469:. Visual systems developed in flight simulators were also an important precursor to three dimensional computer graphics and Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) systems today. Namely because the object of flight simulation was to reproduce on the ground the behavior of an aircraft in flight. Much of this reproduction had to do with believable visual synthesis that mimicked reality. The Link Digital Image Generator (DIG) by the Singer Company (Singer-Link), was considered one of the worlds first generation CGI systems. It was a real-time, 3D capable, day/dusk/night system that was used by NASA shuttles, for F-111s, Black Hawk and the B-52. Link's Digital Image Generator had architecture to provide a visual system that realistically corresponded with the view of the pilot. The basic archictecture of the DIG and subsequent improvements contained a scene manager followed by geometric processor, video processor and into the display with the end goal of a visual system that processed realistic texture, shading, translucency capabilties, and free of aliasing.
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589:(which provides animated movies of buildings, rather than interactive images) can also be used to see the possible relationship a building will have in relation to the environment and its surrounding buildings. The processing of architectural spaces without the use of paper and pencil tools is now a widely accepted practice with a number of computer-assisted architectural design systems.
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849:. This representation is then rendered as a displayable image. As the user interacts with the system (e.g. by using joystick controls to change their position within the virtual world) the raw data is fed through the pipeline to create a new rendered image, often making real-time computational efficiency a key consideration in such applications.
630:
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consisting of planar polygons. Advances in algorithms and electronics in flight simulator visual systems and CGI in the 1970s and 1980s influenced many technologies still used in modern CGI adding the ability to superimpose texture over the surfaces as well as transition imagery from one level of detail to the next one in a smooth manner.
74:
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The lack of anatomically correct digital models contributes to the necessity of motion capture as it is used with computer-generated imagery. Because computer-generated imagery reflects only the outside, or skin, of the object being rendered, it fails to capture the infinitesimally small interactions
1201:
like speaking. The constant motion of the face as it makes sounds with shaped lips and tongue movement, along with the facial expressions that go along with speaking are difficult to replicate by hand. Motion capture can catch the underlying movement of facial muscles and better replicate the visual
1192:
effect. This effect refers to the human ability to recognize things that look eerily like humans, but are slightly off. Such ability is a fault with normal computer-generated imagery which, due to the complex anatomy of the human body, can often fail to replicate it perfectly. Artists can use motion
1114:
Computer-generated imagery has been used in courtrooms, primarily since the early 2000s. However, some experts have argued that it is prejudicial. They are used to help judges or the jury to better visualize the sequence of events, evidence or hypothesis. However, a 1997 study showed that people are
592:
Architectural modeling tools allow an architect to visualize a space and perform "walk-throughs" in an interactive manner, thus providing "interactive environments" both at the urban and building levels. Specific applications in architecture not only include the specification of building structures
1164:
pitches also display sponsored images. Swimming telecasts often add a line across the lanes to indicate the position of the current record holder as a race proceeds to allow viewers to compare the current race to the best performance. Other examples include hockey puck tracking and annotations of
1142:
It has now become common in weather casting to display full motion video of images captured in real-time from multiple cameras and other imaging devices. Coupled with 3D graphics symbols and mapped to a common virtual geospatial model, these animated visualizations constitute the first true
472:
Combined with the need to pair virtual synthesis with military level training requirements, CGI technologies applied in flight simulation were often years ahead of what would have been available in commercial computing or even in high budget film. Early CGI systems could depict only objects
564:
Many specific techniques have been researched and developed to produce highly focused computer-generated effects — e.g., the use of specific models to represent the chemical weathering of stones to model erosion and produce an "aged appearance" for a given stone-based surface.
920:
and repeatedly replaced by a new image which is similar to the previous image, but advanced slightly in the time domain (usually at a rate of 24 or 30 frames/second). This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with
824:
Interactive visualization is the rendering of data that may vary dynamically and allowing a user to view the data from multiple perspectives. The applications areas may vary significantly, ranging from the visualization of the flow patterns in
912:
for crowd scenes, and because it allows the creation of images that would not be feasible using any other technology. It can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces, or props.
1115:
poor intuitive physicists and easily influenced by computer generated images. Thus it is important that jurors and other legal decision-makers be made aware that such exhibits are merely a representation of one potential sequence of events.
1155:
games showing the line the offensive team must cross to receive a first down. CGI is also used in association with football and other sporting events to show commercial advertisements overlaid onto the view of the playing area. Sections of
487:
is not constrained by the laws of physics. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed individual artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games, and fine art from their home computers.
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to better cover the faults that come with CGI and animation. Computer-generated imagery is limited in its practical application by how realistic it can look. Unrealistic, or badly managed computer-generated imagery can result in the
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CGI has become common in sports telecasting. Sports and entertainment venues are provided with see-through and overlay content through tracked camera feeds for enhanced viewing by the audience. Examples include the yellow
875:
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At the abstract level, an interactive visualization process involves a "data pipeline" in which the raw data is managed and filtered to a form that makes it suitable for rendering. This is often called the
873:
584:
Modern architects use services from computer graphic firms to create 3-dimensional models for both customers and builders. These computer generated models can be more accurate than traditional drawings.
