337:, called OfficePower, provided an integrated set of functions such as word processing, spreadsheet, email, and database access via a compact desktop smart terminal backed by a mini, or super mini-computer. Although the system software was ported to various Unix variants, most installations were hosted on CCI's Power 5 and Power 6 machines running CCI's Unix ports.
70:, principally for the telephony market. Raymond J. Hasenauer (Manufacturing), Eiji Miki (Electronic design), Walter Ponivas (Documentation) and James M. Steinke (Mechanical design) joined the company at its inception. Due to the state of the art in electronics at the time, this smart terminal was the size of an average-sized office desk.
78:
Due to the success of the smart computer terminal, and the expertise the company gained in understanding
Operator Services, the company started development programs to offer networked computer systems that provided contract-managed access time, specified as a guaranteed number of seconds to paint the
423:
and established with
Richard Levy (Altergo, Wang) as European Vice President, with responsibilities for all business aspects outside of North America. Richard Levy recruited industry professionals to target specific market sectors and distribution channels for the European and International markets
110:
To provide higher levels of automation to operator services, CCI introduced in the early 1980s various
Automatic Voice Response (AVR) systems tightly integrated with its popular Directory Assistance systems. AVR provided voice response of the customer requested data, almost universally starting the
285:
compilation engines for their students were particularly keen. The machine suffered when applied to general purpose database application environments, not least because the I/O subsystem over-relied on the central processing power (much as the VAX did) and thus used relatively dumb I/O processors.
427:
CCI (Europe) maintained close co-operation with
Rochester, NY for the manufacturing, stock & shipping and Irvine, CA for planning & management. Liaising closely with the Israeli R&D operation for international systems translation, CCI Europe established a solid base in major European
449:-based office later grew to support the efforts of the U.S.-based CCI offices, eventually becoming a major research and development center for machine level/operating systems products, telephony products, office automation products (particularly for British and foreign language "OfficePower").
436:
CCI Israel, Inc. was a separately incorporated
Delaware corporation however it was closely affiliated with the Rochester, NY, Irvine, CA and Reston, VA operations of Computer Consoles, Inc (CCI). It was first established to manage a telephony project for the Israeli national telephone company,
452:
CCI Israel also undertook local development projects for major clients - notably
Motorola and Israel Aircraft Industries. In the mid-1980s CCI-Israel introduced the U.S. companies' brand of 5/32 and 6/32 micro- and mini-computers to the local Israeli market. CCI-Israel - through seminars and
528:
After completion of the acquisition, CCI - Rochester became a subsidiary of an STC operating unit known as STC Telecom. Shortly thereafter, the
Computer Products Division at Irvine and Office Products Centre at Reston were sold to another STC operating unit,
444:
In Israel, development and installation was managed by CCI-Israel's managing director, Jacob "Jack" Mark. Mr. Mark, was earlier affiliated with the original Bell Labs team to which the core development of the Unix operating system is attributed. The small
518:. In reality there was a third operation which was a financing group that held the commercial leases for equipment typically sold to telephone companies. At the time of the acquisition the lease base was rumored to be valued at over $ 700M US dollars.
453:
training groups - was also instrumental in developing and popularizing the Unix operating system and the C programming language in Israel. CCI-Israel was also responsible for establishing the first Unix "User Group" in that country.
313:" processor, forcing a dual-processing machine to reschedule a process from the "slave" processor for every system call. The net result of this meant database benchmarks often ran faster on a single processor than a dual.
488:, Unix-based (PERPOS) system of the era in British Telecom in the late 1980s. The design concepts of the system were years ahead of its time. The company was also a pioneer of design and deployment of voice response and
784:
774:
614:
329:, called RLG Corporation (named after founder Richard L Gauthier), to develop a terminal-based integrated office automation system. RLG had had experience developing this kind of system for the
769:
754:
759:
749:
764:
341:
665:
38:, United States, which did business first as a private, and then ultimately a public company from 1968 to 1990. CCI provided worldwide telephone companies with
779:
510:
acquired CCI effective
January 1, 1989. At this time CCI was organized as two major business units: one in Rochester ("CCI - Rochester"), which manufactured
330:
525:("GTE") over GTE's failure to supply CCI with certain "computer chips" for a new generation of computers being developed by CCI (the "GTE litigation").
618:
533:, for net book value of the assets. CCI - Rochester was kept under the jurisdiction of STC Telecom, which was also in the telecommunications business.
514:
equipment, and a
Computer Products Division in Irvine ("CCI - Irvine"), which manufactured computer hardware. Office systems software was produced at
175:, and richer support for networking, CCI developed PERPOS, a Unix derivative that provided integrated support for real-time transaction processing,
552:, and was eventually merged into this business unit. At that time, CCI was dissolved and Northern Telecom assumed its assets and liabilities.
