1092:
title. The states and territories' powers of resumption on the other hand are not so limited. The section 43(1) of the Lands
Acquisition Act 1998 (NT) grants the Minister the power to acquire land 'for any purpose whatever'. The High Court of Australia interpreted this provision literally, relieving the Territory government of any public purpose limitation on the power. This finding permitted the Territory government to acquire land subject to Native Title, effectively extinguishing the Native Title interest in the land. Kirby J in dissent, along with a number of commentators, viewed this as a missed opportunity to comment on the exceptional nature of powers of resumption exercised in the absence of a public purpose limitation.
304:(operating losses caused by government operations of a mine seized during World War II). In most takings owners are not compensated for a variety of incidental losses caused by the taking of their property that, though incurred and readily demonstrable in other cases, are deemed by the courts to be noncompensable in eminent domain. The same is true of attorneys' and appraisers fees. But as a matter of legislative grace rather than constitutional requirement some of these losses (e.g., business goodwill) have been made compensable by state legislative enactments, and in the U.S. may be partially covered by provisions of the federal
761:
3978:
1135:
entitled to "be made whole" by compensation for: the market value of the expropriated property, injurious affection to the remainder of the property (if any), disturbance damages, business loss, and special difficulty relocating. Owners can advance claims for compensation above that initially provided by the expropriating authority by bringing a claim before the court or an administrative body appointed by the governing legislation.
4995:
3370:
588:
510:
368:
109:
3396:
67:. It does not include the power to take and transfer ownership of private property from one property owner to another private property owner without a valid public purpose. This power can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities, government subdivisions, or even to private persons or corporations, when they are authorized to exercise the functions of public character.
3383:
474:"taken possession of or acquired" for public purposes. In addition, both the state government as well as the union (federal) government were empowered to enact laws for the "acquisition or requisition of property" (Schedule VII, Entry 42, List III). It is this provision that has been interpreted as being the source of the state's "eminent domain" powers.
496:. However the new LARR (amendment) ordinance 31 December 2014 diluted many clauses of the original act. The liberalisation of the economy and the Government's initiative to set up special economic zones have led to many protests by farmers and have opened up a debate on the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property.
83:"blighted" or a "development impediment", on the principle that such properties had a negative impact upon surrounding property owners, but was later expanded to allow the taking of any private property when the new third-party owner could develop the property in such a way as to bring in increased tax revenues to the government.
1248:
legislator. The expropriated party may protest the legality of the expropriation action before the ordinary courts of justice and shall, at all times, have the right to indemnification for patrimonial harm actually caused, to be fixed by mutual agreement or by a sentence pronounced by said courts in accordance with the law."
354:, "requisitions", the Chinese form of eminent domain, are constitutionally permitted as necessary for the public interest, and if compensation is provided. The 2019 Amendment of the Land Administration Law of China spells out rather detailed guidelines, guaranteeing farmers and those displaced greater financial security.
485:
be unconstitutional. The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under
Article 32. Thus, the right to property is no longer a fundamental right, though it is still a constitutional right. If the government appears to have acted unfairly, the action can be challenged in a court of law by citizens.
457:
1201:
In federal law, Congress can take private property directly (without recourse to the courts) by passing an Act transferring title of the subject property directly to the government. In such cases, the property owner seeking compensation must sue the United States for compensation in the U.S. Court of
933:
the power to take land without compensation. After the early 16th century, however, Parliamentary takings of land for roads, bridges, etc. generally did require compensation. The common practice was to pay 10% more than the assessed value. However, as the voting franchise was expanded to include more
489:
484:
of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of
Fundamental Rights. A new article, Article 300-A, was added to the constitution to provide, "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." Thus, if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property, it will not
676:
provides protection from an appropriation of private property by the state. Article 8 of the
Convention provides that "Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home, and his correspondence" and prohibits interference with this right by the state, unless the interference
1178:
The constitutionally required "just compensation" in partial takings is usually measured by fair market value of the part taken, plus severance damages (the diminution in value of the property retained by the owner when only a part of the subject property is taken). Where a partial taking provides
1111:
In New
Zealand, the Public Works Act 1981 outlines the powers of the state in relation to land used for public purposes. Under Section 16 of the Public Works Act 1981 the Minister is "empowered to acquire under this Act any land required for a Government work". Local government authorities (such as
1080:
to make laws with respect to "the acquisition of property on just terms from any State or person for any purpose in respect of which the
Parliament has power to make laws." This has been construed as meaning that just compensation may not always include monetary or proprietary recompense, rather it
473:
under
Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to "acquire, hold and dispose of property". Article 31 provided that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property had been
242:
The property of subjects is under the eminent domain of the state, so that the state or those who act for it may use and even alienate and destroy such property, not only in the case of extreme necessity, in which even private persons have a right over the property of others, but for ends of public
1134:
In Canada, expropriation is governed by federal or provincial statutes. Under these statutory regimes, public authorities have the right to acquire private property for public purposes, so long as the acquisition is approved by the appropriate government body. Once a property is taken, an owner is
1125:
In the
Bahamas, the Acquisition of Land Act operates to permit the acquisition of land where it is deemed likely to be required for a public purpose. The land can be acquired by private agreement or compulsory purchase (s7 of the Act). Under section 24 of the Acquisition of Land Act, the purchaser
1091:
The
Commonwealth must also derive some benefit from the property acquired, that is, the Commonwealth can "only legislate for the acquisition of Property for particular purposes". Accordingly, the power does not extend to allow legislation designed merely to seek to extinguish the previous owner's
928:
required that immediate cash payment be made for expropriations. As the king's power was broken down in the ensuing centuries, tenants were regarded as holding ownership rights rather than merely possessory rights over their land. In 1427, a statute was passed granting commissioners of sewers in
805:
power). The law regulating expropriation is the D.P.R. n.327 of 2001, amended by D.Lgs. n.302 of 2002; it supersedes the old expropriation law, the Royal Decree n.2359 of 1865. Also other national and regional laws may apply, not always giving full compensation to the owner. Expropriation can be
1247:
says in part, "In no case may anyone be deprived of his property, of the assets affected or any of the essential faculties or powers of ownership, except by virtue of a general or a special law which authorizes expropriation for the public benefit or the national interest, duly qualified by the
82:
in order to build and connect rail networks. In the mid-20th century, a new application of eminent domain was pioneered, in which the government could take the property and transfer it to a private third party for redevelopment. This was initially done only to a property that has been deemed
4485:
293:
that he would have been in had his property not been taken. But in practice courts have limited compensation to the property's fair market value, considering its highest and best use. But though rarely granted, this is not the exclusive measure of compensation; see
94:
Takings may be of the subject property in its entirety (total take) or in part (part take), either quantitatively or qualitatively (either partially in fee simple or, commonly, an easement, or any other interest less than the full fee simple title).