652:
have developed anatomically correct computer-based models. Computer generated anatomical models can be used both for instructional and operational purposes. To date, a large body of artist produced
3323:
904:
animation of 3D models and frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations. Computer generated animations are more controllable than other more physically based processes, such as constructing
465:
Prior to CGI being prevalent in film, virtual reality, personal computing and gaming, one of the early practical applications of CGI was for aviation and military training, namely the
596:
Architectural modeling tools have now become increasingly internet-based. However, the quality of internet-based systems still lags behind sophisticated in-house modeling systems.
893:
only applies to dynamic images that resemble a movie. However, in general, the term computer animation refers to dynamic images that do not allow user interaction, and the term
749:
In addition to their use in film, advertising and other modes of public display, computer generated images of clothing are now routinely used by top fashion design firms.
599:
In some applications, computer-generated images are used to "reverse engineer" historical buildings. For instance, a computer-generated reconstruction of the monastery at
1539:
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686:, the construction of a detailed patient-specific model can be used to carefully plan the surgery. These three-dimensional models are usually extracted from multiple
30:
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1123:
Weather visualizations were the first application of CGI in television. One of the first companies to offer computer systems for generating weather graphics was
807:
256:
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map with varying levels of height can be created using relatively straightforward fractal algorithms. Some typical, easy-to-program fractals used in CGI are the
3594:
1391:
292:) or dynamic (i.e. moving images). CGI both refers to 2D computer graphics and (more frequently) 3D computer graphics with the purpose of designing characters,
603:
in
Germany was derived from the ruins of the monastery, yet provides the viewer with a "look and feel" of what the building would have looked like in its day.
1031:, which produces an image conditioned on that representation. The most effective models have generally been trained on massive amounts of image and text data
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representations, although other forms are possible (auditory and touch sensations for example). Some, but not all, virtual worlds allow for multiple users.
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applications. The data rendered may correspond to specific visual scenes that change as the user interacts with the system — e.g. simulators, such as
1995:
Cook, A.D. (2009). A case study of the manifestations and significance of social presence in a multi-user virtual environment. MEd Thesis. Available
1098:
to inhabit and interact, and the term today has become largely synonymous with interactive 3D virtual environments, where the users take the form of
593:(such as walls and windows) and walk-throughs but the effects of light and how sunlight will affect a specific design at different times of the day.
2131:
2148:
Palomäki, Jussi; Kunnari, Anton; Drosinou, Marianna; Koverola, Mika; Lehtonen, Noora; Halonen, Juho; Repo, Marko; Laakasuo, Michael (2018-11-01).
1193:
capture to get footage of a human performing an action and then replicate it perfectly with computer-generated imagery so that it looks normal.
675:
a three-dimensional model is automatically produced from many single-slice x-rays, producing "computer generated image". Applications involving
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in the opening credits of the film. The first feature film to make use of CGI with live action in the storyline of the film was the 1973 film
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Unique and personal histories of early computer graphics production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels.
845:. The visualization data is then mapped to a "visualization representation" that can be fed to a rendering system. This is usually called a
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racing car performance and snooker ball trajectories. Sometimes CGI on TV with correct alignment to the real world has been referred to as
549:
may be achieved not only by adding noise as new nodes are created but by adding additional noise at multiple levels of the mesh. Thus a
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To date, making the clothing of a digital character automatically fold in a natural way remains a challenge for many animators.
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In modern medical applications, patient-specific models are constructed in 'computer assisted surgery'. For instance, in total
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also bring together a number of "snapshots" (in this case via magnetic pulses) to produce a composite, internal image.
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706:) of a model that closely resembles a patient's valve anatomy can be highly beneficial in planning the procedure.
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Suminski, Leonard and, Hulin, Paul (September 26, 1980). "Computer
Generated Imagery Current Technology".
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Not only do animated images form part of computer-generated imagery; natural looking landscapes (such as
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that includes all the course materials and extensive supplementary materials (videos, articles, links).
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Kassin, S. M. (1997). "Computer-animated
Display and the Jury: Facilitative and Prejudicial Effects".
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visible to others graphically. These avatars are usually depicted as textual, two-dimensional, or
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of the appropriate parts of the patient's own anatomy. Such models can also be used for planning
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The first feature film to use CGI as well as the composition of live-action film with CGI was
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is not a computer generated image, even if digitized. However, in applications which involve
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Text-to-image models began to be developed in the mid-2010s during the beginnings of the
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2114:; Balliot, Yohan; Behringer, Reinhold; Feiner, Steven; Julier, Simon; MacIntyre, Blair.
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Arti AR highlights at SRX -- the first sports augmented reality live from a moving car!
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985:. In 2022, the output of state-of-the-art text-to-image models—such as OpenAI's
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Halverson, Dave (December 2005). "Anime
Reviews: The Professional Golgo 13".
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Hey, hockey puck! NHL PrePlay adds a second-screen experience to live games
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529:. A simple way to generate fractal surfaces is to use an extension of the
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Patient
Specific Models for Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Implantation
702:
openings can vary greatly from patient to patient, the extraction (from
664:. However, a number of online anatomical models are becoming available.