348:; it consisted of two VAXes running 4.2BSD and a number of Power 5/20 machines running PERPOS-S. The VAXes were connected to each other by an
473:. It was a pioneer of design and deployment of real-time, transaction processing computer systems, of true fault tolerant computing systems,
462:
281:
Targeted as a competitor to the Unix/VAX platform, it succeeded for solutions where processing power was paramount. Universities requiring
135:
system targeted for automated, user-defined call scenarios. Initial installations handled intercept and calling card calls by capturing
428:
accounts and
International third-party Distribution channels such as ICL & BT and became an integral aspect of the parent company.
648:
251:
545:
effective March 1991 and became part of the company's European operations. Effective January 1, 1992, CCI was transferred to the
495:
CCI controlled over 90% of the world market for equipment to automate telephony Directory services at the time of acquisition by
530:
392:
247:
131:
To provide even higher levels of automation, CCI started a very aggressive program in the early 1980s to develop a PCM digital
507:
496:
388:
310:
381:
373:
96:
156:
672:
590:
224:
66:
employees, Edward H. Nutter, Alfred J. Moretti, and Jeffrey Tai, to develop one of the earliest versions of a smart
294:
rather than a 4-kilobyte page. Leffer et al. suggest they did this due to concerns about VAX support of 4K dynamic
176:
302:
216:
234:, United States, which developed a proprietary minicomputer, competitive with the Digital Equipment Corporation
148:
144:
732:
274:-based machine, the Power 5/32, also ran the internally developed BSD port; it was code-named "Walden" after
478:
267:
470:
291:
168:
42:
equipment and other systems to automate various operator and telephony services, and later sold a line of
569:
259:
116:
111:
prompt with a variant of the phrase, "The number is". Early systems were based on very small vocabulary
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549:
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80:
39:
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movie (1985) and continued to use the computer for the bulk of its animation work as late as 1990.
132:
35:
511:
489:
345:
255:
231:
152:
419:
CCI (Europe) Inc was the wholly owned European Sales, Marketing and Support operation based in
203:. The Power 5 line also included single-processor 68000-based computers, code-named after the
644:
365:
287:
84:
67:
51:
563:
Computer Animation Group employed a Power 6/32 machine to render the "Glass Man" sequence in
639:
Leffler, Samuel J.; McCusick, Marshall K.; Karels, Michael J.; Quartermain, John S. (1989).
564:
515:
441:. The initial Israeli project was based on products developed in the Rochester-based group.
353:
326:
112:
542:
481:
access. CCI was one of earliest commercial entities connected to the Internet as cci.com.
377:
322:
220:
196:
172:
136:
400:
271:
212:
192:
258:
remarketed the Power 6 as the 7000 series (referred to as U7000 after the merger with
195:-based computers called the Power 5 series, which CCI developed. They were a line of
743:
295:
92:
411:
architectures. It continued to be used widely by ICL customers into the late 1990s.
334:
282:
204:
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to the public telephone networks to automate traditional operator-based services.
485:
461:
CCI actively participated in various telecom and public standard bodies such as
420:
369:
306:
275:
200:
180:
79:
operator's first screen of information, to various telephony databases such as
62:
Computer Consoles, Inc. (CCI, incorporated May 20, 1968), was founded by three
391:(STC) (see below), OfficePower was developed as the primary office system for
286:
The Power 6 running either version of Unix also suffered from the inefficient
239:
123:
voice playback using audio authored either by CCI or the local phone company.
301:
The final issue with the Power 6/32 running Unix was the lack of support for
446:
408:
404:
27:
298:. The Power 6 had no such problems, but no operating system to support it.
349:
88:
31:
521:
Also at the time of the acquisition, CCI was involved in a dispute with
396:
254:
also ported 4.3BSD to it, producing the release known as "4.3-Tahoe".
208:
546:
361:
263:
227:; the kernel was later modified to provide System III compatibility.
99:
325:, they partnered with, and ultimately acquired, a small company in
560:
438:
120:
63:
641:
The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System
466:
364:
implementation; it included an encapsulation scheme for sending
357:
290:
inherent in BSD 4.3. The core of this was the use of a 512-byte
140:
47:
522:
243:
235:
102:
computers with custom hardware and software developed by CCI.
43:
424:
for the entire CCI range of computer and telephony products.
356:
on all the Power 5/20 machines. The Power 5/20s were using
270:
also sold the Power 6 as the HCX-7 and HCX-9. A companion
87:. The largest such system was designed and installed for
352:, but, at the time, it wasn't cost-effective to provide
230:
Later, Computer Consoles opened a development center in
91:
to provide initially Directory Assistance throughout
785:
Manufacturing companies based in Rochester, New York
775:
Defunct computer companies based in New York (state)
698:"Computer Consoles to Be Acquired by British Firm"
591:"Sperry launches 7000/40 32-bit superminicomputer"
238:, called the Power 6/32, code-named "Tahoe" after
484:CCI deployed the largest multi-processor, shared
321:Due to the success the firm had in network-based
199:, fault-tolerant computers, code-named after the
770:Defunct computer companies of the United States
151:board. Later systems added speaker independent
503:Acquisition by Standard Telephones and Cables
163:PERPOS, Perpetual Processing Operating System
8:
733:The Pioneers Return to Dallas: SIGGRAPH 1990
376:implemented this encapsulation scheme as a
159:board to initially automate collect calls.
