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of
Illinois, Urbana/Champaign (UC). It was designed to assess the progress of the project relative to goals outlined in the contract; provide feedback to the Project and School personnel, as well as to the funding agent; and portray the Project as it had evolved since its inception. The techniques of responsive evaluation and portrayal were used combined with Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) and discrepancy evaluation. Significant results of the evaluation are reported under the headings: summary of data, major factors which impacted upon project functioning, project accomplishments, recommendations, and unresolved issues. Eight recommendations cover a variety of aspects including qualifications of staff, on-the-job training programs, and the need for a 6–12 month funded planning and recruitment phase. They provide insight into the diversity of factors that interact to influence the successful development and implementation of an educational program (VT).
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1672:, the online testing business exploded. Pearson VUE was founded by PLATO/Prometric veterans E. Clarke Porter, Steve Nordberg and Kirk Lundeen in 1994 to further expand the global testing infrastructure. VUE improved on the business model by being one of the first commercial companies to rely on the Internet as a critical business service and by developing self-service test registration. The computer-based testing industry has continued to grow, adding professional licensure and educational testing as important business segments.
1486:(Farsi), which uses the Arabic script. There was no funding for this work, which was undertaken only due to Sherwood's personal interest, and no curriculum development occurred for either Persian or Arabic. However, Peter Cole, Robert Lebowitz, and Robert Hart used the new system capabilities to re-do the Hebrew lessons. The PLATO hardware and software supported the design and use of one's own 8-by-16 characters, so most languages could be displayed on the graphics screen (including those written right-to-left).
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to non-PLATO systems. It has successfully been transferred to other CDC 6000-series and Cyber-70 computers. This paper outlines the rationale for the creation of such a system, and gives the background of MULTI-TUTOR, its systems structure, and its compatibility problems with PLATO's Tutor. Current MULTI-TUTOR sites are listed along with an outline of the clearinghouses for lessons now being established at
Northwestern. An analysis of current cost factors of the MULTI-TUTOR system is included.
1802:, most of them much smaller. In many ways Madadeni was very primitive. None of the classrooms had electricity and there was only one telephone for the whole college, which one had to crank for several minutes before an operator might come on the line. So an air-conditioned, carpeted room with 16 computer terminals was a stark contrast to the rest of the college. At times the only way a person could communicate with the outside world was through PLATO term-talk.
805:, a physicist at the University of Illinois, suggested a computerised learning system to William Everett, the engineering college dean, who, in turn, recommended that Daniel Alpert, another physicist, convene a meeting about the matter with engineers, administrators, mathematicians, and psychologists. After weeks of meetings they were unable to agree on a single design. Before conceding failure, Alpert mentioned the matter to laboratory assistant
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illiterate students could effectively use PLATO, but those concerns were not borne out. Within an hour or less most students were using the system proficiently, mostly to learn math and science skills, although a lesson that taught keyboarding skills was one of the most popular. A few students even used on-line resources to learn TUTOR, the PLATO programming language, and a few wrote lessons on the system in the Zulu language.
3016:. Discusses his relationship with Control Data Corporation (CDC) during the development of PLATO, a computer-assisted instruction system. He describes the interest in PLATO of Harold Brooks, a CDC salesman, and his help in procuring a 1604 computer for Bitzer's use. Recalls the commercialization of PLATO by CDC and his disagreements with CDC over marketing strategy and the creation of courseware for PLATO.
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that computer-based education would become a major market in the future. At the same time, Norris was troubled by the unrest of the late 1960s, and felt that much of it was due to social inequalities that needed to be addressed. PLATO offered a solution by providing higher education to segments of the population that would otherwise never be able to afford a university education.
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1664:) in partnership with Novell, Inc. away from the mainframe model to a LAN-based client server architecture and changed the business model to deploy proctored testing at thousands of independent training organizations on a global scale. With the advent of a pervasive global network of testing centers and IT certification programs sponsored by, among others,
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for access to their data center, in order to recoup some of their development costs, making it considerably more expensive than a human on a per-student basis. PLATO was, therefore, a failure as a profitable commercial enterprise, although it did find some use in large companies and government agencies willing to invest in the technology.
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1656:), a private-sector regulator of the US securities markets. During the 1970s Michael Stein, E. Clarke Porter and PLATO veteran Jim Ghesquiere, in cooperation with NASD executive Frank McAuliffe, developed the first "on-demand" proctored commercial testing service. The testing business grew slowly and was ultimately spun off from
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posture, embouchure, hand placement, instrument position, etc.) and a set of 35mm slides of young players demonstrating those problems. In timed class exercises, trainees briefly viewed slides and recorded their diagnoses on the checklists which were reviewed and evaluated later in the training session.
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Significant findings of the comprehensive evaluation of a computer-based curriculum in the basic medical sciences using the PLATO IV computer system are presented. The study was conducted by the Office of
Curriculum and Evaluation (OCE) of the School of Basic Medical Sciences (SBMS) at the University
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The South
African subsidiary of CDC invested heavily in the development of an entire secondary school curriculum (SASSC) on PLATO, but unfortunately as the curriculum was nearing the final stages of completion, CDC began to falter in South Africa—partly because of financial problems back home, partly
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did most of the implementation. This was the first port of TUTOR to a minicomputer and was largely operational by 1976. In 1980, Chen founded Global
Information Systems Technology of Champaign, Illinois, to market this as the Simpler system. GIST eventually merged with the Government Group of Adayana
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A number of smaller testing-related companies also evolved from the PLATO system. One of the few survivors of that group is The
Examiner Corporation. Dr. Stanley Trollip (formerly of the University of Illinois Aviation Research Lab) and Gary Brown (formerly of Control Data) developed the prototype of
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In 1978, William H. Sanders adapted
Froseth’s program for delivery using the PLATO IV system. Sanders transferred the slides to microfiche for rear-projection through the PLATO IV terminal’s plasma display. In timed drills, trainees viewed the slides, then filled in the checklists by touching them on
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PLATO's communication tools and games formed the basis for an online community of thousands of PLATO users, which lasted for well over twenty years. PLATO's games became so popular that a program called "The
Enforcer" was written to run as a background process to regulate or disable game play at most
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Cyber1 offers free access to the system, which contains over 16,000 of the original lessons, in an attempt to preserve the original PLATO communities that grew up at CERL and on CDC systems in the 1980s. The load average of this resurrected system is about 10–15 users, sending personal and notesfile
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CDC eventually sold the "PLATO" trademark and some courseware marketing segment rights to the newly formed The Roach
Organization (TRO) in 1989. In 2000 TRO changed their name to PLATO Learning and continue to sell and service PLATO courseware running on PCs. In late 2012, PLATO Learning brought its
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The goal of this system was to provide tools for music educators to use in the development of instructional materials, which might possibly include music dictation drills, automatically graded keyboard performances, envelope and timbre ear-training, interactive examples or labs in musical acoustics,
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In 1972, Robert W. Placek conducted a study that used computer-assisted instruction for rhythm perception. Placek used the random access audio device attached to a PLATO III terminal for which he developed music notation fonts and graphics. Students majoring in elementary education were asked to (1)
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Bitzer was more forthright about CDC's failure, blaming their corporate culture for the problems. He noted that development of the courseware was averaging $ 300,000 per delivery hour, many times what the CERL was paying for similar products. This meant that CDC had to charge high prices in order to
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Norris provided CERL with machines on which to develop their system in the late 1960s. In 1971, he set up a new division within CDC to develop PLATO "courseware", and eventually many of CDC's own initial training and technical manuals ran on it. In 1974, PLATO was running on in-house machines at CDC
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veterans, higher education was limited to a minority of the US population, though only 9% of the population was in the military. The trend towards greater enrollment was notable by the early 1950s, and the problem of providing instruction for the many new students was a serious concern to university
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The HYPERTUTOR incorporates the ideas of a "hypertext" and the TUTOR-IV programing language used on the PLATO-IV system. The HYPERTUTOR is a part of
Northwestern University's MULTI-TUTOR system and runs on a non-PLATO, non-dedicated CDC 6400 computer. It allows the transfer of courseware from PLATO
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CDC continued development of the basic system under the name CYBIS (CYber-Based Instructional System) after selling the trademarks to Roach, in order to service their commercial and government customers. CDC later sold off their CYBIS business to University Online, which was a descendant of IMSATT.