648:
are not always anatomically correct. However, organizations such as the
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1392:"Last Starfighter sequel is super close to happening, says Gary Whitta"
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allowing users to interact with artificially animated characters (e.g
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1971:"All these images were generated by Google's latest text-to-image AI"
1284:
484:
53:
1327:"Vicious Circle: John Whitney and the Military Origins of Early CGI"
950:
An image conditioned on the prompt "an astronaut riding a horse, by
900:
Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the art of
2949:
1951:
by Elena van
Zudilova-Seinstra, Tony Adriaansen, Robert Liere 2008
1864:
Designing clothes: culture and organization of the fashion industry
1671:
Interactive environments with open-source software: 3D walkthroughs
837:, make extensive use of CGI techniques for representing the world.
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1357:"14 groundbreaking movies that took special effects to new levels"
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Application of computer graphics to create or contribute to images
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To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the
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A computer-generated image featuring a house at sunset, made in
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1443:
Flight
Simulation (Cambridge Aerospace Series, Series Number 1)
1255:
is the industry standard commercial digital photo editing tool.
461:
is the first entirely computer animated film, released in 1995.
288:, videos and video games. These images are either static (i.e.
4817:
2280:
Peitgen, Heinz-Otto; JĂĽrgens, Hartmut; Saupe, Dietmar (2004).
1736:
Encyclopedia of
Multimedia Technology and Networking, Volume 1
1555:"Advances in Computer-Generated Imagery for Flight Simulation"
974:
description and produces an image matching that description.
533:
method, relying on the construction of some special case of a
323:
1716:
Advances in
Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering
1592:
1590:
1588:
1183:
Computer-generated imagery is often used in conjunction with
887:
While computer-generated images of landscapes may be static,
2150:"Evaluating the replicability of the uncanny valley effect"
1482:"Computer Graphics and Animation: A Retrospective Overview"
656:
continue to be used by medical students, such as images by
2301:
Light Shadow Space: Architectural
Rendering with Cinema 4D
1778:
by Johan Bellemans, Michael D. Ries, Jan M.K. Victor 2005
1756:
Interac storytelling: First Joint International Conference
1904:
Mathematical optimization in computer graphics and vision
694:
implantations, one of the common procedures for treating
2364:
340:
698:. Given that the shape, diameter, and position of the
4795:
2355:
A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation
1886:
by Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann and Daniel Thalmann, 2004
1131:
computer, with later models from ColorGraphics using
1380:. No. 48. United States of America. p. 92.
958:, a large-scale text-to-image model released in 2022
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1090:) or with other physical users, through the use of
1005:—began to be considered to approach the quality of
897:is used for the interactive animated environments.
637:image generated by a computer from a collection of
375:. Other early films that incorporated CGI include
2032:Computer-generated images influence trial results
1804:and Computer-Assisted Intervention -- MICCAI 2010
2218:; Steedman, Mark; Badler, Norman (1991-06-01).
1906:by Luiz Velho, Paulo Cezar Pinto Carvalho 2008
1441:Rolfe, J. M. and Staples, K.J. (May 27, 1988).
1929:GPU-based interactive visualization techniques
1497:U.S. Army Project Manager for Training Devices
808:bidirectional scattering distribution function
4833:
4475:
4137:
3645:
3317:
2965:
2416:
2365:CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference
1127:in 1979 with the "LiveLine", based around an
476:The evolution of CGI led to the emergence of
250:
8:
2386:"History Gets A Computer Graphics Make-Over"
2282:Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science
2244:3-D Sound for Virtual Reality and Multimedia
1538:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1509:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1465:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
742:The geometric macroscopic features of cloth.
2263:Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality
1924:
1922:
1920:
1420:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
1197:between interlocking muscle groups used in
365:, which used abstract computer graphics by
4859:
4840:
4826:
4818:
4482:
4468:
4460:
4144:
4130:
4122:
3834:
3786:
3652:
3638:
3630:
3587:
3548:
3491:
3459:
3395:
3351:
3324:
3310:
3302:
3107:
2972:
2958:
2950:
2922:
2902:
2423:
2409:
2401:
2007:
1658:
739:The mechanics of continuous elastic sheets
650:Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute
257:
243:
72:
59:
2382:, by Anne Thompson, Wired, February 2005.
2284:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2191:
2173:
1758:by Ulrike Spierling, Nicolas Szilas 2008
1351:
1349:
1347:
1023:, which transforms the input text into a
783:The finest visible features such as fine
756:images involves three levels of realism:
3456:Ports of Unix-like utilities for Windows
2224:Center for Human Modeling and Simulation
1524:Yan, Johnson K. and, Florence, Judit K.
1445:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1151:" line seen in television broadcasts of
814:Interactive simulation and visualization
4802:
2220:"Linguistic Issues in Facial Animation"
2019:
1673:by Wolfgang Höhl, Wolfgang Höhl, 2008,
1631:Digital modeling of material appearance
1596:
1416:Jankel, A.; Morton, R. (Nov 15, 1984).
1317:
167:
111:
80:
62:
1531:
1502:
1484:. Ohio State University. p. 13.2.
1458:
1094:. Virtual worlds are intended for its
779:in resembling its response to actions.
732:The geometric-mechanical structure at
718:Computer-generated wet fur created in
480:in the 1990s, where the vision of the
2261:Biocca, Frank; Levy, Mark R. (1995).
