Effects of Mothers and Security Blankets"
450:
269:, to be given to victims involved in car accidents or traumatic shock situations in order to provide them comfort.
49:
1402:
1319:
Passman, R. H. (1987). "Attachments to inanimate objects: Are children who have security blankets insecure?".
1376:
643:Ă–zcan, Beste; Caligiore, Daniele; Sperati, Valerio; Moretta, Tania; Baldassarre, Gianluca (1 August 2016).
1418:
1106:
157:
608:
139:
471:
226:
to a security object. A bedtime toy is often used by children while going to sleep. It is typically a
343:
339:
276:
272:
Often charities will provide comfort objects such as blankets and quilts to survivors of disasters.
1423:
1160:
1059:"Transitional Objects and the Process of Individuation: A Study in Three Different Social Groups"
672:
568:
1058:
1011:
692:"Acceptability of the Transitional Wearable Companion "+me" in Typical Children: A Pilot Study"
1357:
1336:
1245:
1222:
1152:
1111:
1086:
1078:
1039:
1031:
989:
971:
927:
917:
790:
772:
731:
713:
664:
560:
415:
359:
258:
223:
516:
1328:
1307:
1286:
1265:
1144:
1070:
1023:
979:
961:
780:
762:
721:
703:
656:
550:
376:
178:
174:
1181:
1132:
146:
is normally used. It is something, usually a physical object, which takes the place of the
384:
311:
854:
542:
984:
949:
785:
750:
726:
691:
419:
280:
1074:
1027:
948:
Fortuna, Keren; Baor, Liora; Israel, Salomon; Abadi, Adi; Knafo, Ariel (22 May 2014).
631:
Tourists of
History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumption from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero
1412:
1164:
910:
832:
572:
147:
541:
Vercelli, Ligia de
Carvalho Abões; Negrão, Tatiane Peres Alves (30 September 2019).
1290:
676:
130:
411:
380:
310:) developed as a social motivator, during the therapy sessions of children with
301:
266:
247:
186:
108:
1332:
1311:
1213:
Dell'Orto, S (2003). "W. D. Winnicott and the transitional object in infancy".
17:
1269:
660:
389:
327:
323:
262:
239:
235:
151:
92:
1156:
1148:
1082:
1035:
975:
966:
776:
767:
717:
708:
668:
564:
334:
robotic pet was found to decrease loneliness among elderly in nursing homes.
1133:"Security Blanket or Crutch? Crib Card Usage Depends on Students' Abilities"
644:
555:
426:
printed in 1956. However, the concept of a comfort blanket existed prior to
227:
1361:
1226:
993:
794:
735:
300:
Transitional
Wearable Companion is an experimental, interactive, wearable,
35:
1397:
1340:
1107:
The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan
1090:
1043:
855:"Objects of Affection: And the Students Who Won't Leave Home Without Them"
931:
372:
234:
can cuddle up with while going to sleep. It is sometimes combined with a
96:
407:
190:
119:
100:
95:
comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for
1016:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
435:
and keep the body covered were dubbed "security blanket fasteners".
134:
Legend: (a) mother, (b) child, (1) illusion, (2) transitional object
115:
or other toy, and may be referred to by a nickname such as blankie.
1207:
The Language of Winnicott: A Dictionary of Winnicott's Use of Words
950:"Attachment to inanimate objects and early childcare: A twin study"
493:
1012:"Infants' Attachment to Inanimate Objects: A Cross-Cultural Study"
347:
231:
200:
1381:
Crises of the Self: Further Essays on Psychoanalysis and Politics
331:
112:
585:
Young, R. M. (1994). Mental Space. London: Process Press. ch. 8
306:
238:. Bedtime toys are typically of an animal, such as the common
29:
99:. Among toddlers, a comfort object often takes the form of a
1235:
Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought
605:"Project 13 :: Security blankets for tornado survivors"
217:
Research with children on this subject was performed at the
1386:
Young, R. M. (1994). Mental Space. London: Process Press.