685:
to the
Convention, which states that "Every natural person or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions." Again, this is subject to exceptions where state deprivation of private possessions is in the general or
951:, the related term compulsory purchase is used. The landowner is compensated with a price agreed or stipulated by an appropriate person. Where agreement on price cannot be achieved, the value of the taken land is determined by the
659:
allowed property to be purchased for purposes of urban renewal against an owner sharing a collective title if the majority of the other owners wish to sell and the minority did not. Thus, eminent domain often invokes concerns of
86:
Some jurisdictions require that the taker make an offer to purchase the subject property, before resorting to the use of eminent domain. However, once the property is taken and the judgment is final, the condemnor owns it in
243:
utility, to which ends those who founded civil society must be supposed to have intended that private ends should give way. But, when this is done, the state is bound to make good the loss to those who lose their property.
817:
state that any private goods can be expropriated for public utility. Furthermore, the article 2 of the Constitution binds Italian citizens to respect their "mandatory duties of political, economic and social solidarity".
934:
non-landowners, the bonus was eliminated. In spite of contrary statements found in some American law, in the United Kingdom, compulsory purchase valuation cases were tried by juries well into the 20th century, such as
305:
751:
states in its Article 14 (3) that "an expropriation is only allowed for the public good" and just compensation must be made. It also provides for the right to have the amount of the compensation checked by a court.
681:, public safety, economic well-being of the country, prevention of disorder or crime, protection of health or morals, or protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This right is expanded by Article 1 of the
1126:
may purchase the interest of the mortgagee of any land acquired under the Act. To do so, the purchaser must pay the principal sum and interest, together with costs and charges plus 6 months’ additional interest.
885:(1972:719). The government purchases the property at an estimated market value plus a 25% compensation. The law also states that the property owner shall not suffer economic harm because of the expropriation.
1034:
845:("nationalization"), instead, is provided for by article 43 of the Constitution; it transfers to governmental authority and property a whole industrial sector, if it is deemed to be a natural or de facto
440:, and the disproportionately large amounts of financial inducement given to residents on sites slated for redevelopment in return for their agreement to leave, one well-known recent case being that of
1944:
In other countries (France, Germany, Great Britain, Germany) is provided fair compensation according to the free market value both for regular expropriations or for absolutely unlawful occupations:
4826:
1179:
economic benefits specific to the remainder, those must be deducted, typically from severance damages. Some elements of value, such as a business's connection to the location and the
1088:
has extended the states' power to resume property to any form of physical property. For the purposes of section 51(xxxi), money is not property that may be compulsorily acquired.
2420:
1219:
In Argentina expropriations are governed by federal law 21.499 of January 17, 1977. It has been used in many locations throughout the country's history most recently during the
707:
574:, the government has the power to compulsorily acquire private land at the prevailing market rate for public purposes such as roads, highways, railways, dams, airports, etc.
478:
3434:
1730:"The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice, Special Section Artic… 9 Pages The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice"
1195:
936:
1067:
1026:
3521:
1992:
3354:
748:
1751:
4403:
289:
A taking of property must be accompanied by payment of "just compensation" to the owner. In theory, this is supposed to put the owner in the same position
4663:
2684:
1081:
is for the court to determine what is just. It may be necessary to imply a need for compensation in the interests of justice, lest the law be invalidated.
871:) only where justified on the grounds of public utility or social interest and subject to the payment of appropriate compensation as provided for in law.
3309:
825:
legality: a public institution can expropriate private goods only in the cases law allows it and respecting its procedures (following article 23 of the
1610:
4013:
3564:
1021:
dealing with any disputes arising from the value of compensation. As in England and Wales, the law of compulsory purchase in Scotland is complex. The
988:
1183:, are only compensable in a few jurisdictions; where they are not, fair market value may be less than the value of the location to the current user.
3531:
3451:
899:
5037:
3748:
2815:
2218:
1530:
1202:
Federal Claims. The legislature may also delegate the power to private entities like public utilities or railroads, and even to individuals. The
1112:
City or District councils) are also empowered under the same section to acquire land for "local work for which it has financial responsibility."
713:
3427:
3324:
2186:
2162:
2138:
2114:
2074:
2050:
652:
2294:
2714:
1845:
1038:
836:, this compensation is not required to be equal to the market value of the expropriated good, although this sum must not be merely symbolic.
4614:
3909:
3314:
1022:
1000:
832:
compensation: (art. 42/III) the State must provide a certain amount of money as compensation, which is determined by law. According to the
694:. Settled case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) provides that just compensation has to be paid in cases of expropriation.
296:
4594:
4237:
2204:
1485:
Saxer, Shelley Ross (2005). "Government Power Unleashed: Using Eminent Domain to Acquire a Public Utility or Other Ongoing Enterprise".
1152:
682:
673:
333:. The government argued that such land reform was necessary to redistribute the land to Zimbabweans dispossessed of their lands during
3339:
984:
980:
2659:
1702:
4698:
3420:
3137:
2820:
2392:
2281:
1540:
1513:
635:
557:
415:
192:
1788:
5009:
4568:
4132:
1947:
1557:
879:
The right of a state or municipality to buy property when it is determined to be of "particular public interest" is regulated in
2623:
4916:
4296:
3869:
1103:
before it was sold, leased or granted and that, through the act of compulsory acquisition, the Crown is "resuming" possession.