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In 1979, Williams used a digitally controlled cassette tape recorder that had been interfaced to a minicomputer (Williams, M.A. "A comparison of three approaches to the teaching of auditory-visual discrimination, sight singing and music dictation to college music students: A traditional approach, a
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In 1969, Ned C. Deihl and Rudolph E. Radocy conducted a computer-assisted instruction study in music that included discriminating aural concepts related to phrasing, articulation, and rhythm on the clarinet. They used a four-track tape recorder interfaced to a computer to provide pre-recorded audio
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Study participants were interviewed about the experience and found it both valuable and enjoyable. Of particular value was PLATO’s immediate feedback. Though participants noted shortcomings in the quality of the audio, they generally indicated that they were able to learn the basic skills of rhythm
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In 1969, G. David Peters began researching the feasibility of using PLATO to teach trumpet students to play with increased pitch and rhythmic precision. He created an interface for the PLATO III terminal. The hardware consisted of (1) filters that could determine the true pitch of a tone, and (2) a
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A PLATO-compatible music language known as OPAL (Octave-Pitch-Accent-Length) was developed for these synthesizers, as well as a compiler for the language, two music text editors, a filing system for music binaries, programs to play the music binaries in real time, and print musical scores, and many
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A PLATO V terminal in 1981, displaying RankTrek application, one of the first to combine simultaneous local microprocessor-based computing with remote mainframe computing. The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated. Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch
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Norris continued to praise PLATO, announcing that it would be only a few years before it represented a major source of income for CDC as late as 1984. In 1986, Norris stepped down as CEO, and the PLATO service was slowly killed off. He later claimed that Micro-PLATO was one of the reasons PLATO got
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was unconvinced by their ad copy and started an investigation of the claims. In the end, they concluded that while it was not proven to be a better education system, everyone using it nevertheless enjoyed it, at least. An official evaluation by an external testing agency ended with roughly the same
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As PLATO IV reached production quality, William Norris (CDC) became increasingly interested in it as a potential product. His interest was twofold. From a strict business perspective, he was evolving Control Data into a service-based company instead of a hardware one, and was increasingly convinced
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By the mid-1970s, James O. Froseth (University of Michigan) had published training materials that taught instrumental music teachers to visually identify typical problems demonstrated by beginning band students. For each instrument, Froseth developed an ordered checklist of what to look for (i.e.,
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Work in the School of Music continued on other platforms after the CERL PLATO system shutdown in 1994. Over the 24-year life of the music project, its many participants moved into educational institutions and into the private sector. Their influence can be traced to numerous multimedia pedagogies,
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Of course, a computerized system equal to a human should have been a major achievement, the very concept for which the early pioneers in CBT were aiming. A computer could serve all the students in a school for the cost of maintaining it, and wouldn't go on strike. However, CDC charged $ 50 an hour
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Sanders and Froseth subsequently conducted a study to compare traditional classroom delivery of the program to delivery using PLATO. The results showed no significant difference between the delivery methods for a) student post-test performance and b) their attitudes toward the training materials.
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recoup their costs, prices that made the system unattractive. The reason, he suggested, for these high prices was that CDC had set up a division that had to keep itself profitable via courseware development, forcing them to raise the prices in order to keep their headcount up during slow periods.
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Watanabe’s computer-based drill-and-practice program taught elementary music education students to identify musical instruments by sound. Students listened to randomly selected instrument sounds, identified the instrument they heard, and received immediate feedback. Watanabe found no significant
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of the original CDC hardware called Desktop Cyber. Within six months, by word of mouth alone, more than 500 former users had signed up to use the system. Many of the students who used PLATO in the 1970s and 1980s felt a special social bond with the community of users who came together using the
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difference in learning between the group who learned through computer-assisted drill programs and the group receiving traditional instruction in instrument identification. The study did, however, demonstrate that use of random-access audio in computer-assisted instruction in music was feasible.
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CDC announced the acquisition soon after, claiming that by 1985, 50% of the company's income would be related to PLATO services. Through the 1970s, CDC tirelessly promoted PLATO, both as a commercial tool and one for re-training unemployed workers in new fields. Norris refused to give up on the
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received several grants from CDC to implement computer language interpreters and associated programming instruction. Royalties received from the PLATO computer-aided instruction materials developed at Evergreen support technology grants and an annual lecture series on computer-related topics.
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and functioned for four decades, offering coursework (elementary through university) to UIUC students, local schools, prison inmates, and other universities. Courses were taught in a range of subjects, including Latin, chemistry, education, music, Esperanto, and primary mathematics. The system
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For many of the Madadeni students, most of whom came from very rural areas, the PLATO terminal was the first time they encountered any kind of electronic technology. Many of the first-year students had never seen a flush toilet before. There initially was skepticism that these technologically
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Although PLATO was designed for computer-based education, perhaps its most enduring legacy is its place in the origins of online community. This was made possible by PLATO's groundbreaking communication and interface capabilities, features whose significance is only lately being recognized by
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A hard drive for Audio snippets: The random-access audio device used a magnetic disc with a capacity to hold 17 total minutes of pre-recorded audio. It could retrieve for playback any of 4096 audio clips within 0.4 seconds. By 1980, the device was being commercially produced by Education and
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Between 1974 and 1988, 25 U of I music faculty participated in software curriculum development and more than 40 graduate students wrote software and assisted the faculty in its use. In 1988, the project broadened its focus beyond PLATO to accommodate the increasing availability and use of
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From 1970 to 1994, the University of Illinois (U of I) School of Music explored the use of the Computer-based Education Research Laboratory (CERL) PLATO computer system to deliver online instruction in music. Led by G. David Peters, music faculty and students worked with PLATO’s technical
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off-track. They had started on the TI-99/4A, but then Texas Instruments pulled the plug and they moved to other systems like the Atari, who soon did the same. He felt that it was a waste of time anyway, as the system's value was in its online nature, which Micro-PLATO lacked initially.
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Random-access audio devices interfaced to PLATO IV terminals were also available. There were issues with sound quality due to dropouts in the audio. Regardless, Watanabe deemed consistent fast access to audio clips critical to the study design and selected this device for the study.