472:"The origins and development of attachment object behavior"
422:. Linus called it his "security and happiness blanket", in
177:. Alongside the subjective omnipotence of a child, lies an
1244:. Photographed by Betty Udesen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
205:
Some bedtime comfort objects for the typical child in 1943
1010:
Hong, K. Michael; Townes, Brenda D. (1 December 1976).
884:"Is it OK to hold on to your childhood comfort object?"
1242:
Creature Comforts: People and Their Security Objects
1176:
1174:
1063:
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry
1377:Transitional phenomena: production and consumption
1057:Gaddini, Renata; Gaddini, Eugenio (1 April 1970).
909:
326:, about 35 percent of British adults sleep with a
1383:. London: Free Association Books. pp. 57–72.
633:(Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), here p. 7.
358:Researchers have observed that the incidence of
371:Common comfort objects used by humans include:
810:Dr. John Grohol, PsychCentral, 13 October 2010
1321:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1300:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
8:
822:United Press International, 21 February 2012
820:35 percent of British adults sleep with bear
418:, who gave such a blanket to his character
943:
941:
517:"Comfort Objects and Attachment Parenting"
27:Item used to provide psychological comfort
983:
965:
784:
766:
725:
707:
554:
1350:International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
649:International Journal of Social Robotics
129:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
463:
1233:Mitchell, S. A., Black, M. J. (1995).
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1005:
1003:
877:
875:
808:Do You Still Have a Security Blanket?
7:
1240:O'Halloran, Barbara Collopy (2002).
1131:Burns, Kathleen C. (January 2014).
833:"Study: Dogs, Robots Cheer Elderly"
25:
1110:. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
230:or something of that nature that
219:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
150:. Common examples include dolls,
1396:
515:Zion.Tankard (6 February 2019).
34:
296:Transitional Wearable Companion
289:Oklahoma City National Memorial
48:may be too short to adequately
1291:10.1080/00221325.1979.10534051
1104:Galbraith, Patrick W. (2009).
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1279:Journal of Genetic Psychology
1075:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61842-2
1028:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62260-3
549:(in Portuguese) (50): 13320.
521:La Leche League International
91:, is an item used to provide
1215:Pediatric Medicine Chirurgic
330:. In a 2008 study, the Sony
265:are sometimes equipped with
446:Comfort behavior in animals
160:introduced the concepts of
1450:
1333:10.1037/0022-006x.55.6.825
1312:10.1037/0022-006x.50.2.310
547:EccoS – Revista CientĂfica
248:a strong fear of the night
1368:Winnicott, D. W. (1971).
1270:10.1037/0012-1649.13.1.25
916:. New York: Basic Books.
661:10.1007/s12369-016-0373-8
1379:", in B. Richards, ed.,
1258:Developmental Psychology
1237:. New York: Basic Books.
1149:10.1177/0098628313514181
967:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00486
835:. Fox News. 3 March 2008
768:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00951
709:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00125
424:Good Grief, More Peanuts
1434:Object relations theory
1209:. London: Karnac Books.
954:Frontiers in Psychology
755:Frontiers in Psychology
696:Frontiers in Psychology
556:10.5585/eccos.n50.13320
405:was popularized in the
166:transitional experience
1375:Young, R. M. (1989). "
1137:Teaching of Psychology
206:
175:subjective omnipotence
158:Donald Woods Winnicott
135:
1372:. London: Routledge.
908:Bowlby, John (1969).
430:. In a November 1954
204:
140:childhood development
133:
1405:at Wikimedia Commons
340:capacity to be alone
277:September 11 attacks
162:transitional objects
1370:Playing and Reality
912:Attachment and loss
354:Cross-cultural uses
285:Tourists of History
144:transitional object
126:In child psychology
85:transitional object
1205:Abram, J. (1996).