609:
531:
389:
126:
1175:
is used to describe the formal act of exercising the power to transfer title or some lesser interest in the subject property.
4558:
3294:
3274:
2739:
2500:"The Evolution of Eminent Domain: A Remedy for Market Failure or an Effort to Limit Government Power and Government Failure?"
1198:
to the Constitution requires that the taking be for a "public use" and mandates payment of "just compensation" to the owner.
613:
535:
393:
173:
130:
2005:
1827:
1752:"The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance"
145:
4589:
4006:
3400:
956:
833:
730:
2219:"COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION ACT - SECT 51 Legislative powers of the Parliament [see Notes 10 and 11]"
1445:
3304:
3248:
2853:
1244:
976:
968:
862:
437:
656:
286:
franchise) was not permitted because it was deemed to violate the interstate commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution.
4864:
4306:
4179:
3253:
3243:
2810:
1018:
467:
152:
2576:
2346:
1009:, eminent domain is known as compulsory purchase. The development of powers of compulsory purchase originated in the
598:
520:
378:
1762:
5042:
4343:
4321:
3554:
2910:
2800:
1191:
1085:
964:
571:
493:
1638:
617:
602:
539:
524:
397:
382:
119:
4437:
2858:
2755:
2707:
1163:
1073:
453:
278:
to be within the purview of the "public use" constitutional limitation, although eventually, that taking (of the
972:
159:
4274:
3999:
2770:
1318:
1272:
1220:
760:
275:
458:
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
1558:"Condemning Clothes: The Constitutionality of Taking Trademarks in the Professional Sports Franchise Context"
5032:
4480:
4447:
4227:
3652:
3647:
3443:
3052:
2941:
2790:
2199:
2087:
1621:
1077:
1042:
330:
2557:
Portner, Jonathan (Spring 1988). "The Continued Expansion of thePublic Use Requirement in Eminent Domain".
1143:
In Panama, the government must pay a fair amount of money to the owner of the property to be expropriated.
141:
4924:
4807:
4553:
4522:
4338:
4242:
4220:
3807:
3776:
3728:
3602:
3152:
3112:
2878:
1809:
1303:
490:
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
207:
4801:
2474:
436:
has had very weak eminent domain powers, as evidenced by the high-profile opposition to the expansion of
5004:
4977:
4957:
4949:
4573:
4127:
3697:
3642:
3627:
3612:
3496:
3474:
3213:
3193:
3167:
3157:
3117:
2985:
2946:
2848:
2805:
2795:
2780:
2760:
1869:
1180:
917:
905:
826:
810:
481:
463:
429:
2405:
2222:
913:
70:
The most common uses of property taken by eminent domain have been for roads, government buildings and
908:
seized virtually all land in England. Although he maintained absolute power over the land, he granted
4840:
4174:
4036:
3766:
3682:
3374:
3127:
3057:
2920:
2863:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2700:
1532:
Evicted! Property Rights and Eminent Domain in America: Property Rights and Eminent Domain in America
1308:
1263:
2528:
2298:
4963:
4651:
4646:
4333:
4247:
4189:
4122:
3929:
3826:
3657:
3544:
3284:
3107:
3102:
2936:
2841:
2836:
1870:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany: Article 14: Property – Inheritance – Expropriation"
1328:
1206:
has consistently deferred to the right of states to make their own determinations of "public use".
1050:
268:
1855:
1099:
is a reflection of the fact that, as a matter of Australian law, all land was originally owned by
4930:
4254:
4051:
3702:
3386:
3334:
3208:
3162:
3142:
2975:
2956:
2898:
2873:
2366:
2181:
2157:
2133:
2109:
2069:
2045:
1986:
1793:
1203:
492:, which came into force on 1 January 2014. Until 2013, land acquisition in India was governed by
2601:
1235:
Brazil's expropriation laws are governed by the Presidential Decree No. 3365 of June 21, 1941.
912:
to landholders who served as stewards, paying fees and providing military services. During the
849:, and an essential service of public utility. The most famous nationalization in Italy was the
4999:
4723:
4708:
4328:
4194:
4144:
4139:
3944:
3904:
3786:
3781:
3662:
3238:
3047:
3030:
2990:
2915:
2905:
2883:
2868:
2678:
2388:
2321:"Griffiths v Minister for Lands, Planning and Environment [2008] HCA 20 (15 May 2008)"
2277:
1536:
1509:
944:
722:
678:
470:
2499:
4900:
4892:
4820:
4517:
4457:
4210:
4096:
4086:
4071:
4041:
3733:
3677:
3632:
3592:
3539:
3258:
3233:
3132:
3074:
3035:
2995:
2358:
1920:
1339:
1045:
considered the current state of the law of compulsory purchase and advocated reforms in its
792:
166:
60:
2320:
2244:
651:
practices eminent domain under the Land Acquisitions Act, which allows it to carry out its
4943:
4765:
4755:
4731:
4668:
4534:
4490:
4391:
4091:
4076:
3889:
3859:
3617:
3549:
3511:
3479:
3469:
3122:
3069:
1850:
1706:
687:
661:
279:
2347:"Assisted Theft: Compulsory land acquisition for private benefit in Australia and the US"
1895:
955:. The operative law is a patchwork of statutes and case law. The principal acts are the
4848:
4602:
4539:
4495:
4184:
4117:
4081:
4061:
3982:
3954:
3894:
3879:
3667:
3622:
3607:
3582:
3577:
3349:
3329:
3289:
3228:
2980:
1030:
960:
952:
441:
329:
has seized a great deal of land and homes of mainly white farmers in the course of the
71:
2104:
1955:
1084:
Property subject to resumption is not restricted to real estate as authority from the
17:
5026:
4938:
4905:
4703:
4683:
4634:
4311:
4291:
4232:
4149:
4046:
3939:
3899:
3771:
3707:
3692:
3687:
3515:
3464:
3147:
3079:
3064:
2893:
2634:
2370:
1421:
1323:
1014:
1010:
477:
The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times. The
326:
248:
1703:"The Land Acquisition, Rehabilation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 – Full Text of Bill"
4910:
4886:
4853:
4834:
4815:
4770:
4743:
4736:
4718:
4656:
4432:
4386:
4381:
4284:
4269:
4112:
3949:
3874:
3761:
3738:
3597:
3319:
3218:
3203:
3177:
3000:
2966:
2448:
1664:
1611:"A Comparative Perspective of Eminent Domain Laws in the United States & China"
1298:
1276:
930:
814:
260:
222:
1639:"THE STATE OF BIHAR v. MAHARAJADHIRAJA SIR KAMESHWAR SINGHOF DARBHANGA AND OTHERS"
290:
91:, and may put it to uses other than those specified in the eminent domain action.