1826:by Donald House, David E. Breen 2000
7:
3610:Windows Interface Source Environment
2116:Recent Advances in Augmented Reality
3571:Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL 2)
3392:Development environments and shells
3379:Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL 1)
1949:Trends in interactive visualization
1015:Text-to-image models are generally
810:(BSDF) over the target's surfaces.
5323:Los Angeles Center for Digital Art
5035:Generative artificial intelligence
1265:digital photo editing application.
728:generally fall into three groups:
644:Computer generated models used in
525:) are also generated via computer
25:
3485:Windows runtime environments for
2034:The Conversation, 31 October 2013
1526:"MODULAR DIGITAL IMAGE GENERATOR"
1271:DIY CGI optimized for soft models
4805:
3544:Platform virtualization software
2921:
2912:
2911:
2901:
1325:Ozturk, Selen (March 15, 2023).
1202:that goes along with the audio.
938:This section is an excerpt from
883:films are, by nature, CGI films.
327:
2612:Electric Image Animation System
2265:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
1969:Vincent, James (May 24, 2022).
1480:Carlson, Wayne (20 June 2017).
1238:List of computer-animated films
390:Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
1528:. United States Patent Office.
804:bidirectional texture function
1:
2392:, BBC World News (2004-11-19)
2175:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00939
1806:edited by Tianzi Jiang, 2010
1125:ColorGraphics Weather Systems
981:, as a result of advances in
865:History of computer animation
799:. Skin can be modeled as a 7-
5308:Austin Museum of Digital Art
2345:Resources in other libraries
1824:Cloth modeling and animation
1692:"Light: The art of exposure"
1553:Yan, Johnson (August 1985).
1135:computers fitted with their
908:for effects shots or hiring
492:Static images and landscapes
4955:Artificial intelligence art
4925:Fractal-generating software
2469:GigaMesh Software Framework
2242:Begault, Durand R. (1994).
1641:, François X. Sillion 2007
1300:Virtual Physiological Human
1280:Real-time computer graphics
1218:Cinema Research Corporation
1104:three-dimensional graphical
847:"renderable representation"
773:in resembling its movements
752:The challenge in rendering
420:Terminator 2: Judgement Day
176:Computer-generated imagery
5390:
4750:Computer-generated imagery
4410:Computer-generated imagery
3952:Unchained camera technique
3273:Mathematical visualization
3248:Computer-generated imagery
2331:Computer-generated imagery
2299:Sondermann, Horst (2008).
1884:Handbook of Virtual Humans
1738:by Margherita Pagani 2005
1418:Creative Computer Graphics
1331:Bright Lights Film Journal
1176:
1143:application of CGI to TV.
1071:Metallic balls created in
1043:
937:
862:
856:
817:
791:are the size of about 100
677:magnetic resonance imaging
610:
495:
396:Golgo 13: The Professional
270:Computer-generated imagery
18:Computer-generated imaging
4115:
3837:
3590:
3551:
3494:
3462:
3398:
3369:Windows Services for UNIX
3364:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
3354:
3286:
2987:
2897:
2396:NIH Visible Human Gallery
2357:– a course page at
2340:Resources in your library
1119:Broadcast and live events
820:Interactive visualization
806:(BTF) or a collection of
5272:Listening Post (artwork)
3504:Willows Toolkit for UNIX
3268:Iterated function system
2119:Computers & Graphics
1931:by Daniel Weiskopf 2006
1866:by Veronica Manlow 2007
1611:by Mark A. DeLoura 2001
5343:V&A Digital Futures
5080:Photograph manipulation
2859:Open Cascade Technology
2058:10.1023/a:1024838715221
1802:Medical Image Computing
1776:Total Knee Arthroplasty
1609:Game programming gems 2
1571:10.1109/MCG.1985.276213
1017:latent diffusion models
587:Architectural animation
4542:Dead-character costume
4203:Dead-character costume
2046:Law and Human Behavior
2008:Biocca & Levy 1995
1275:Ray tracing (graphics)
1078:A virtual world is an
1075:
1064:
1029:generative image model
968:machine learning model
959:
884:
722:
641:
635:CT pulmonary angiogram
581:
557:and the more dramatic
518:
478:virtual cinematography
462:
160:Virtual cinematography
64:Three-dimensional (3D)
57:
5313:Computer Arts Society
3874:multiple-camera setup
2359:Ohio State University
1139:video graphics card.
1084:simulated environment
1070:
1053:
1025:latent representation
970:which takes an input
949:
879:
831:computer aided design
717:
710:Cloth and skin images
632:
617:Visible Human Project
576:
539:midpoint displacement
509:
455:
446:Adventures in Success
408:Young Sherlock Holmes
378:Star Wars: Episode IV
125:Computer-aided design
50:Watermans Arts Centre
33:
5201:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
5176:Lynn Hershman Leeson
5010:Digital architecture
4985:Digital illustration
4920:Graphic art software
4635:Infrared photography
4295:Infrared photography
3661:Cinematic techniques
3207:Burning Ship fractal
2432:3D computer graphics
2303:. Vienna: Springer.