1182:"Security blanket"
888:chicagotribune.com
397:In popular culture
259:Emergency vehicles
244:separation anxiety
207:
136:
83:, more formally a
1429:Child development
1401:Media related to
882:Ben-Moche, Erin.
611:on 13 August 2011
416:Charles M. Schulz
377:weighted blankets
346:or a significant
314:Disorders (ASD).
179:objective reality
148:mother-child bond
89:attachment object
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
1441:
1400:
1365:
1344:
1315:
1294:
1273:
1230:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1007:
998:
997:
987:
969:
945:
936:
935:
915:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
879:
870:
869:
867:
865:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
798:
788:
770:
746:
740:
739:
729:
711:
687:
681:
680:
640:
634:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
607:. Archived from
601:
595:
592:
586:
583:
577:
576:
558:
538:
532:
531:
529:
527:
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
490:
484:
483:
481:
479:
468:
403:security blanket
385:good luck charms
105:security blanket
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1409:
1408:
1393:
1347:
1318:
1297:
1276:
1255:
1212:
1202:
1200:Further reading
1197:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1009:
1008:
1001:
947:
946:
939:
924:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
881:
880:
873:
863:
861:
853:
852:
848:
838:
836:
831:
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
802:
748:
747:
743:
689:
688:
684:
642:
641:
637:
628:
624:
614:
612:
603:
602:
598:
593:
589:
584:
580:
540:
539:
535:
525:
523:
514:
513:
509:
499:
497:
492:
491:
487:
477:
475:
470:
469:
465:
460:
455:
441:
399:
369:
356:
320:
312:Autism Spectrum
298:
256:
254:Therapeutic use
128:
122:in later life.
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Comfort blanket
15:
12:
11:
5:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:Comfort object
1392:
1391:External links
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1373:
1366:
1345:
1327:(6): 825–830.
1316:
1295:
1285:(2): 165–178.
1274:
1253:
1238:
1231:
1221:(2): 106–112.
1210:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1170:
1123:
1116:
1096:
1069:(2): 347–365.
1049:
999:
937:
922:
900:
871:
846:
824:
812:
800:
741:
682:
655:(4): 471–481.
635:
622:
596:
587:
578:
533:
507:
485:
462:
461:
459:
456:
454:
453:
448:
442:
440:
437:
420:Linus van Pelt
398:
395:
368:
367:Common objects
365:
355:
352:
319:
316:
297:
294:
281:Marita Sturken
255:
252:
127:
124:
109:stuffed animal
81:comfort object
73:
72:
66:September 2022
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1446:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Personal life
1417:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:9780618118649
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1117:9784770031013
1113:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
923:9780465097166
919:
914:
913:
904:
901:
889:
885:
878:
876:
872:
860:
856:
850:
847:
834:
828:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
804:
801:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
636:
632:
626:
623:
610:
606:
600:
597:
591:
588:
582:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
552:
548:
544:
537:
534:
522:
518:
511:
508:
495:
489:
486:
473:
467:
464:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
438:
436:
433:
432:Review Report
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
409:
404:
396:
394:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
364:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
318:Use by adults
317:
315:
313:
309:
308:
303:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
270:
268:
264:
260:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
215:
213:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
182:
180:
176:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:or blankets.
153:
149:
145:
141:
132:
125:
123:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:psychological
90:
86:
82:
77:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1380:
1369:
1356:(2): 89–97.
1353:
1349:
1324:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1241:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1185:. Retrieved
1143:(1): 66–68.
1140:
1136:
1126:
1105:
1099:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1022:(1): 49–61.
1019:
1015:
957:
953:
911:
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:
862:. Retrieved
858:
849:
837:. Retrieved
827:
815:
803:
758:
754:
744:
699:
695:
685:
652:
648:
638:
630:
625:
613:. Retrieved
609:the original
599:
590:
581:
546:
536:
524:. Retrieved
520:
510:
498:. Retrieved
488:
476:. Retrieved
466:
431:
427:
423:
406:
402:
400:
388:
387:. In Japan,
370:
357:
336:
321:
305:
299:
284:
274:
271:
267:stuffed toys
257:
216:
212:Mental Space
211:
208:
196:
183:
171:
165:
161:
156:
143:
137:
117:
104:
88:
84:
80:
78:
76:
63:
47:
45:lead section
1306:: 310–312.