710:
similarly mandates just and preliminary compensation before expropriation; and a
4878:
4678:
4563:
4452:
4427:
4415:
4396:
4279:
4259:
4169:
4066:
3838:
3501:
3489:
3344:
3198:
3020:
3015:
2888:
2723:
1948:"Occupazione acquisitiva: nodo irrisolto nonostante le modifiche al Testo unico"
1575:
1280:
948:
925:
587:
509:
367:
334:
271:
216:
108:
2362:
1599:
Dancaescu, Nick. Note. Land reform in Zimbabwe. 15 Fla. J. Int'l L. 615 (2003).
806:
total (the whole property is expropriated) or partial; permanent or temporary.
251:. Condemnors may also take personal property, even intangible property such as
4971:
4858:
4475:
4056:
3934:
3833:
3791:
3587:
3506:
3299:
3172:
1313:
1268:
1187:
921:
88:
64:
4872:
4673:
4624:
4607:
4545:
4527:
4301:
4215:
3816:
3637:
2176:
2152:
2128:
2064:
2040:
1334:
1171:(Louisiana) as synonyms for the exercise of eminent domain powers. The term
1100:
802:
648:
264:
3412:
725:
based on untried accusations of collaboration with the Nazi occupier, the
4760:
4693:
4629:
4512:
4442:
4420:
4316:
4264:
4022:
3864:
3803:
3756:
3572:
3279:
3223:
3025:
2951:
2734:
1006:
846:
322:
252:
228:
79:
75:
4713:
4507:
4500:
4365:
4161:
3924:
3672:
3459:
2276:
vol 1 (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1988): 600.
1642:
726:
133: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
690:, is in accordance with law, and, in particular, to secure payment of
4688:
4640:
4409:
3964:
3723:
3084:
2677:
1292:
703:
256:
219:
1729:
1705:. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. Archived from
1186:
The practice of condemnation came to the American colonies with the
2153:"Acquisition of Land (Authorisation Procedure) (Scotland) Act 1947"
27:
Legal power of a government to take private property for public use
4777:
4373:
3959:
3914:
3843:
3821:
3040:
788:
770:
759:
433:
351:
235:
2357:(3). Melbourne: Legal Service Bulletin Co-operative Ltd: 147–51.
1035:
Acquisition of Land (Authorisation Procedure) (Scotland) Act 1947
821:
The implementation of the eminent domain follows two principles:
3919:
3484:
3005:
909:
850:
3995:
3416:
2696:
4750:
2692:
2449:"New York Code, Public Lands, Art. 2, Sec. 27, Appropriations"
2419:
Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada.
1224:
691:
581:
503:
361:
283:
102:
1508:(Seventh ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson West. p. 263.
238:
for "supreme ownership") and described the power as follows:
2018:
677:
is in accordance with law and necessary in the interests of
205:
The term "eminent domain" was taken from the legal treatise
3991:
337:. These farmers were never compensated for this seizure.
78:
were given the right of eminent domain to obtain land or
4827:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
947:, and other jurisdictions that follow the principles of
2295:"LANDS ACQUISITION ACT - SECT 43 Acquisition generally"
1813:, decision of ECtHR dated by 21 February 1986, para 54.
1017:. Compensation is available to the landowner, with the
718:
is commonly required, to demonstrate a public benefit.
488:
Land acquisition in India is currently governed by the
2105:"Land Compensation (Scotland) Act 1963: Section 8"
2475:"Louisiana Revised Statutes, Title 19, Expropriation"
1576:"City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders (1982) 32 C3d 60"
1194:, differing views on eminent domain were voiced. The
1223:. which resulted in the expropriation of 51% of the
4786:
4588:
4468:
4354:
4203:
4160:
4105:
4029:
3852:
3802:
3747:
3716:
3563:
3530:
3450:
3267:
3186:
3093:
2965:
2929:
2829:
2748:
851:
1962 nationalization of the electrical power sector
708:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2387:, 2nd ed. (Newport, NSW: Cavendish, 2001):45-46.
2129:"Lands Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1845"
247:The exercise of eminent domain is not limited to
2406:"Public Works Act 1981 (NZ Legislation Website)"
1279:, allows the expropriation of land estates for
1068:Section 51(xxxi) of the Australian Constitution
1027:Lands Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1845
2602:"DECRETO-LEI NÂş 3.365, DE 21 DE JUNHO DE 1941"
2274:Final Report of the Constitutionali Commission
937:Attorney-General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd
4007:
3428:
3355:List of housing markets by real estate prices
2708:
1690:Indian History, World Developments and Civics
880:
866:
840:
796:
782:
776:
764:
749:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
8:
1025:regulating compulsory purchase include: the
734:
711:
1562:Washington and Lee University School of Law
1504:Nowak, John E.; Rotunda, Ronald D. (2004).
616:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
538:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
396:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
300:(business losses in temporary takings) and
226:
4358:
4014:
4000:
3992:
3435:
3421:
3413:
3395:
2715:
2701:
2693:
1991:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1049:. Such reforms have yet to be made by the
924:for massive expropriations. Chapter 28 of
787:("expropriation for public utility") – in
1828:"Louis Renault and the shame of a nation"
1787:Mahapatra, Dhananjay (28 February 2009).