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In 1972, with the introduction of PLATO IV, Bitzer declared general success, claiming that the goal of generalized computer instruction was now available to all. However, the terminals were very expensive (about $ 12,000). The PLATO IV terminal had several major innovations:
1851:, by permission of Syntegra (now British Telecom ), which had acquired the remainder of CDC's mainframe business. Cyber1 runs this software on the Desktop Cyber emulator. Desktop Cyber accurately emulates in software a range of CDC Cyber mainframe models and many peripherals.
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Findings of an evaluation of the use of PLATO IV in support of a computer-based medical sciences curriculum indicate that PLATO IV can be used effectively in the creation and implementation of lessons and that it is an excellent host for lessons developed on another system
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system, and invested in several non-mainstream courses, including a crop-information system for farmers, and various courses for inner-city youth. CDC even went as far as to place PLATO terminals in some shareholder's houses, to demonstrate the concept of the system.
1427:. Eventually, over 12,000 contact hours of courseware was developed, much of it developed by university faculty for higher education. PLATO courseware covers a full range of high-school and college courses, as well as topics such as reading skills, family planning,
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debugging and compositional aids. A number of interactive compositional programs have also been written. Gooch's peripherals were heavily used for music education courseware as created, for example, by the University of Illinois School of Music PLATO Project.
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counting device to measure tone duration. The device accepted and judged rapid notes, two notes trilled, and lip slurs. Peters demonstrated that judging instrumental performance for pitch and rhythmic accuracy was feasible in computer-assisted instruction.
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In much the same way that the PLATO hardware and development platform inspired advances elsewhere (such as at Xerox PARC and MIT), many popular commercial and Internet games ultimately derived their inspiration from PLATO's early games. As one example,
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PLATO's plasma panels were well suited to games, although its I/O bandwidth (180 characters per second or 60 graphic lines per second) was relatively slow. By virtue of 1500 shared 60-bit variables per game (initially), it was possible to implement
1779:, which served the "native" population, and at one time had hundreds of PLATO IV terminals all connected by leased data lines back to Johannesburg. There were several other installations at educational institutions in South Africa, among them
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PLATO I, II, and III were funded by small grants from a combined Army-Navy-Air Force funding pool. By the time PLATO III was in operation, everyone involved was convinced it was worthwhile to scale up the project. Accordingly, in 1967, the
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planned to make PLATO a force in the computer world, but found that marketing the system was not as easy as hoped. PLATO nevertheless built a strong following in certain markets, and the last production PLATO system was in use until 2006.
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passages. Messages were recorded on three tracks and inaudible signals on the fourth track with two hours of play/record time available. This research further demonstrated that computer-controlled audio with four-track tape was possible.
864:. The only remote PLATO III terminal was located near the state capitol in Springfield, Illinois at Springfield High School. It was connected to the PLATO III system by a video connection and a separate dedicated line for keyboard data.
1775:. Mainly this computer was used for management and data processing tasks related to power generation and distribution, but it also ran the PLATO software. The largest PLATO installation in South Africa during the early 1980s was at the
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microprocessors were introduced in the new PLATO V terminals. They could download small software modules and execute them locally. It was a way to augment the PLATO courseware with rich animation and other sophisticated capabilities.
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909:, incorporated both memory and bitmapped graphics into one display. The display was a 512Ă—512 bitmap, with both character and vector plotting done by hardwired logic. It included fast vector line drawing capability, and ran at 1260
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included a number of features useful for pedagogy, including text overlaying graphics, contextual assessment of free-text answers, depending on the inclusion of keywords, and feedback designed to respond to alternative answers.
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and composition and theory exercises with immediate feedback. One ear-training application, Ottaviano, became a required part of certain undergraduate music theory courses at Florida State University in the early 1980s.
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recognize elements of rhythm notation, and (2) listen to rhythm patterns and identify their notations. This was the first known application of the PLATO random-access audio device to computer-based music instruction.
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In the early 1980s, CDC started heavily advertising the service, apparently due to increasing internal dissent over the now $ 600 million project, taking out print and even radio ads promoting it as a general tool.
1735:. CERL was closed in 1994, with the maintenance of the PLATO code passing to UCI. UCI was later renamed NovaNET Learning, which was bought by National Computer Systems (NCS). Shortly after that, NCS was bought by
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computer. It included a television set for display and a special keyboard for navigating the system's function menus; PLATO II, in 1961, featured two users at once, one of the first implementations of multi-user
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Between 1973 and 1980, a group under the direction of Thomas T. Chen at the Medical Computing Laboratory of the School of Basic Medical Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign ported PLATO's
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In 1981, Nan T. Watanabe researched the feasibility of computer-assisted music instruction using computer-controlled pre-recorded audio. She surveyed audio hardware that could interface with a computer system.
3032:. A program officer at the National Science Foundation (NSF) describes the impact of Don Bitzer and the PLATO system, grants related to the classroom use of computers, and NSF's Regional Computing Program.
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In the early 1970s, James Schuyler developed a system at Northwestern University called HYPERTUTOR as part of Northwestern's MULTI-TUTOR computer assisted instruction system. This ran on several
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speech synthesizer, and a "say" instruction (with "saylang" instruction to choose the language) was added to the Tutor programming language to support text-to-speech synthesis using the Votrax.
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Peters began his work on PLATO III. By 1972, the PLATO IV system made it technically possible to introduce multimedia pedagogies that were not available in the marketplace until years later.
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However, students using the computer appreciated the flexibility to set their own practice hours, completed significantly more practice exercises, and did so in significantly less time.
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Bitzer, Donald D.L.; Johnson, Roger L.; Skaperdas, Dominic (August 1970). A Digitally Addressable Random-Access Image Selector and Random-Access Audio System (Report). CERL Report A-13.
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as Drake Training and Technologies in 1990. Applying many of the PLATO concepts used in the late 1970s, E. Clarke Porter led the Drake Training and Technologies testing business (today
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Kodaly approach, and a Kodaly approach augmented by computer-assisted instruction," University of Illinois, unpublished). This device worked, yet was slow with variable access times.
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This was perhaps the most unusual PLATO installation anywhere. Madadeni had about 1,000 students, all of them who were original inhabitants i.e. native population and 99.5% of
1439:) devised a large number of basic science lessons and a self-testing system for first-year students. However the most popular "courseware" remained their multi-user games and
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By early 1976, the original PLATO IV system had 950 terminals giving access to more than 3500 contact hours of courseware, and additional systems were in operation at CDC and
1447:, although it appears CDC was uninterested in this market. As the value of a CDC-based solution disappeared in the 1980s, interested educators ported the engine first to the
3083:. The CBE series documents CDC’s objective of creating, marketing and distributing PLATO courseware internally within various CDC departments and divisions, and externally.
1101:. Micro-PLATO could be used stand-alone for normal courses, or could connect to a CDC data center for multiuser programs. To make the latter affordable, CDC introduced the
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The PLATO software used on Cyber1 is the final release (99A) of CYBIS, by permission of VCampus. The underlying operating system is NOS 2.8.7, the final release of the
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the display. The program gave immediate feedback and kept aggregate records. Trainees could vary the timing of the exercises and repeat them whenever they wished.
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PLATO Project gained early hands-on experience in computing and media technologies and moved into influential positions in both education and the private sector.
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1817:(SAA) used PLATO simulations for cabin attendant training, and there were a number of other large companies as well that were exploring the use of PLATO.