755:1992 disestablishments in New York (state)
331:United States Department of Transportation
760:Computer companies disestablished in 1992
399:range and later servers with Power 6/32,
395:(ICL), owned by STC, with ports for the
211:called PERPOS-S, which was originally a
115:chips, follow-on systems utilized 8-bit
750:1968 establishments in New York (state)
581:
765:Computer companies established in 1968
179:, and fault-tolerant features such as
95:and Ireland. These systems combined
7:
723:, STC Gazette February 1990, STC PLC
537:Acquisition by Northern Telecom Ltd.
780:Defunct computer hardware companies
380:for 4.2BSD; this was the origin of
191:PERPOS was developed for a line of
252:University of California, Berkeley
242:. It ran an internally developed
50:computers and the Power 6/32 Unix
14:
523:General Telephone and Electronics
16:US telephony and computer company
615:"New Harris Computer Introduced"
393:International Computers Limited
340:One installation was at the US
248:Computer Systems Research Group
167:To provide better control over
389:Standard Telephones and Cables
171:, significant improvements in
1:
589:Warner, Edward (1984-11-01).
387:After the takeover of CCI by
187:Power 5 and Power 6 computers
143:audio band signaling via the
97:Digital Equipment Corporation
541:STC Telecom was acquired by
465:, and in the development of
342:Naval Surface Weapons Center
157:quad digital audio processor
74:Automating Operator Services
696:OLMOS, DAVID (1988-12-06).
801:
309:would have to run on the "
303:symmetric multiprocessing
207:, running a regular Unix
149:multi-frequency receiver
106:Automatic Voice Response
666:"Using the UNIX System"
479:distributed file system
268:Harris Computer Systems
20:Computer Consoles, Inc.
471:C programming language
169:transaction processing
570:Young Sherlock Holmes
556:Notable historic uses
475:distributed database
81:directory assistance
40:directory assistance
664:Gauthier, Richard.
133:telephone switching
36:Rochester, New York
34:company located in
643:. Addison-Wesley.
512:telecommunications
490:speech recognition
346:Dahlgren, Virginia
256:Sperry Corporation
232:Irvine, California
183:and cold standby.
153:speech recognition
113:synthesised speech
85:intercept messages
702:Los Angeles Times
360:'s UNET as their
354:Ethernet adapters
317:Office automation
288:memory management
127:Digital switching
68:computer terminal
792:
735:
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671:. Archived from
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621:on March 3, 2016
617:. Archived from
611:
605:
604:
602:
601:
586:
565:Steven Spielberg
547:Northern Telecom
543:Northern Telecom
516:Reston, Virginia
432:CCI Israel, Inc.
415:CCI (Europe) Inc
327:Reston, Virginia
800:
799:
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721:Irvine signs on
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459:
457:Accomplishments
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417:
378:line discipline
368:datagrams over
323:data management
319:
197:multi-processor
189:
173:fault tolerance
165:
137:multi-frequency
129:
108:
89:British Telecom
76:
60:
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12:
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650:978-0201061963
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401:Motorola 68030
318:
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246:port, and the
193:Motorola 68000
188:
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177:load balancing
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678:on 2017-05-06
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705:. Retrieved
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680:. Retrieved
673:the original
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623:. Retrieved
619:the original
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598:. Retrieved
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568:
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494:
483:
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370:serial lines
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335:office suite
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307:system calls
300:
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229:
205:Finger Lakes
190:
166:
130:
119:, and later
109:
77:
61:
23:
19:
18:
550:U.S. entity
486:file system
477:access and
421:West London
283:time-shared
276:Walden Pond
201:Great Lakes
744:Categories
707:2017-08-18
682:2017-08-18
625:2011-11-04
600:2022-06-28
577:References
405:Intel x86
374:Rick Adams
240:Lake Tahoe
221:System III
447:Ramat Gan
409:Sun SPARC
260:Burroughs
223:-derived
215:-derived
213:Version 7
52:supermini
28:telephony
469:and the
350:Ethernet
262:to form
225:userland
32:computer
397:ICL DRS
250:at the
219:with a
147:-based
58:History
46:-based
647:
362:TCP/IP
333:. The
311:Master
305:: All
296:paging
264:Unisys
217:kernel
155:via a
100:PDP-11
26:was a
676:(PDF)
669:(PDF)
561:Pixar
439:Bezeq
272:68010
121:ADPCM
64:Xerox
645:ISBN
467:Unix
463:ANSI
407:and
382:SLIP
358:3Com
292:page
209:port
141:DTMF
139:and
83:and
48:Unix
30:and
567:'s
531:ICL
508:STC
497:STC
344:in
266:.)
244:BSD
236:VAX
181:hot
145:DSP
117:PCM
44:68k
24:CCI
22:or
746::
700:.
593:.
499:.
403:,
384:.
372:.
366:IP
278:.
54:.
710:.
685:.
653:.
628:.
603:.
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