1393:Australia, Barbados, New Zealand, Ireland
989:Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
636:Learn how and when to remove this message
558:Learn how and when to remove this message
416:Learn how and when to remove this message
193:Learn how and when to remove this message
1821:
1819:
900:Compulsory purchase in England and Wales
2205:Discussion Paper on Compulsory Purchase
2177:"Land Compensation (Scotland) Act 1963"
2092:Discussion Paper on Compulsory Purchase
1413:
1350:
1047:Discussion Paper on Compulsory Purchase
721:Notably, in 1945, by decree of General
2559:The University of Baltimore Law Review
2272:Australian Constitutional Commission,
2019:"Expropriationslag (1972:719) (ExprL)"
2008:, Art 33 part 3. Congress of Deputies.
1984:
1876:. Germany: Federal Ministry of Justice
1620:. 12:115 (12): 115–141. Archived from
1609:Arya J., Taghdiri (20 December 2019).
1446:"Land acquisition's chequered history"
1072:In Australia, section 51(xxxi) of the
653:Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme
2041:"Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1845"
1952:Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online
1039:Land Compensation (Scotland) Act 1963
769:, "expropriate", protest graffiti in
7:
3382:
1688:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005),
1161:, but some U.S. states use the term
1001:Compulsory purchase laws in Scotland
957:Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845
614:adding citations to reliable sources
536:adding citations to reliable sources
394:adding citations to reliable sources
297:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
131:adding citations to reliable sources
2660:"Encyclical "Populorum progressio""
2533:, 45 Cal.2d 20, 286 P.2d 15 (1955)"
1979:Manuale pratico dell'espropriazione
1529:Schultz, David (22 December 2009).
1357:United States, Philippines, Liberia
1153:Eminent domain in the United States
784:espropriazione per pubblica utilitĂ
674:European Convention on Human Rights
3340:Undergraduate real estate programs
2421:"Information archivée dans le Web"
1977:Assini, N.; Tescaroli, N. (2003).
1789:"Should right to property return?"
985:Planning and Compensation Act 1991
981:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
736:RĂ©gie Nationale des Usines Renault
274:'s franchise has been held by the
25:
3138:Investment rating for real estate
1854:. 6 February 1956. Archived from
1190:. When it came time to draft the
733:posthumously and nationalised as
657:Amendments to the Land Titles Act
306:Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
4994:
4993:
3976:
3394:
3381:
3369:
3368:
1846:"Foreign News: Was He Murdered?"
791:takes place within the frame of
586:
508:
366:
331:land reform movement in Zimbabwe
107:
3870:Residential cluster development
1728:Bhattacharyya, Debjani (2015).
302:United States v. Pewee Coal Co.
118:needs additional citations for
5038:Legal doctrines and principles
4559:Right of way (property access)
3522:Shopping streets and districts
3295:Graduate real estate education
2740:Tertiary sector of the economy
1665:"The Constitution (Amendment)"
729:company was expropriated from
714:déclaration d'utilité publique
672:In many European nations, the
1:
1734:Economic and Political Weekly
865:allows forced expropriation (
225:in 1625, which used the term
3648:Model dwellings for the poor
3249:Real estate investment trust
2854:Extraterrestrial real estate
2065:"Land Compensation Act 1973"
2006:Spanish Constitution of 1978
977:Acquisition of Land Act 1981
969:Compulsory Purchase Act 1965
863:Spanish Constitution of 1978
834:Italian Constitutional Court
494:Land Acquisition Act of 1894
466:originally provided for the
438:Narita International Airport
4865:Two Treatises of Government
3254:Real property administrator
3244:Real estate investment club
2479:Louisiana State Legislature
1946:Buonomo, Giampiero (2003).
1826:Morton, Ian (14 May 2005).
1261:Since 1967, the encyclical
1019:Lands Tribunal for Scotland
904:After his victory in 1066,
813:and the article 834 of the
213:On the Law of War and Peace
5059:
2911:Private equity real estate
2604:. PresidĂŞncia da RepĂşblica
2385:Principles of Property Law
2363:10.1177/1037969X0903400301
1366:India, Malaysia, Singapore
1192:United States Constitution
1150:
1065:
998:
973:Land Compensation Act 1973
965:Land Compensation Act 1961
920:used the Crown's right of
897:
795:, as an expression of the
572:Land Acquisition Act, 1894
451:
4989:
4361:
3973:
3363:
2859:International real estate
2730:
1618:Tsinghua China Law Review
1474:. Routledge. p. 216.
1157:Most states use the term
735:
454:Land Acquisition in India
4917:The Great Transformation
4275:Labor theory of property
3444:Real estate developments
2581:servicios.infoleg.gob.ar
2345:Reale, Andreana (2009).
2117:, 1963 c. 51 (s. 8)
1472:Encyclopedia of the City
1319:Law of the land (Jewish)
1273:Catholic social teaching
1243:Art. 19, No. 24, of the
1221:renationalization of YPF
739:, without compensation.
276:California Supreme Court
4486:Forest-dwelling (India)
4448:restraint on alienation
4228:Common good (economics)
3653:Multifamily residential
3053:Real estate transaction
2942:Real estate development
2685:Encyclopædia Britannica
2351:Alternative Law Journal
2208:(2014, SLC DP No: 159).
2200:Scottish Law Commission
2094:(2014, SLC DP No: 159).
2088:Scottish Law Commission
1402:Canada and South Africa
1078:Commonwealth Parliament
1074:Australian Constitution
1043:Scottish Law Commission
655:for urban renewal. The
267:. Even the taking of a
59:) is the power to take
4925:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
4699:Primitive accumulation
4554:Right of way (transit)
4339:Tragedy of the commons
4221:fictitious commodities
3603:Conservation community
3153:Real estate derivative
3113:Effective gross income
2879:Healthcare real estate
2688:(11th ed.). 1911.