893:16 November
864:16 November
859:www.fdu.edu
414:created by
412:comic strip
381:worry beads
304:toy (e.g.,
263:patrol cars
261:and police
187:frustration
152:teddy bears
142:, the term
1413:Categories
458:References
390:dakimakura
360:attachment
328:teddy bear
324:Travelodge
302:zoomorphic
275:After the
240:teddy bear
236:nightlight
224:attachment
103:(called a
1424:Childhood
1264:: 25–28.
1187:2 October
1165:145513269
1157:0098-6283
1083:0002-7138
1036:0890-8567
976:1664-1078
777:1664-1078
718:1664-1078
669:1875-4805
573:214054742
565:1983-9278
500:28 August
478:28 August
451:Jointness
401:The term
373:pacifiers
279:, writes
228:plush toy
138:In human
50:summarize
1362:13061115
1227:12916436
994:24904499
795:32547445
736:30800083
615:8 August
439:See also
232:children
97:children
1341:3320118
1091:5482392
1044:1254847
985:4033092
960:: 486.
839:17 July
786:7270338
761:: 951.
727:6375895
702:: 125.
677:5713971
428:Peanuts
408:Peanuts
287:, "the
191:anxiety
120:anxiety
107:) or a
101:blanket
1360:
1339:
1248:
1225:
1163:
1155:
1114:
1089:
1081:
1042:
1034:
992:
982:
974:
930:
920:
793:
783:
775:
734:
724:
716:
675:
667:
571:
563:
526:5 June
496:. 1977
474:. 2021
383:; and
344:trauma
307:PlusMe
1161:S2CID
932:24186
673:S2CID
569:S2CID
1358:PMID
1337:PMID
1246:ISBN
1223:PMID
1189:2014
1153:ISSN
1112:ISBN
1087:PMID
1079:ISSN
1040:PMID
1032:ISSN
990:PMID
972:ISSN
928:OCLC
918:ISBN
895:2017
866:2017
841:2009
791:PMID
773:ISSN
732:PMID
714:ISSN
665:ISSN
617:2011
561:ISSN
528:2023
502:2022
480:2022
348:loss
332:AIBO
246:and
189:and
164:and
113:doll
1329:doi
1308:doi
1287:doi
1283:134
1266:doi
1145:doi
1071:doi
1024:doi
980:PMC
962:doi
781:PMC
763:doi
722:PMC
704:doi
657:doi
551:doi
283:in
87:or
1415::
1354:34
1352:.
1335:.
1325:55
1323:.
1304:50
1302:.
1281:.
1262:13
1260:.
1219:25
1217:.
1173:^
1159:.
1151:.
1141:41
1139:.
1135:.
1085:.
1077:.
1065:.
1061:.
1038:.
1030:.
1020:15
1018:.
1014:.
1002:^
988:.
978:.
970:.
956:.
952:.
940:^
926:.
886:.
874:^
857:.
789:.
779:.
771:.
759:11
757:.
753:.
730:.
720:.
712:.
700:10
698:.
694:.
671:.
663:.
651:.
647:.
567:.
559:.
545:.
519:.
379:;
375:;
350:.
250:.
111:,
79:A
1364:.
1343:.
1331::
1314:.
1310::
1293:.
1289::
1272:.
1268::
1252:.
1229:.
1191:.
1167:.
1147::
1120:.
1093:.
1073::
1067:9
1046:.
1026::
996:.
964::
958:5
934:.
897:.
868:.
843:.
797:.
765::
738:.
706::
679:.
659::
653:8
619:.
575:.
553::
530:.
504:.
482:.
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