2216:Pelachaud, Catherine
1844:Film and photography
1033:scraped from the web
983:deep neural networks
933:Text-to-image models
843:"visualization data"
625:Living Human Project
569:Architectural scenes
543:Sierpinski triangles
402:The Last Starfighter
5075:Music visualization
5000:Digital photography
3253:Fractal compression
3176:MojoWorld Generator
3138:Wolfram Mathematica
2768:Cyber Studio CAD-3D
2504:Point Cloud Library
2246:. AP Professional.
2166:2018Heliy...400939P
1846:by Ian Graham 2003
1795:I. Waechter et al.
1718:by Tarek Sobh 2008
1599:, pp. 462–466.
964:text-to-image model
940:Text-to-image model
767:at the static level
763:in resembling real
226:Global illumination
150:Virtual engineering
40:computer-generated
5221:Ben Rubin (artist)
5166:Desmond Paul Henry
4965:Computer art scene
4930:Animation software
4685:Tilted plane focus
4625:Forced perspective
4532:Costumed character
4517:Air bladder effect
4345:Tilted plane focus
4285:Forced perspective
4193:Costumed character
4178:Air bladder effect
3797:Wide / Long / Full
2763:Autodesk Softimage
1248:Parallel rendering
1233:Animation database
1076:
1065:
1019:, which combine a
960:
890:computer animation
885:
859:Computer animation
853:Computer animation
723:
646:skeletal animation
642:
582:
523:fractal landscapes
519:
463:
435:(1995). The first
339:. You can help by
310:computer animation
58:
5351:
5350:
5231:Camille Utterback
5181:Zachary Lieberman
5151:Stephanie Dinkins
4938:
4937:
4793:
4792:
4670:SchĂĽfftan process
4650:Multiple exposure
4562:Prosthetic makeup
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4330:SchĂĽfftan process
4310:Multiple exposure
4223:Prosthetic makeup
4111:
4110:
4088:Freeze-frame shot
4073:Establishing shot
3940:
3939:
3847:Over-the-shoulder
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3579:
3578:
3556:Cooperative Linux
3538:
3537:
3480:
3479:
3451:
3450:
3387:
3386:
3299:
3298:
3258:Fractal landscape
3168:Scenery generator
3162:
3161:
2997:Graphics software
2947:
2946:
2832:Core technologies
2582:Blackmagic Fusion
2577:AutoQ3D Community
2326:Library resources
2310:978-3-211-48761-7
2291:978-0-387-20229-7
2272:978-0-8058-1549-8
2253:978-0-1208-4735-8
2010:, pp. 40–44.
1199:fine motor skills
1167:augmented reality
1153:American football
997:, Stability AI's
877:
835:flight simulators
667:A single patient
607:Anatomical models
512:fractal landscape
502:Scenery generator
498:Fractal landscape
357:
356:
267:
266:
66:computer graphics
16:(Redirected from
5381:
5279:Remember To Rise
5253:Edmond de Belamy
5245:Notable artworks
5236:Pindar Van Arman
5171:Mario Klingemann
5040:Generative music
5020:Evolutionary art
5015:Electronic music
4995:Digital painting
4860:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4801:
4770:Optical printing
4645:Lighting effects
4630:Front projection
4592:Theatrical blood
4552:Miniature effect
4527:Bullet hit squib
4484:
4477:
4470:
4461:
4430:Optical printing
4305:Lighting effects
4290:Front projection
4253:Theatrical blood
4213:Miniature effect
4188:Bullet hit squib
4146:
4139:
4132:
4123:
4066:Other techniques
3855:
3835:
3831:Camera placement
3787:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3631:
3588:
3549:
3492:
3460:
3408:Hamilton C shell
3396:
3352:
3339:interoperability
3326:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3108:
3033:Kalles Fraktaler
2981:Fractal software
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2727:Source Filmmaker
2557:Autodesk 3ds Max
2425:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2314:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2177:
2145:
2139:
2136:digitalmediawire
2128:
2122:
2121:, November 2001.
2109:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1926:
1915:
1901:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1793:
1787:
1773:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1661:, pp. 8–15.
1656:
1650:
1628:
1622:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1394:. Archived from
1388:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1009:and human-drawn
1007:real photographs
999:Stable Diffusion
972:natural language
956:Stable Diffusion
954:", generated by
878:
777:Function realism
771:Physical realism
684:knee replacement
547:Brownian surface
467:flight simulator
352:
349:
331:
324:
296:, or scenes and
259:
252:
245:
231:Volume rendering
221:Crowd simulation
206:Wire-frame model
179:
76:
60:
21:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5369:Special effects
5354:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5318:EVA Conferences
5291:and conferences
5290:
5284:
5240:
5119:Notable artists
5114:
5105:Texture mapping
5070:Motion graphics
5060:Interactive art
4990:Digital imaging
4934:
4908:
4851:
4846:
4816:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4716:
4675:Shutter effects
4660:Rear projection
4596:
4493:
4491:Special effects
4488:
4458:
4449:
4376:
4335:Shutter effects
4320:Rear projection
4256:
4155:
4153:Special effects
4150:
4121:
4107:
4061:
4018:
3945:Camera movement
3936:
3927:Worm's-eye view
3878:
3853:
3826:
3776:
3736:
3663:
3658:
3628:
3619:
3575:
3534:
3476:
3447:
3383:
3340:
3330:
3300:
3295:
3282:
3236:
3195:
3158:
3142:
3099:
3078:
3047:
3006:
2983:
2978:
2948:
2943:
2893:
2827:
2803:StrataVision 3D
2746:
2687:Pixar RenderMan
2652:Medium by Adobe
2572:Autodesk Mudbox
2528:
2435:
2429:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2292:
2279:
2273:
2260:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2130:Marlow, Chris.