2679:"Eminent Domain"
2631:Confinder.richmond.edu
1810:James v United Kingdom
1761:. 2014. Archived from
1331:: waterways regulation
1304:Individual reclamation
1181:goodwill of the public
881:
867:
841:
809:The article 42 of the
797:
783:
777:
773:
765:
712:
245:
227:
208:De jure belli ac pacis
53:compulsory acquisition
18:Compulsory acquisition
4978:The Wealth of Nations
4958:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4950:The Ethics of Liberty
3698:Single-room occupancy
3643:Mixed-use development
3628:Intentional community
3613:Golf course community
3475:Mixed-use development
3310:Industry trade groups
3214:Exclusive buyer agent
3168:Real estate valuation
3158:Real estate economics
3118:Gross rent multiplier
2947:Real estate investing
2849:Corporate Real Estate
2455:. The New York Senate
2383:Samantha J. Hepburn,
2187:The National Archives
2163:The National Archives
2139:The National Archives
2115:The National Archives
2075:The National Archives
2051:The National Archives
1470:Caves, R. W. (2004).
916:in the 14th century,
906:William the Conqueror
763:
464:Constitution of India
321:Since the 1990s, the
240:
4841:Progress and Poverty
4175:Common-pool resource
3767:Garden city movement
3683:Retirement community
3128:Highest and best use
3094:Economics, financing
3058:Real estate contract
2952:Real estate flipping
2921:Residential property
2864:Lease administration
2816:United Arab Emirates
1858:on 14 December 2008.
1384:Hong Kong and Uganda
1309:Inverse condemnation
1264:Populorum progressio
1245:Chilean Constitution
868:expropiaciĂłn forzosa
861:Article 33.3 of the
827:Italian Constitution
811:Italian Constitution
610:improve this section
532:improve this section
390:improve this section
127:improve this article
4964:The Social Contract
4652:population transfer
4569:prior-appropriation
4248:homestead principle
3930:Planning permission
3673:Residential airpark
3658:Penthouse apartment
3545:Industrial district
3108:Capitalization rate
3103:Asset-based lending
2937:Property management
2842:Commercial building
2837:Commercial property
2531:Linggi v. Garovotti
1874:Gesetze im Internet
1832:The Daily Telegraph
1768:on 10 February 2015
1329:Navigable servitude
1051:Scottish Parliament
882:Expropriationslagen
781:– or more formally
41:compulsory purchase
4944:Murray N. Rothbard
4255:Free-rider problem
3983:Housing portal
3555:Technology centers
3335:Real estate trends
3239:Real estate broker
3209:Chartered Surveyor
3163:Real estate bubble
3143:Mortgage insurance
2976:Adverse possession
2899:Luxury real estate
2874:Garden real estate
2428:publications.gc.ca
2249:(1941) 65 CLR 255"
2182:legislation.gov.uk
2158:legislation.gov.uk
2134:legislation.gov.uk
2110:legislation.gov.uk
2070:legislation.gov.uk
2046:legislation.gov.uk
1794:The Times of India
1627:on 26 August 2021.
1506:Constitutional Law
1487:Indiana Law Review
1422:"Land Acquisition"
1204:U.S. Supreme Court
914:Hundred Years' War
815:Italian Civil Code
774:
215:), written by the
5043:Real property law
5020:
5019:
4931:What Is Property?
4724:human trafficking
4709:Regulatory taking
4584:
4583:
4329:Right to property
3989:
3988:
3945:Regional planning
3905:Land-use planning
3787:Urban green space
3782:Planned community
3717:Science/education
3663:Private community
3410:
3409:
3048:Property abstract
3031:Land registration
2991:Concurrent estate
2916:Real estate owned
2906:Off-plan property
2884:Vacation property
2869:Niche real estate
1896:"D.P.R. 327/2001"
1556:Diles, Mitchell.
979:, part IX of the
945:England and Wales
894:England and Wales
842:Nazionalizzazione
723:Charles de Gaulle
679:national security
646:
645:
638:
568:
567:
560:
471:Right to property
426:
425:
418:
325:government under
203:
202:
195:
177:
16:(Redirected from
5050:
4997:
4996:
4901:John Stuart Mill
4821:Friedrich Engels
4802:Frédéric Bastiat
4795:
4647:Forced migration
4615:Collectivization
4359:
4238:First possession
4211:Bundle of rights
4016:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3734:Satellite campus
3678:Residential area
3633:Luxury apartment
3593:Closed community
3540:Business cluster
3437:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3315:Investment firms
3234:Property manager
3133:Home equity loan
3036:Leasehold estate
2996:Conditional sale
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2633:. Archived from
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:on 23 April 2015
2297:. Archived from
2291:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2247:Andrews v Howell
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2225:on 11 April 2009
2221:. Archived from
2215:
2209:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:on 24 March 2016
1954:. Archived from
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1669:Indiacode.nic.in
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1340:Manifest destiny
1023:current statutes
1015:Victorian period
884:
870:
844:
800:
798:potere ablatorio
786:
780:
768:
738:
737:
717:
641:
634:
630:
627:
621:
590:
582:
563:
556:
552:
549:
543:
512:
504:
421:
414:
410:
407:
401:
370:
362:
233:
198:
191:
187:
184:
178:
176:
142:"Eminent domain"
135:
111:
103:
72:public utilities
61:private property
37:land acquisition
21:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
4985:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4732:husband-selling
4669:Illegal logging
4664:Illegal fishing
4593:
4580:
4491:Freedom to roam
4464:
4377:(agrarian land)
4350:
4307:Property rights
4199:
4156:
4118:Estate (landed)
4101:
4025:
4020:
3990:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3890:Greenfield land
3860:Brownfield land
3848:
3798:
3743:
3712:
3618:Gated community
3559:
3550:Industrial park
3526:
3512:Shopping center
3480:Office building
3470:Commercial area
3446:
3441:
3411:
3406:
3359:
3263:
3182:
3123:Hard money loan
3095:
3089:
3070:Rent regulation
2961:
2925:
2825:
2744:
2726:
2721:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:Independent.org
2502:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2382:
2378:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2198:
2194:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1921:"Dlgs 302/2002"
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1709:on 4 March 2016
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1645:on 21 July 2011
1637:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1289:
1259:
1254:
1241:
1233:
1217:
1212:
1196:Fifth Amendment
1155:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1031:8 & 9 Vict.