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In 1967, Allvin and Kuhn used a four-channel tape recorder interfaced to a computer to present pre-recorded models to judge sight-singing performances.
3068:. Archival collection containing internal reports and external reports and publications related to the development of PLATO and the operations of CERL.
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1324:(later ported to the PDP-10/11 by Lawrence, who earlier had visited PLATO). and is believed to be the first dungeon crawl game and was followed by:
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conclusions, suggesting that everyone enjoyed using it, but it was essentially equal to an average human teacher in terms of student advancement.
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granted the team steady funding, allowing Alpert to set up the Computer-based Education Research Laboratory (CERL) at the University of Illinois
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The effect of computer-based instructional materials in a program for visual diagnostic skills training of instrumental music education students
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sites and times – a precursor to parental-style control systems that regulate access based on content rather than security considerations.
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By 1988, with the spread of micro-computers and their peripherals, the University of Illinois School of Music PLATO Project was renamed
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In August 2004, a version of PLATO corresponding to the final release from CDC was resurrected online. This version of PLATO runs on a
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that offered four-voice music synthesis to provide sound in PLATO courseware. This was later supplanted on the PLATO V terminal by the
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In the early 1970s, some people working in the modern foreign languages group at the University of Illinois began working on a set of
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were given a tour of the PLATO system at the University of Illinois. At this time, they were shown parts of the system, such as the
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artificial satellite energized the United States' government into spending more on science and engineering education. In 1958, the
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CSL Quarterly Report for June, July, August 1960 (Report). Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois. September 1960.
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communications programs. Many of the new technologies they saw were adopted and improved upon, when these researchers returned to
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2406:(EdD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1974, 35, 1478A-1479a, University Microfilms No. 74-14, 598.
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319:. Many modern concepts in multi-user computing were first developed on PLATO, including forums, message boards, online testing,
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University of Illinois Computer-based Education Research Laboratory PLATO Reports, PLATO Documents, and CERL Progress Reports
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because of growing opposition in the United States to doing business in South Africa, and partly due to the rapidly evolving
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Researchers subsequently explored the use of emerging, commercially available technologies for music instruction until 1994.
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The PLATO system was re-designed, between 1963 and 1969; PLATO III allowed "anyone" to design new lesson modules using their
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The University of Illinois also continued development of PLATO, eventually setting up a commercial on-line service called
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2443:(EdD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1973, 34, 813A, University Microfilms No. 73-17-362.
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Cole, Peter; Lebowitz, Robert; Hart, Robert (1984). "Teaching Hebrew with the Aid of Computers: The Illinois Program".
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capabilities to produce music-related instructional materials and experimented with their use in the music curriculum.
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https://archives.evergreen.edu/1976/1976-26/Alumn_Office_Publications/Evergreen_Review/EvergreenReviewV01N3May1980.pdf
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Deihl, Ned C.; Radocy, Rudolf E. (1969). "Computer-Assisted Instruction: Potential for Instrumental Music Education".
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913:, rendering 60 lines or 180 characters per second. . Users could provide their own characters to support rudimentary
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an ambitious ICAI programming system featuring partial-order plans, used to train Con Edison steam plant operators.
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2097:"MISCELLANEOUS: 2. The University of Illinois, Coordinated Science Laboratory, PLATO II and III, Urbana, Illinois"
1867:-like game), which had both accumulated more than 1.0 million contact hours on the original PLATO system at UIUC.
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2618:(PhD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, A-42/09, University Microfilms, AAI 8203628.
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Watanabe, Nan (February 1980). "Review of Audio Interfacing Literature for Computer-Assisted Music Instruction".
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Educators and students used the PLATO System for music instruction at other educational institutions including
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Kuhn, Wolfgang E.; Allvin, Raynold (1967). "Computer-Assisted Teaching: A New Approach to Research in Music".
1388:, PLATO's most popular game, is one of the world's first MUDs and has over 1 million hours of use.. The games
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1166:. Because it was an educational computer system, most of the user community were keenly interested in games.
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image selector that permitted colored images to be projected on the back of the screen under program control.
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Project PLATO was established soon afterwards, and in 1960, the first system, PLATO I, operated on the local
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2001:"Computers, Teaching Machines, and Programmed Learning - Computer Teaching Machine Project: PLATO on ILLIAC"
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674:(set of about 25 commands in TUTOR that made it easy to test a student's understanding of a complex concept)
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53:
17:
3318:
1845:
1618:
1432:
1356:
1178:
1150:
computer historians. PLATO Notes, created by David R. Woolley in 1973, was among the world's first online
992:(ID/SD) application generator for pictures on PLATO (later translated into a graphics-draw program on the
969:
961:, which had sixteen voices that could be programmed individually, or combined to make more complex sounds.
336:
222:
31:
2000:
1467:
lessons, originally without good system support for leftward writing. In preparation for a PLATO demo in
3353:
2616:
Computer-assisted music instruction utilizing compatible audio hardware in computer-assisted aural drill
1814:
1645:
1482:
would participate in, Sherwood worked with Don Lee to implement support for leftward writing, including
1098:
1083:
1009:
512:
1314:
857:
2031:
Two users limit was caused by ILLIAC memory limitation, program could handle more users (pp. 19, 23).
1780:
1074:
An attempt to mass-market the PLATO system was introduced in 1980 as Micro-PLATO, which ran the basic
3152:
2886:
853:
355:
1472:
1320:
965:
950:
802:
481:
258:
100:
1813:
successfully used PLM (PLATO learning management) and simulations to train power plant operators,
845:
718:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
354:(CDC), the manufacturer on whose mainframe computers the PLATO IV system was built. CDC President
2479:
2471:
2359:
2351:
1980:
1610:
1409:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1192:
were developed on PLATO from around 1970 through the 1980s, with the following notable examples:
1184:
1172:
520:
316:
229:
1176:
by PLATO alum Silas Warner was inspired by PLATO's dungeon games (see below), in turn inspiring
1490:
University of Illinois School of Music PLATO Project (Technology and Research-based Chronology)
1338:
489:
Common Computer Game Genres, including many of the early (first?) real time multi-player games
3271:
2902:
2382:
2158:
1968:
1958:
1736:
1661:
1378:
1310:
1078:
system on a CDC "Viking-721" terminal and various home computers. Versions were built for the
889:
861:
657:
616:
328:
312:
1759:
During the period when CDC was marketing PLATO, the system began to be used internationally.
1728:
1721:
1413:
856:, PLATO III could simultaneously run up to 20 terminals, and was used by local facilities in
809:, who had been thinking about the problem, suggesting he could build a demonstration system.
631:
3229:
2894:
2463:
2454:
Placek, Robert (April 1, 1974). "Design and trial of a computer-assisted lesson in rhythm".
2343:
1848:
1696:
1483:
1408:
retired its PLATO system, the last system that ran the PLATO software system on a CDC Cyber
324:
217:
2379:
The Friendly Orange Glow: The untold story of the PLATO System and the dawn of cyberculture
3202:
3197:
1544:
These PLATO IV terminal included many new devices and yielded two notable music projects:
1464:
1235:
1000:
for "painting" new characters (later translated into a "Doodle" program at PARC); and the
242:
2311:
2283:
2890:
1841:
powerful communications tools (talk programs, records systems and notesfiles) on PLATO.