2129:
2125:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2086:Wayback Machine
2079:
2075:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1927:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1882:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1794:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1659:Sondermann 2008
1657:
1653:
1639:Holly Rushmeier
1629:
1625:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1457:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1208:
1181:
1175:
1121:
1112:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1036:
943:
935:
927:motion pictures
918:computer screen
869:
867:
861:
855:
822:
816:
726:Models of cloth
712:
658:Frank H. Netter
627:
613:Medical imaging
609:
571:
531:triangular mesh
504:
494:
439:to use CGI was
353:
347:
344:
337:needs expansion
322:
298:special effects
263:
211:Texture mapping
177:
155:Virtual reality
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5364:Visual effects
5356:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5265:Jesus Dress Up
5261:
5256:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5186:Margot Lovejoy
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5030:Generative art
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5005:Digital poetry
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:Computer music
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4877:
4866:
4864:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4815:
4814:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4665:Reverse motion
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Matte painting
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4507:Aerial rigging
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:Reverse motion
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Matte painting
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4168:Aerial rigging
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:Depth of field
4037:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
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3111:Cross-platform
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2320:External links
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2160:(11): e00939.
2140:
2138:27 April 2012.
2123:
2104:
2095:, 14 July 2021
2073:
2052:(3): 269–281.
2036:
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2022:, p. 212.
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1190:uncanny valley
1185:motion capture
1179:Motion capture
1177:Main article:
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1173:Motion capture
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1088:software agent
1044:Main article:
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1040:Virtual worlds
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1021:language model
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857:Main article:
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827:fluid dynamics
818:Main article:
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654:medical images
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3560:TopologiLinux
3557:
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3513:WINE@Etersoft
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2788:PowerAnimator
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2702:Rhinoceros 3D
2700:
2698:
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2672:Octane Render
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2567:Autodesk Maya
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2534:Closed-source
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2519:Sweet Home 3D
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2112:Azuma, Ronald
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2016:
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1989:
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1957:1-84800-268-8
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1937:3-540-33262-6
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1912:0-12-715951-7
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1894:pages 353-370
1893:
1892:0-470-02316-3
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:0-7658-0398-4
1869:
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1852:0-237-52626-3
1849:
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1832:1-56881-090-3
1829:
1825:
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1817:
1814:pages 526-560
1813:
1812:3-642-15704-1
1809:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1786:pages 241-245
1785:
1784:3-540-20242-0
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1766:pages 114-118
1765:
1764:3-540-89424-1
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:1-59140-561-0
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:pages 136-139
1725:
1724:1-4020-8740-3
1721:
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1679:3-211-79169-8
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1647:0-12-221181-2
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1617:1-58450-054-9
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1427:0-521-26251-8
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1398:on 2021-08-29
1397:
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1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Virtual human
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
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1246:
1244:
1243:Digital image
1241:
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1150:
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1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1110:In courtrooms
1109:
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1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
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1046:Virtual world
1039:
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895:virtual world
892:
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769:
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761:Photo realism
759:
758:
757:
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750:
747:
741:
738:
735:
731:
730:
729:
727:
721:
720:Autodesk Maya
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
696:heart disease
693:
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588:
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568:
566:
562:
560:
559:fault fractal
556:
552:
551:topographical
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:de Rham curve
532:
528:
524:
517:
513:
508:
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428:
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426:Jurassic Park
422:
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364:
363:
351:
342:
338:
335:This section
333:
330:
326:
325:
319:
317:
315:
314:CGI animation
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:printed media
279:
275:
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260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
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153:
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148:
146:
145:Visualization
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
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128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
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110:
105:
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71:
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67:
61:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
37:
36:Morphogenetic
32:
19:
5374:Computer art
5277:
5270:
5263:
5251:
5141:Harold Cohen
5126:Refik Anadol
5095:Software art
5065:Internet art
4874:
4780:Split screen
4775:Smallgantics
4765:Match moving
4749:
4572:Pyrotechnics
4522:Animatronics
4440:Split screen
4435:Smallgantics
4425:Match moving
4409:
4233:Pyrotechnics
4183:Animatronics
4023:Lens effects
3884:Camera angle
3872: /
3755:Non-diegetic
3600:Captive NTFS
3247:
3147:Windows only
2937:3D rendering
2879:ShapeManager
2798:Softimage 3D
2682:Pixar Presto
2642:LightWave 3D
2622:Golaem Crowd
2459:CloudCompare
2389:
2377:
2330:
2300:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2223:
2210:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2107:
2097:, retrieved
2091:
2082:Ghostarchive
2080:Archived at
2076:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2027:
2020:Begault 1994
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1928:
1903:
1899:
1883:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1698:. 2020-11-12
1695:
1686:
1681:, pp. 24–29.
1670:
1666:
1654:
1635:Julie Dorsey
1630:
1626:
1608:
1604:
1597:Peitgen 2004
1565:(8): 37–51.