1003:
997:
961:8 & 9 Vict.
902:
896:
891:
877:
859:
758:
745:
700:
688:public interest
670:
662:majoritarianism
642:
631:
625:
622:
607:
591:
580:
564:
553:
547:
544:
529:
513:
502:
460:
452:Main articles:
450:
430:post-occupation
422:
411:
405:
402:
387:
371:
360:
348:
343:
319:
314:
280:Oakland Raiders
199:
188:
182:
179:
136:
134:
124:
112:
101:
35:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5033:Eminent domain
5025:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4856:
4851:
4849:Garrett Hardin
4846:
4845:
4844:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4798:
4796:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:Eminent domain
4617:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4603:Bioprospecting
4599:
4597:
4595:redistribution
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4379:
4371:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4297:Natural rights
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Urban planning
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Greyfield land
3892:
3887:
3885:Eminent domain
3882:
3880:Context theory
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3777:Planned cities
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Public housing
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Housing estate
3620:
3615:
3610:
3608:Executive home
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Bungalow court
3580:
3578:Boarding house
3575:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3401:List of topics
3391:
3378:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3350:Urban planning
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Property cycle
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Gentrification
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:Moving company
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Eminent domain
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Chain of title
2978:
2972:
2970:
2969:and regulation
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2821:United Kingdom
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2671:External links
2669:
2667:
2666:
2651:
2640:on 14 May 2011
2615:
2593:
2568:
2549:
2537:Google Scholar
2519:
2491:
2466:
2440:
2411:
2397:
2376:
2337:
2325:Austlii.edu.au
2312:
2286:
2265:
2253:Austlii.edu.au
2236:
2210:
2192:
2168:
2144:
2120:
2096:
2080:
2056:
2032:
2010:
1998:
1969:
1937:
1912:
1887:
1861:
1837:
1815:
1800:
1779:
1743:
1720:
1694:
1681:
1656:
1630:
1601:
1592:
1580:Online.ceb.com
1567:
1548:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1496:
1477:
1462:
1437:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1375:United Kingdom
1368:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:energy company
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1159:eminent domain
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1066:Main article:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
999:Main article:
996:
993:
953:Upper Tribunal
898:Main article:
895:
892:
890:
889:United Kingdom
887:
876:
873:
858:
855:
838:
837:
830:
757:
754:
744:
741:
699:
696:
683:First Protocol
669:
666:
644:
643:
594:
592:
585:
579:
576:
566:
565:
516:
514:
507:
501:
498:
449:
446:
442:Roppongi Hills
424:
423:
374:
372:
365:
359:
356:
347:
344:
342:
339:
318:
315:
313:
310:
201:
200:
115:
113:
106:
100:
97:
33:Eminent domain
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5055:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:Categories:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:David Ricardo
4937:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Elinor Ostrom
4904:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Privatization
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Legal plunder
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:Expropriation
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:(watercourse)
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:primogeniture
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Legal plunder
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:appropriation
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Excludability
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3984:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Redevelopment
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Groundscraper
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:Miscellaneous
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Model village
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Research park
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3708:Tract housing
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Rooming house
3691:
3689:
3688:Revenue house
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:Shopping mall
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Business park
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Mortgage loan
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:and valuation
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Torrens title
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Real property
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Golf property
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
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1925:Parlamento.it
1922:
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1169:expropriation
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593:
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515:
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472:
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375:This section
373:
369:
364:
363:
357:
355:
353:
345:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:Robert Mugabe
324:
316:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
261:trade secrets
258:
254:
250:
249:real property
244:
239:
237:
232:
230:
224:
221:
218:
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209:
197:
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186:
183:November 2023
175:
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114:
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4911:Karl Polanyi
4891:
4887:Marcel Mauss
4877:
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4854:David Harvey
4839:
4835:Henry George
4825:
4816:Ronald Coase
4806:
4791:
4737:wife selling
4719:bride buying
4657:repatriation
4639:
4619:
4590:Disposession
4544:
4433:Property law
4408:
4404:Forest types
4374:
4366:
4355:Applications
4285:rent-seeking
4270:Gift economy
4128:Intellectual
3950:Urban design
3884:
3875:Construction
3762:Civic center
3739:Science park
3598:Company town
3497:Power center
3399:
3387:
3373:
3320:Land banking
3219:Land banking
3204:Buyer broker
3178:Rental value
3010:
3001:Conveyancing
2811:Saudi Arabia
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2635:the original
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2453:NYSenate.gov
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2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2213:
2203:
2195:
2189:, 1963 c. 51
2180:
2171:
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2156:
2147:
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2083:
2077:, 1973 c. 26
2068:
2059:
2053:, 1845 c. 18
2044:
2035:
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1978:
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1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1951:
1940:
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1763:the original
1759:Prsindia.irg
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1579:
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1277:Pope Paul VI
1262:
1260:
1257:Christianity
1242:
1234:
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1200:
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1177:
1173:condemnation
1172:
1168:
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223:Hugo Grotius
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125:Please help
120:verification
117:
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4879:Das Kapital
4766:progressive
4756:inheritance
4679:Land reform
4453:real estate
4428:Land tenure
4416:Inheritance
4344:anticommons
4280:Law of rent
4260:Game theory
4190:Information
4170:Common land
4067:Cooperative
3910:Nonbuilding
3839:Tower block
3703:Subdivision
3565:Residential
3502:Retail park
3345:Urban decay
3199:Buyer agent
3021:Foreclosure
3016:Encumbrance
2889:Arable land
2801:Puerto Rico
2749:By location
2724:Real estate
2664:(at n. 24).