3187:
3087:
2527:(PhD). University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1979, DAI-A-41/06.
1700:
1452:
1234:, and also adapted (without permission) for the Apple II computer by fellow PLATO alum
906:
390:
332:
2874:
2853:
2178:
3405:
3242:
3167:
2844:
2759:
2483:
1822:
1768:
1477:
1326:
1267:
1151:
806:
623:
586:
2313:
Evaluation of a Three Year Health Sciences PLATO IV Computer-Based Education Project
3237:
3157:
2988:
2363:
1772:
1760:
1127:
1062:
1039:
818:
766:
1511:
products, and services in use today, especially by musicians and music educators.
382:
PLATO was either the first or an earlier example of many now-common technologies:
2936:
2559:
Development and Evaluation of Computer-Assisted Instruction in Instrumental Music
2213:
466:(real-time text-based chat, with six rooms each allowing five participants), 1973
3376:
2809:
Darrack, Arthur (Sep–Oct 1977). "Yes... Computers Can Revolutionize Education".
2595:
Eddins, John M. (1978). "Random-access Audio in Computer-Assisted Instruction".
1809:
PLATO was also used fairly extensively in South Africa for industrial training.
1795:
1163:
1155:
1091:
1029:
954:
921:
401:
42:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2047:
559:(30 person multi-player inter-terminal 2-D real-time space simulation), c. 1974
3313:
2697:
2081:"MISCELLANEOUS: 4. University of Illinois, PLATO II and III, Urbana, Illinois"
2065:"MISCELLANEOUS: 3. University of Illinois, PLATO II and III, Urbana, Illinois"
1134:
1013:
993:
985:
928:
771:
462:
157:
2404:
Feasibility of computer-assisted instruction for instrumental music education
1972:
1957:. Mark J. P. Wolf. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 2012. p. 211.
774:
increased factory production, it could do the same for academic instruction.
3390:
3330:
3255:
1669:
1533:
By 1970, a random access audio device was available for use with PLATO III.
1372:
1204:
1121:
1087:
1033:
778:
762:
496:
143:
3107:
2930:. CERL Report (revised ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois. X-20.
2898:
1767:, the South African electrical power company, had a large CDC mainframe at
1739:, and after several name changes now operates as Pearson Digital Learning.
924:, allowing students to answer questions by touching anywhere on the screen.
2679:
1952:
1032:, and in 1976, they purchased the commercial rights in exchange for a new
935:
Information Systems, Incorporated with a capacity of just over 22 minutes.
3348:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3192:
3182:
2956:
2937:"PLATO: From Computer-Based Education to Corporate Social Responsibility"
2906:
2236:
1837:
1784:
1713:
1262:
1253:
1210:
1079:
849:
813:
648:
590:
578:
308:
238:
234:
2355:
2253:
1798:
ancestry. The college was one of 10 teacher preparation institutions in
1012:. They subsequently transferred improved versions of this technology to
3281:
2475:
2347:
1799:
1692:
2036:"MISCELLANEOUS: 2. University of Illinois, Plato II, Urbana, Illinois"
1506:
microcomputers. The broader scope resulted in renaming the project to
1396:
can trace part of their lineage back to PLATO programmer Silas Warner.
1354:(MUDs, Object Oriented) as well as popular first-person shooters like
378:
played on the Gooch Synthetic Woodwind, a four-voice square wave synth
3323:
2155:
Adding Sense: Context and Interest in a Grammar of Multimodal Meaning
1665:
1633:
1468:
1448:
1428:
1367:
1094:
939:
914:
564:
527:
315:
distributed worldwide, running on nearly a dozen different networked
2467:
884:
2558:
2121:
3381:
3296:
3286:
1810:
1764:
1705:
1688:
1120:
1075:
1038:
973:
883:
876:. The system was capable of supporting 20 time-sharing terminals.
831:
823:
366:
320:
271:
1927:
Hosch, William L.; Tikkanen, Amy; Lowood, Henry E. (2023-05-09).
1214:
is the first networked multiplayer action game. It was ported to
2562:
2125:
910:
785:
had a conference about the topic of computer instruction at the
350:
Rights to market PLATO as a commercial product were licensed by
3111:
1351:
790:
697:
36:
3037:
3021:
3005:
2984:"How to make almost any computer a modern-day PLATO terminal"
1644:
One of CDC's greatest commercial successes with PLATO was an
543:(60-player 2.5-D graphical Multi-User Dungeon (MUD)), c. 1978
3072:
3057:
1412:, from active duty. Existing PLATO-like systems now include
1285:(a vector graphics-based tankwar game, anticipating Atari's
3047:
715:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
311:
computer. By the late 1970s, it supported several thousand
1763:
was one of the biggest users of PLATO in the early 1980s.
927:
Microfiche images: Compressed air powered a piston-driven
3098:
2742:
1548:
Visual diagnostic skills for instrumental music educators
1431:
training and home budgeting. In addition, authors at the
2441:
Design and trial of a computer-assisted lesson in rhythm
1318:, including the original Rutherford/Whisenhunt and Wood
2284:"Basic Medical Sciences PLATO IV Project—An Evaluation"
721:
2662:(RIE), ED ERIC, Northwestern University IL, ED111398,
1370:(Massively multiplayer online role-playing game) like
569:(32-player first-person 3D space battle game), c. 1974
2873:
Smith, Stanley G; Sherwood, Bruce Arne (April 1976).
2726:"Computer Science | the Evergreen State College"
2565:
Document Reproduction Service. ERIC Number: ED035314.
2317:(Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Assoc…)
2122:
Critical Incidents in the Evolution of PLATO Projects
480:, used by instructors to help students, precursor of
2660:(paper presented at the Association for the Develop)
3367:
3341:
3264:
3228:
3175:
3145:
1712:online learning solutions to market under the name
1266:, probably the direct inspiration for (PLATO alum)
534:, likely the first graphical dungeon computer game.
257:
249:
228:
216:
190:
168:
156:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2319:(RIE), ED Eric, University of Illinois, ED161424,
2137:
2135:
1154:, and years later became the direct progenitor of
636:(2-D outdoor wilderness quest simulation), c. 1977
289:Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations
1825:, a paradigm shift that CDC failed to recognize.
1954:Before the crash : early video game history
1855:notes, and playing inter-terminal games such as
844:, conceived in 1967 by biology graduate student
2875:"Educational Uses of the PLATO Computer System"
2310:Sorlie, William E; Essex, Diane L (Mar 1978),
2194:, J. E. Stifle, CERL Report X-50, August 1977.
860:that could enter the system with their custom
783:U.S. Air Force's Office of Scientific Research
453:(General-purpose computer message board), 1973
439:(graphics application generator (TUTOR)), 1975
3123:
2269:
8:
3412:Computer-based Education Research Laboratory
2854:"PLATO Rising: Online learning for Atarians"
2282:Sorlie, William; Essex, Diane L (Feb 1979),
1929:"Virtual reality - Living in virtual worlds"
1621:. Many alumni of the University of Illinois
1599:The Illinois Technology-based Music Project.
1508:The Illinois Technology-based Music Project.