1562:
1558:
1548:
1519:
1505:cite journal
1496:
1490:
1475:
1442:
1436:
1417:
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1386:
1377:
1371:
1360:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1228:Anime Studio
1195:
1182:
1145:
1141:
1122:
1113:
1077:
1059:
991:Google Brain
976:
961:
915:
899:
888:
886:
846:
842:
839:
829:to specific
823:
782:
776:
770:
760:
751:
748:
745:
724:
692:aortic valve
681:
666:
643:
598:
595:
591:
583:
563:
558:
554:
520:
475:
471:
464:
456:
444:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
367:John Whitney
360:
358:
348:October 2023
345:
341:adding to it
336:
313:
309:
290:still images
273:
269:
268:
175:
112:Primary uses
81:Fundamentals
34:
5328:Lumen Prize
5216:Anna Ridler
5146:Char Davies
5110:Virtual art
5100:Systems art
5025:Fractal art
4892:3D graphics
4880:2D graphics
4849:Digital art
4785:Stop motion
4760:Introvision
4740:Compositing
4730:Bullet time
4712:Stop motion
4700:Slow motion
4695:Fast motion
4640:Lens flares
4615:Bullet time
4587:Sugar glass
4577:Rubber mask
4511:wire-flying
4445:Stop motion
4420:Introvision
4400:Compositing
4390:Bullet time
4372:Stop motion
4360:Slow motion
4355:Fast motion
4300:Lens flares
4275:Bullet time
4248:Sugar glass
4238:Rubber mask
4172:wire-flying
4078:Master shot
3932:Dutch angle
3842:Perspective
3605:NDISwrapper
3433:MKS Toolkit
3011:Open-source
3002:Fractal art
2992:Digital art
2932:3D modeling
2818:TurboSilver
2441:Open-source
1977:. Vox Media
1362:Insider.com
1223:Cel shading
1213:3D modeling
1160:fields and
1080:agent-based
1061:Second Life
902:stop motion
801:dimensional
797:millimetres
621:Google Body
601:Georgenthal
514:created in
441:Will Powers
437:music video
429:(1993) and
135:Video games
42:digital art
5358:Categories
5333:onedotzero
5211:Casey Reas
5156:Jake Elwes
5090:Render art
5050:Glitch art
4975:Crypto art
4904:3D printer
4735:Chroma key
4690:Time-lapse
4655:Filtration
4620:Dolly zoom
4547:Kitbashing
4395:Chroma key
4350:Time-lapse
4315:Filtration
4280:Dolly zoom
4208:Kitbashing
4014:Dolly zoom
3912:Crane shot
3907:Bird's-eye
3902:High-angle
3790:Field size
3765:Film score
3707:Lens flare
3677:Background
3438:PowerShell
3348:subsystems
3278:Orbit trap
3232:Mandelbulb
2907:Comparison
2889:IntelliCAD
2773:Dynamation
2607:Daz Studio
2514:Seamless3d
2372:073570046X
2099:2021-07-14
1702:2020-11-12
1696:GarageFarm
1402:2021-08-29
1307:References
1149:first down
1003:Midjourney
923:television
906:miniatures
863:See also:
754:human skin
611:See also:
527:algorithms
496:See also:
308:is called
306:animations
286:simulators
201:3D display
46:Andy Lomas
5298:Artfutura
5226:Karl Sims
5085:Pixel art
5055:Immersion
4980:Cyberarts
4960:ASCII art
4812:Animation
4755:Go motion
4680:Slit-scan
4602:In-camera
4499:Practical
4415:Go motion
4340:Slit-scan
4262:In-camera
4161:Practical
4093:Long take
3999:SnorriCam
3994:Steadicam
3974:Hand-held
3922:Low-angle
3760:Narration
3722:Rembrandt
3521:CrossOver
3423:Mingw-w64
3346:Unix-like
3222:Mandelbox
3217:Julia set
3018:Apophysis
2864:Parasolid
2854:KernelCAD
2813:TrueSpace
2793:Sculpt 3D
2732:Strata 3D
2637:Kerkythea
2597:Cinema 4D
2479:MakeHuman
2184:2405-8440
2066:145311101
1975:The Verge
1959:pages 1-7
1939:pages 1-8
1746:page 1027
1619:page 240
1461:cite book
1312:Citations
1253:Photoshop
1056:submarine
1054:A yellow
952:Hiroshige
881:Machinima
787:and skin
482:simulated
458:Toy Story
449:(1983).
432:Toy Story
414:The Abyss
372:Westworld
184:Animation
120:3D models
99:Rendering
56:, in 2016
38:Creations
5338:SIGGRAPH
5303:Artmedia
5161:David Em
4950:Art game
4913:Software
4870:Computer
4863:Hardware
4567:Puppetry
4228:Puppetry
4098:One-shot
3984:Tracking
3967:Whip pan
3917:Jib shot
3822:Two shot
3812:Close-up
3802:American
3782:Shooting
3750:Diegetic
3697:High-key
3669:Lighting
3472:UnxUtils
3467:GnuWin32
3291:Category
3191:VistaPro
3186:Terragen
3123:Chaotica
3090:Fractint
3083:Freeware
3069:openPlaG
3043:Sterling
3038:MilkDrop
2917:Category
2849:HOOPS 3D
2823:VistaPro
2808:Swift 3D
2737:Terragen
2722:SketchUp
2712:Shark 3D
2707:Shade 3D
2677:Paint 3D
2617:E-on Vue
2602:Clara.io
2524:Wings 3D
2499:OpenSCAD
2434:software
2379:F/X Gods
2202:30519654
2084:and the
1914:page 177
1874:page 213
1649:page 217
1579:15309937
1534:cite web
1499:: 14–18.