2526:See, e.g.,
1281:common good
1227:'s shares.
1121:The Bahamas
1107:New Zealand
949:English law
926:Magna Carta
468:Fundamental
335:colonialism
291:pecuniarily
272:sports team
5027:Categories
5010:by country
4972:Adam Smith
4859:John Locke
4523:indigenous
4518:aboriginal
4438:alienation
4133:indigenous
4123:Intangible
4037:Collective
3935:Playground
3834:Skyscraper
3588:City block
3532:Industrial
3507:Riverfront
3452:Commercial
3300:Green belt
3173:Remortgage
2957:Relocation
2756:Bangladesh
2608:24 October
2305:14 January
2021:. Lagen.nu
1649:15 October
1455:19 October
1430:19 October
1409:References
1314:Land bonds
1269:encyclical
1188:common law
1097:resumption
1037:; and the
987:, and the
922:purveyance
918:Edward III
570:Under the
428:Since the
323:Zimbabwean
265:copyrights
153:newspapers
89:fee simple
65:public use
49:resumption
45:resumption
4873:Karl Marx
4674:Land Back
4625:Enclosure
4608:biopiracy
4546:Bergregal
4528:squatting
4302:Ownership
4216:Commodity
4195:Knowledge
4106:By nature
4062:Customary
4052:Community
3817:Apartment
3804:Buildings
3749:Municipal
3638:McMansion
3285:Filtering
3275:Companies
3194:Appraiser
3075:Severance
2771:Indonesia
2565:(6): 543.
2371:152726985
1987:cite book
1900:Camera.it
1834:. London.
1713:7 January
1692:, p. A-33
1493:(55): 55.
1335:Water law
1215:Argentina
1101:the Crown
1095:The term
1062:Australia
793:civil law
778:Esproprio
766:Espropria
649:Singapore
597:does not
578:Singapore
519:does not
482:amendment
377:does not
80:easements
76:railroads
5000:Property
4893:The Gift
4792:key work
4787:Scholars
4771:property
4728:spousal
4694:Poaching
4630:Eviction
4574:riparian
4535:Littoral
4443:easement
4421:executor
4392:literary
4317:usufruct
4265:Georgism
4145:Tangible
4140:Personal
4047:Communal
4030:By owner
4023:Property
3865:Cemetery
3757:Arcology
3573:Agrihood
3375:Category
3280:Eviction
3224:Landlord
3026:Land law
2791:Pakistan
2735:Property
2644:8 August
2577:"Ley 21"
2512:5 August
2330:8 August
2258:8 August
2025:5 August
1981:. Padua.
1962:28 March
1930:8 August
1905:8 August
1772:8 August
1674:8 August
1585:8 August
1450:The Star
1287:See also
1252:Religion
1007:Scotland
995:Scotland
940:(1919).
847:monopoly
803:ablative
626:May 2024
548:May 2024
500:Pakistan
406:May 2024
317:Zimbabwe
255:rights,
253:contract
229:dominium
4808:The Law
4714:Slavery
4540:Mineral
4508:Hunting
4501:pannage
4496:Grazing
4481:Fishing
4367:Acequia
4334:Rivalry
4322:women's
4180:Digital
4162:Commons
4097:Unowned
4072:Private
3925:Parking
3460:Airport
3388:Commons
3305:Indices
3187:Parties
2986:Closing
2930:Sectors
2624:"Chile"
2586:14 June
1880:4 March
1283:needs.
1057:Oceania
1013:of the
743:Germany
727:Renault
618:removed
603:sources
540:removed
525:sources
398:removed
383:sources
257:patents
231:eminens
167:scholar
99:Meaning
74:. Many
4689:Piracy
4641:Farhud
4469:Rights
4410:Huerta
4382:Estate
4204:Theory
4185:Global
4087:Social
4077:Public
4042:Common
3965:Zoning
3724:Campus
3490:inland
3393:
3380:
3367:
3325:People
3259:Tenant
3085:Zoning
2806:Russia
2796:Panama
2781:Turkey
2761:Canada
2542:13 May
2484:17 May
2459:17 May
2433:11 May
2391:
2369:
2280:
1539:
1512:
1293:Angary
1231:Brazil
1139:Panama
1130:Canada
1041:. The
983:, the
975:, the
971:, the
967:, the
875:Sweden
706:, the
704:France
698:France
668:Europe
312:Africa
263:, and
220:jurist
169:
162:
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148:
140:
4778:Theft
4564:Water
4458:title
4387:legal
4375:Ejido
4113:Croft
4092:State
4057:Crown
3960:YIMBY
3915:NIMBY
3844:Villa
3827:types
3822:House
3808:types
3792:parks
3268:Other
3041:Lease
2830:Types
2786:Kenya
2776:Italy
2766:China
2638:(PDF)
2627:(PDF)
2503:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2367:S2CID
1766:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
1740:(50).
1625:(PDF)
1614:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1346:Notes
1267:, an
1239:Chile
910:fiefs
857:Spain
789:Italy
771:Turin
756:Italy
692:taxes
448:India
434:Japan
432:era,
358:Japan
352:China
346:China
236:Latin
217:Dutch
174:JSTOR
160:books
55:, or
4761:poll
4744:wage
4513:Land
4397:real
4150:real
4082:Self
3920:Park
3485:Port
3006:Deed
2646:2016
2610:2017
2588:2022
2544:2018
2514:2016
2486:2017
2461:2017
2435:2024
2389:ISBN
2332:2016
2307:2011
2278:ISBN
2260:2016
2231:2009
2027:2016
1993:link
1964:2016
1932:2016
1907:2016
1882:2023
1851:Time
1807:See
1774:2016
1715:2014
1676:2016
1651:2008
1587:2016
1537:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1457:2018
1432:2018
747:The
601:any
599:cite
523:any
521:cite
479:44th
462:The
456:and
381:any
379:cite
341:Asia
146:news
63:for
4751:Tax
4476:Air
2967:Law
2359:doi
1275:by
1271:on
1167:or
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