18:Computer-based Education Research Laboratory
2415:
2413:
2206:"The History of Microsoft Flight Simulator"
1699:, A.B. Baskin, Tom Szolyga, Vincent Wu and
1593:The Illinois Technology-based music project
1435:School of Basic Medical Sciences (now, the
1202:a top-view multiplayer space game based on
457:Notesfiles (precursor to newsgroups), 1973.
3225:
3130:
3116:
3108:
3104:: online preservation of the PLATO system.
2957:"PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community"
2157:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
2120:Steinberg, Esther R., ed. (June 3, 1977).
1650:National Association of Securities Dealers
1437:University of Illinois College of Medicine
142:
138:
3089:Historic PLATO Manuals & Publications
2737:
2735:
744:Learn how and when to remove this message
626:, the first PLATO 3-D walkthru maze game.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2935:Van Meer, Elisabeth (November 5, 2003).
2852:Small, David; Small, Sandy (July 1984).
2238:PLATO: The Emergence of Online Community
770:administrators. To wit, if computerized
765:that provided free college education to
501:(Multiplayer space battle game), c. 1969
417:(music device for the terminal), c. 1972
303:system. Starting in 1960, it ran on the
1893:
1720:University Online was later renamed to
1704:Inc. Vincent Wu went on to develop the
1654:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
2578:Council of Research in Music Education
2540:Council of Research in Music Education
2456:Journal of Research in Music Education
1978:
1877:Category:PLATO (computer system) games
585:; this probably inspired UIUC student
3004:Bitzer, Donald L (19 February 1988),
2860:. Vol. 3, no. 3. p. 36
2597:Journal of Computer-based Instruction
2422:Journal of Computer-based Instruction
2288:Journal of Computer-Based Instruction
1520:Pitch recognition/performance judging
7:
3020:Gallie, Thomas Muir (11 July 1990),
2381:. Pantheon Books. pp. 186–187.
2153:Kalantzis, Mary; Cope, Bill (2020).
2046:(2): 18–24. Apr 1962. Archived from
1346:(a medical variation)—all presaging
593:which was acquired and later became
342:PLATO was designed and built by the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2982:Kaiser, Cameron (25 October 2023).
2796:(revised ed.). CDC. April 1981
2128:. p. 1. ERIC Number: ED148298.
972:in 1972, created the first digital
920:Touch panel: A 16Ă—16 grid infrared
892:for a PLATO IV terminal, circa 1976
683:The Procedure Logic Simulator (PLS)
430:(bitmapped picture drawing program)
3077:, Computer-based education (CBE),
2822:. The History of Computer Gaming.
2498:"Visual Diagnostic Skills Program"
1257:by Alfille (from Baker's concept).
685:(intelligent CAI authoring system)
276:A working PLATO V terminal at the
25:
3427:History of electronic engineering
3422:Control Data Corporation software
3417:Control Data Corporation hardware
2955:Woolley, David R (January 1994).
2820:"Part 5 – PLATO Ain't Just Greek"
1565:Musical instrument identification
1342:(a western-style variation), and
880:Multimedia experiences (PLATO IV)
777:The USSR's 1957 launching of the
3166:
3074:Control Data Corporation records
2845:"A Little History of e-Learning"
1309:Countless games inspired by the
984:Early in 1972, researchers from
702:
642:with monsters, trees, treasures.
41:
1406:Federal Aviation Administration
1306:, believed to be the first FPS.
278:Living Computers: Museum + Labs
52:needs additional citations for
2656:Hypertext + Tutor = Hypertutor
2653:Schuyler, James A (Aug 1975),
1777:University of the Western Cape
1733:University Communications, Inc
1529:Rhythm notation and perception
1050:-1980, with an IST-II terminal
789:; interested parties, notably
432:storing in downloadable fonts.
148:PLATO running a simulation of
1:
2843:Cope, Bill; Kalantzis, Mary.
2629:Gooch, Sherwin (March 1978).
2504:. GIA Publications, Inc. 2018
1835:free and open-source software
1683:mainframes at various sites.
1676:The Examiner System in 1984.
1044:
1043:Using the CDC Plato network,
517:(dungeon crawl game), 1974–75
301:computer-assisted instruction
264:Computer-assisted instruction
2523:Sanders, William H. (1979).
2336:Computers and the Humanities
2179:"CDC Viking 721 - Terminals"
1771:in the northwest suburbs of
1208:. Either Empire or Colley's
959:Gooch Cybernetic Synthesizer
299:, was the first generalized
76:"PLATO" computer system
2101:Digital Computer Newsletter
2085:Digital Computer Newsletter
2069:Digital Computer Newsletter
2040:Digital Computer Newsletter
1743:The Evergreen State College
1632:Another peripheral was the
1417:
990:Insert Display/Show Display
980:Influence on PARC and Apple
870:National Science Foundation
199:; 52 years ago
174:; 64 years ago
3443:
1689:TUTOR programming language
1273:Microsoft Flight Simulator
842:TUTOR programming language
787:University of Pennsylvania
595:Microsoft Flight Simulator
29:
3309:Chippewa Operating System
3164:
3081:, University of Minnesota
3079:Charles Babbage Institute
3066:, University of Minnesota
3064:Charles Babbage Institute
3030:, University of Minnesota
3028:Charles Babbage Institute
3014:, University of Minnesota
3012:Charles Babbage Institute
2924:The Plato IV Architecture
2847:– via ResearchGate.
2614:Watanabe, Nan T. (1981).
2402:Peters, G. David (1974).
2270:Smith & Sherwood 1976
1515:Significant early efforts
1350:(Multi-User Domains) and
1105:service for $ 5 an hour.
602:Haefeli, John (c. 1975),
473:Screen software sharing:
212:
186:
141:
27:Mainframe computer system
3139:Control Data Corporation
3049:PLATO History Foundation
2818:Goldberg, Marty (2000).
2760:"Desktop CYBER Emulator"
2210:Flight Simulator History
2008:Computers and Automation
1615:Florida State University
1441:role-playing video games
1425:Florida State University
1298:, most notably Bowery's
1244:fame), as a game called
1190:multiplayer online games
976:on the PLATO IV system.
947:Gooch Synthetic Woodwind
672:Answer Judging Machinery
656:Lockard, Brodie (1981),
414:Gooch Synthetic Woodwind
352:Control Data Corporation
3359:PLATO (computer system)
2439:Placek, Robert (1973).
1933:Encyclopedia Britannica
1882:The Mother of All Demos
1279:Haefeli and Bridwell's
874:Urbana–Champaign campus
615:Wallace, Bruce (1975),
577:Fortner, Brand (1974),
337:multiplayer video games
150:fractional distillation
3023:Oral history interview
3007:Oral history interview
2899:10.1126/science.769165
2824:Midwest Classic Review
1985:: CS1 maint: others (
1787:township just outside
1619:University of Delaware
1605:Influences and impacts
1541:notation recognition.
1433:University of Illinois
1404:In September 2006 the
1315:Dungeons & Dragons
1302:and Witz and Boland's
1131:
1051:
970:University of Illinois
949:(named after inventor
893:
837:
829:
724:by rewriting it in an
647:Alfille, Paul (1979),
622:, based on a story by
600:Military simulations:
583:(3-D flight simulator)
379:
344:University of Illinois
305:University of Illinois
281:
163:University of Illinois
32:Plato (disambiguation)
3354:Storage Module Device
2921:Stifle, Jack (1972).