1206:See also
1133:Cromemco
1129:Apple II
1027:, and a
987:DALL-E 2
785:wrinkles
736:crossing
704:CT scans
700:coronary
688:CT scans
673:CT scans
537:, e.g.,
516:Terragen
423:(1991),
417:(1989),
411:(1985),
405:(1984),
399:(1983),
393:(1982),
387:(1982),
381:(1977),
194:skeletal
189:computer
104:Printing
94:Scanning
89:Modeling
5045:GIF art
4744:digital
4742: (
4610:Bipacks
4556:hanging
4554: (
4509: (
4404:digital
4402: (
4270:Bipacks
4217:hanging
4215: (
4170: (
4057:Zooming
4045:Shallow
4035:Racking
3962:Panning
3957:Tilting
3860:Reverse
3817:Italian
3712:Low-key
3584:Related
3525:Darwine
3373:Interix
3337:Windows
3241:Related
3181:Picogen
3095:IFStile
3023:Blender
2869:Romulus
2783:N-World
2778:Imagine
2751:Defunct
2697:Remo 3D
2657:Messiah
2647:MASSIVE
2632:Houdini
2627:Hexagon
2592:Carrara
2542:3D-Coat
2509:POV-Ray
2489:MoonRay
2484:MeshLab
2464:FreeCAD
2454:Blender
2235:Sources
2193:6260244
2162:Bibcode
2154:Heliyon
1981:May 28,
1854:page 21
1834:page 20
1336:May 11,
1162:cricket
1137:Dazzler
1100:avatars
1092:avatars
1073:Blender
979:AI boom
795:or 0.1
660:, e.g.
579:Blender
362:Vertigo
320:History
52:, west
4798:Portal
4722:Visual
4382:Visual
4103:Insert
4083:B-roll
4009:Follow
3897:Aerial
3870:Single
3807:Medium
3529:Proton
3517:Cedega
3359:Cygwin
3154:VisSim
3104:Retail
2884:Teigha
2742:ZBrush
2552:Arnold
2494:OpenFX
2370:
2328:about
2307:
2288:
2269:
2250:
2200:
2190:
2182:
2064:
1997:online
1955:
1935:
1910:
1890:
1870:
1850:
1830:
1810:
1782:
1762:
1742:
1722:
1677:
1645:
1615:
1577:
1449:
1424:
1285:Shader
1001:, and
995:Imagen
910:extras
639:x-rays
623:, and
485:camera
54:London
4943:Forms
4899:Xerox
4856:Tools
4030:Focus
3989:Dolly
3979:Shaky
3865:Trunk
3854:(POV)
3742:Sound
3727:Stage
3692:Flood
3682:Cameo
3566:Merge
3427:MSYS2
3413:MinGW
3403:DJGPP
3128:Maple
3118:Bryce
2758:Amapi
2692:Poser
2587:Bryce
2390:Click
2226:(69).
2062:S2CID
1575:S2CID
1269:Poser
1158:rugby
1096:users
966:is a
789:pores
669:X-ray
312:, or
302:films
178:(CGI)
4885:2.5D
4050:Deep
3892:Tilt
3732:Soft
3717:Mood
3687:Fill
3615:DXVK
3595:APIW
3509:Wine
3499:Wabi
3487:*nix
3443:UWIN
3417:MSYS
3333:Unix
3074:XaoS
3064:GIMP
3028:Fyre
2927:List
2839:ACIS
2717:Silo
2667:Nuke
2662:Modo
2547:AC3D
2368:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2198:PMID
2180:ISSN
1983:2022
1953:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1559:IEEE
1540:link
1511:link
1467:link
1447:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1378:Play
1338:2023
1263:FOSS
1261:, a
1259:GIMP
1082:and
925:and
765:skin
734:yarn
500:and
384:Tron
300:(in
4875:CGI
3702:Key
3052:GNU
2874:RGK
2844:C3D
2188:PMC
2170:doi
2054:doi
1799:in
1633:by
1567:doi
1058:in
1011:art
993:'s
343:.
278:art
274:CGI
48:at
5360::
3527:,
3523:,
3519:,
3515:,
2222:.
2196:.
2186:.
2178:.
2168:.
2156:.
2152:.
2134:,
2088::
2060:.
2050:40
2048:.
1973:.
1919:^
1694:.
1637:,
1587:^
1573:.
1561:.
1557:.
1536:}}
1532:{{
1507:}}
1503:{{
1463:}}
1459:{{
1359:.
1346:^
1329:.
1169:.
1013:.
989:,
962:A
929:.
793:ÎĽm
633:A
619:,
615:,
561:.
510:A
443:'
316:.
284:,
280:,
4841:e
4834:t
4827:v
4800::
4746:)
4558:)
4513:)
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