2294:(3): 50–6, EJ209808,
2107:(4): 41–43. Oct 1964.
2091:(3): 14–17. Jul 1964.
2075:(2): 24–26. Apr 1964.
2014:(2): 16, 18. Feb 1962
1815:South African Airways
1648:system developed for
1459:Custom character sets
1296:first-person shooters
1124:
1099:IBM Personal Computer
1084:Atari 8-bit computers
1042:
1010:Palo Alto, California
901:Plasma Display Screen
887:
835:
827:
793:, presented studies.
608:(3-D tank simulation)
519:. Included the first
374:
275:
3368:Affiliated companies
2557:Deihl, N.C. (1969).
2502:Music for the Church
2377:Dear, Brian (2017).
2192:The Plato V Terminal
1731:in partnership with
681:Kaven, Luke (1979),
470:Term-talk (1:1 chat)
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2891:1976Sci...192..344S
2632:PLATO Music Systems
1117:PLATO V: multimedia
1063:Minneapolis Tribune
968:, a student at the
852:, given to them by
803:Chalmers W. Sherwin
575:Flight Simulation:
446:Online communities
406:(PLATO IV), c. 1964
395:(PLATO IV), c. 1964
317:mainframe computers
2790:PLATO User's Guide
2348:10.1007/BF02274163
1611:Indiana University
1173:Castle Wolfenstein
1132:
1052:
996:workstation); the
894:
838:
836:PLATO III keyboard
830:
828:PLATO III terminal
726:encyclopedic style
713:is written like a
679:Training systems;
629:Quest Simulation:
492:Multiplayer Games
380:
313:graphics terminals
282:
197:PLATO IV / 1972
3399:
3398:
3251:
3250:
2388:978-1-101-87155-3
2290:(CIJE), ED ERIC,
2258:, Pearson digital
2164:978-1-108-49534-9
1964:978-0-8143-3722-6
1708:PLATO cartridge.
1695:IV minicomputer.
1662:Thomson Prometric
1379:World of Warcraft
1311:role-playing game
942:voice synthesizer
754:
753:
746:
659:Mahjong solitaire
437:Show Display Mode
423:Display Graphics
376:Minuet in G major
372:
329:instant messaging
325:picture languages
291:), also known as
270:
269:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3434:
3226:
3170:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3082:
3067:
3052:
3042:
3031:
3015:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2931:
2929:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2885:(4237): 344–52.
2869:
2867:
2865:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2830:on July 19, 2013
2826:. Archived from
2814:
2811:Consumers Digest
2805:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2696:Jones, "Tutor",
2693:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2235:Woolley, David,
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:on 20 March 2016
2212:. Archived from
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2050:on June 3, 2018.
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1849:operating system
1781:Madadeni College
1697:Douglas W. Jones
1481:
1455:-based systems.
1145:Online community
1049:
1046:
1028:headquarters in
905:Bitzer's orange
858:Champaign–Urbana
761:Before the 1944
749:
742:
738:
735:
729:
706:
705:
698:
686:
675:
662:
653:
637:
621:
609:
584:
570:
560:
544:
533:
518:
502:
479:
467:
454:
440:
431:
418:
407:
396:
373:
218:Operating system
207:
205:
200:
182:
180:
175:
146:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3369:
3363:
3337:
3260:
3247:
3224:
3203:CDC 6000 series
3198:CDC 3000 series
3171:
3162:
3141:
3136:
3097:
3086:
3071:
3056:
3046:
3035:
3019:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2911:
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2872:
2863:
2861:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:Further reading
2779:
2769:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2695:
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2677:
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2659:
2652:
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2647:
2638:
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2628:
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2623:
2613:
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2608:
2594:
2593:
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2575:
2574:
2570:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2468:10.2307/3344614
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2204:Havlik, Josef.
2203:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2095:
2079:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1977:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1873:
1831:
1757:
1755:In South Africa
1752:
1642:
1623:School of Music
1607:
1595:
1567:
1550:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1492:
1475:
1461:
1451:, and later to
1246:Galactic Attack
1236:Robert Woodhead
1188:. Thousands of
1147:
1141:
1119:
1047:
1021:
982:
882:
799:
759:
750:
739:
733:
730:
722:help improve it
719:
707:
703:
696:
680:
670:
655:
646:
630:
614:
613:3D Maze games:
601:
576:
563:
553:
537:
526:
521:video game boss
511:
495:
474:
460:
449:
435:
426:
411:
408:. Donald Bitzer
400:
397:. Donald Bitzer
389:
367:
365:
243:CDC 6000 series
237:(PLATO I, II),
208:
203:
201:
198:
178:
176:
173:
169:Initial release
152:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3342:Other products
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:CDC 160 series
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3153:William Norris
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3084:
3069:
3054:
3044:
3033:
3017:
3001:
2977:
2976:External links
2974:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2932:
2918:
2870:
2849:
2840:
2815:
2806:
2783:
2780:
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2777:
2750:
2731:
2717:
2706:
2688:
2670:
2645:
2621:
2606:
2587:
2584:(Winter): 1–7.
2568:
2549:
2530:
2515:
2489:
2446:
2431:
2409:
2394:
2387:
2369:
2326:
2302:
2274:
2272:, p. 344.
2262:
2245:
2227:
2196:
2184:
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2163:
2145:
2131:
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2110:
2109:
2093:
2055:
2053:
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2024:
1992:
1963:
1944:
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1908:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1830:
1827:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Other versions
1748:
1701:Lou Bloomfield
1646:online testing
1641:
1638:
1606:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1566:
1563:
1549:
1546:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1491:
1488:
1473:Bruce Sherwood
1460:
1457:
1398:
1397:
1307:
1292:
1277:
1258:
1249:
1152:message boards
1146:
1143:
1118:
1115:
1020:
1017:
998:Charset Editor
981:
978:
963:
962:
943:
936:
932:
925:
918:
907:plasma display
881:
878:
854:William Norris
798:
795:
758:
755:
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751:
710:
708:
701:
695:
692:
691:
690:
689:
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677:
665:
664:
663:
643:
627:
611:
598:
573:
572:
571:
561:
548:
547:
546:
535:
524:
508:Dungeon Games
506:
505:
504:
487:
486:
485:
471:
468:
458:
455:
444:
443:
442:
433:
428:Charset Editor
421:
420:
419:
409:
398:
392:Plasma display
364:
361:
356:William Norris
333:screen sharing
323:, chat rooms,
268:
267:
261:
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254:
251:
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246:
232:
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3279:
3277:
3276:
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3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3244:
3243:CDC Cyber 200
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2758:Hunter, Tom.
2754:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2546:(Fall): 1–13.
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
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2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
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2315:
2314:
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2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:, Think of it
2240:
2239:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1823:microcomputer
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:Megawatt Park
1766:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:Other efforts
1639:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
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1528:
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1514:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1489:
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1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
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1446:
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1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:Bruce Artwick
1265:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:The original
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1126:for a user's
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
979:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:Bruce Parello
960:
956:
952:
951:Sherwin Gooch
948:
944:
941:
937:
933:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
898:
891:
886:
879:
877:
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:. Built on a
847:
843:
834:
826:
822:
820:
815:
810:
808:
807:Donald Bitzer
804:
801:Around 1959,
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
764:
756:
748:
745:
737:
727:
723:
717:
716:
711:This section
709:
700:
699:
693:
684:
678:
673:
669:
668:
666:
661:
660:
652:
651:
644:
641:
635:
634:
628:
625:
624:J. G. Ballard
620:
619:
612:
607:
606:
599:
596:
592:
588:
587:Bruce Artwick
582:
581:
574:
568:
567:
562:
558:
557:
552:
551:
550:Space combat
549:
542:
541:
536:
531:
530:
525:
522:
516:
515:
510:
509:
507:
503:. Rick Bloome
500:
499:
494:
493:
491:
490:
488:
483:
477:
472:
469:
465:
464:
459:
456:
452:
448:
447:
445:
438:
434:
429:
425:
424:
422:
416:
415:
410:
405:
404:
399:
394:
393:
388:
387:
385:
384:
383:
377:
362:
360:
357:
353:
348:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Project PLATO
294:
293:Project Plato
290:
286:
279:
274:
265:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:(PLATO III),
240:
236:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
211:
195:
193:
192:Final release
189:
185:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
145:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3370:and products
3358:
3238:CDC STAR-100
3158:Seymour Cray
3099:
3092:, Bit savers
3088:
3073:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3022:
3006:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:Ars Technica
2987:
2964:. Retrieved
2960:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:
2923:
2910:. Retrieved
2882:
2878:
2862:. Retrieved
2857:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:the original
2823:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2789:
2768:. Retrieved
2766:. Tom Hunter
2763:
2753:
2743:
2720:
2709:
2698:
2691:
2680:
2673:
2663:
2655:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2631:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2552:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2462:(1): 13–23.
2459:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2403:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2342:(2): 87–99.
2339:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2237:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:the original
2209:
2199:
2187:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2088:
2084:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2048:the original
2043:
2039:
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2011:
2007:
1995:
1953:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1922:
1911:
1902:
1901:Don Bitzer,
1896:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1843:
1832:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1773:Johannesburg
1761:South Africa
1758:
1741:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1462:
1444:
1422:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1355:
1344:Bugs-n-Drugs
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1261:
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1128:touch screen
1111:
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1090:and, later,
1088:Zenith Z-100
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1006:Monitor Mode
1005:
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983:
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846:Paul Tenczar
839:
819:time-sharing
811:
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776:
767:World War II
760:
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734:October 2021
731:
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667:Educational
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250:Available in
158:Developer(s)
123:
117:October 2021
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3377:ETA Systems
3278:Languages:
2961:Matrix News
2508:February 8,
2220:12 November
1476: [
1294:Many other
1156:Lotus Notes
1092:Radio Shack
1048: 1979
1030:Minneapolis
955:synthesizer
922:touch panel
888:A standard
654:solitaire,
645:Solitaire:
403:Touchscreen
363:Innovations
3406:Categories
3314:CDC Kronos
3146:Key people
3039:Grapenotes
2995:7 November
2941:Iterations
2770:30 October
2639:2006-04-13
2561:(Report).
2124:(Report).
2018:2020-09-05
1938:2023-05-19
1889:References
1617:, and the
1288:Battlezone
1260:Fortner's
1196:Daleske's
1135:Intel 8080
1014:Apple Inc.
994:Xerox Star
986:Xerox PARC
929:microfiche
772:automation
463:Talkomatic
245:(PLATO IV)
87:newspapers
3391:Cray Inc.
3331:CDC SCOPE
3256:CDC Cyber
3176:Computers
2966:March 11,
2946:March 11,
2912:March 11,
2864:March 11,
2834:March 11,
2800:March 11,
2484:145786171
1981:cite book
1973:794667914
1865:Star Trek
1838:emulation
1789:Newcastle
1670:Microsoft
1652:(now the
1410:mainframe
1373:EverQuest
1339:Dry Gulch
1304:Futurewar
1205:Star Trek
1036:machine.
1034:CDC Cyber
1019:CDC years
1002:Term Talk
917:graphics.
862:terminals
779:Sputnik I
763:G.I. Bill
589:to start
532:, c. 1974
498:Spacewar!
386:Hardware
331:, remote
3349:CDC Wren
3265:Software
3220:CDC 8600
3215:CDC 7600
3208:CDC 6600
3193:CDC 1700
3183:CDC 1604
3036:Gräper,
2702:, U Iowa
2684:, U Iowa
2635:. ED.gov
2603:: 22–29.
2428:(3): 87.
2356:30199999
1871:See also
1785:Madadeni
1714:Edmentum
1443:such as
1263:Airfight
1254:Freecell
1241:Wizardry
1224:ROBOTREK
1211:Maze War
1103:Homelink
1080:TI-99/4A
890:keyboard
850:CDC 1604
814:ILLIAC I
650:Freecell
618:Build-Up
591:Sublogic
580:Airfight
482:Timbuktu
309:ILLIAC I
239:CDC 1604
235:ILLIAC I
230:Platform
3282:COMPASS
2887:Bibcode
2879:Science
2681:Modcomp
2678:Jones,
2476:3344614
2364:1185100
2255:Novanet
1800:kwaZulu
1783:in the
1737:Pearson
1729:NovaNET
1722:VCampus
1693:MODCOMP
1691:to the
1484:Persian
1471:, that
1414:NovaNET
1368:MMORPGs
1282:Panther
797:Genesis
757:Impetus
720:Please
694:History
638:, like
633:Think15
605:Panther
280:in 2018
253:English
202: (
177: (
101:scholar
3324:NOS/VE
3230:Vector
3100:Cyber1
2907:769165
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2744:Cyber1
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1961:
1884:(1968)
1861:Empire
1857:Avatar
1829:Cyber1
1666:Novell
1634:Votrax
1469:Tehran
1465:Hebrew
1449:IBM PC
1429:Lamaze
1420:.org.
1418:Cyber1
1385:Avatar
1366:, and
1300:Spasim
1232:Netrek
1230:, and
1220:Trek83
1216:Trek82
1199:Empire
1130:input.
1097:, and
1095:TRS-80
974:emojis
940:Votrax
915:bitmap
566:Spasim
556:Empire
540:Avatar
529:Pedit5
478:, 1974
335:, and
266:system
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3382:ETA10
3297:MIMIC
3292:Cybil
3287:SYMPL
2928:(PDF)
2858:Antic
2794:(PDF)
2764:iiNet
2699:Plato
2480:S2CID
2472:JSTOR
2360:S2CID
2352:JSTOR
2297:(RAO)
2004:(PDF)
1903:Email
1811:Eskom
1765:Eskom
1706:Atari
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1363:Quake
1333:Rogue
1327:Moria
1228:Xtrek
1185:Quake
1076:TUTOR
953:), a
321:email
285:PLATO
108:JSTOR
94:books
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2997:2023
2968:2012
2948:2012
2914:2012
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2866:2012
2836:2012
2802:2012
2772:2015
2563:ERIC
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2383:ISBN
2222:2017
2159:ISBN
2126:ERIC
1987:link
1969:OCLC
1959:ISBN
1859:and
1796:Zulu
1668:and
1416:and
1392:and
1390:Doom
1376:and
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1348:MUDs
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1061:The
1004:and
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911:baud
640:Trek
295:and
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204:1972
179:1960
172:1960
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