Computer graphics - Knowledge (XXG)

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the perfect solution for many of the graphics problems he faced. Even today, many standards of computer graphics interfaces got their start with this early Sketchpad program. One example of this is in drawing constraints. If one wants to draw a square for example, they do not have to worry about drawing four lines perfectly to form the edges of the box. One can simply specify that they want to draw a box, and then specify the location and size of the box. The software will then construct a perfect box, with the right dimensions and at the right location. Another example is that Sutherland's software modeled objects – not just a picture of objects. In other words, with a model of a car, one could change the size of the tires without affecting the rest of the car. It could stretch the body of car without deforming the tires.

2463: 1065: 2120: 500: 1809: 2089: 42: 3277: 2769:, or other images. Graphics often combine text and illustration. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style. 368: 2574: 2429: 1446: 1503: 866:, Catmull loved animation yet quickly discovered that he did not have the talent for drawing. Now Catmull (along with many others) saw computers as the natural progression of animation and they wanted to be part of the revolution. The first computer animation that Catmull saw was his own. He created an animation of his hand opening and closing. He also pioneered 3073: 2720: 2559: 1946:, released in 2001, was the first fully computer-generated feature film to use photorealistic CGI characters and be fully made with motion capture. The film was not a box-office success, however. Some commentators have suggested this may be partly because the lead CGI characters had facial features which fell into the " 654: 2914: 742:– a development which would turn that department into one of the most important research centers in graphics for nearly a decade thereafter, eventually producing some of the most important pioneers in the field. There Sutherland perfected his HMD; twenty years later, NASA would re-discover his techniques in their 3789:

is a hypothesis in the field of robotics and 3D computer animation, which holds that when human replicas look and act almost, but not perfectly, like actual human beings, it causes a response of revulsion among human observers. The concept "valley" refers to the dip in a graph of the comfort level of

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image file. The rendering program is usually built into the computer graphics software, though others are available as plug-ins or entirely separate programs. The term "rendering" may be by analogy with an "artist's rendering" of a scene. Although the technical details of rendering methods vary, the

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fired directly at it. By simply timing the electronic pulse with the current location of the electron gun, it was easy to pinpoint exactly where the pen was on the screen at any given moment. Once that was determined, the computer could then draw a cursor at that location. Sutherland seemed to find

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3D computer graphics are the same as 3D models. The model is contained within the graphical data file, apart from the rendering. However, there are differences that include the 3D model being the representation of any 3D object. Until visually displayed, a model is not graphic. Due to printing, 3D

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and is typically used for the representation of photographic images. Vector graphics consists of encoding information about shapes and colors that comprise the image, which can allow for more flexibility in rendering. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is best practice,

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Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art and image data effectively and meaningfully to the consumer. It is also used for processing image data received from the physical world, such as photo and video content. Computer graphics development has had a significant impact on many types of

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as 2D computer graphics do in the frame and raster graphics (like in 2D) in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D

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is a method of mapping three dimensional points to a two dimensional plane. As most current methods for displaying graphical data are based on planar two dimensional media, the use of this type of projection is widespread. This method is used in most real-time 3D applications and typically uses

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and instances when working with raster tools and formats is best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools.

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owners and eventually DEC got a copy. The engineers at DEC used it as a diagnostic program on every new PDP-1 before shipping it. The sales force picked up on this quickly enough and when installing new units, would run the "world's first video game" for their new customers. (Higginbotham's

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of the Whirlwind SAGE system performed a personal experiment in which he wrote a small program that captured the movement of his finger and displayed its vector (his traced name) on a display scope. One of the first interactive video games to feature recognizable, interactive graphics –

70:. Computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, digital art, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. A great deal of specialized hardware and software has been developed, with the displays of most devices being driven by 1194:

Computer graphics terminals during this decade became increasingly intelligent, semi-standalone and standalone workstations. Graphics and application processing were increasingly migrated to the intelligence in the workstation, rather than continuing to rely on central mainframe and

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where perpendicular lines of varying closeness are drawn in a grid pattern to shade an area. The closer the lines are together, the darker the area appears. Likewise, the farther apart the lines are, the lighter the area appears. The term has been recently generalized to mean that

802:, and publications within the field of computer graphics. By 1973, the first annual SIGGRAPH conference was held, which has become one of the focuses of the organization. SIGGRAPH has grown in size and importance as the field of computer graphics has expanded over time. 734:. The heavy hardware required for supporting the display and tracker was called the Sword of Damocles because of the potential danger if it were to fall upon the wearer. After receiving his Ph.D. from MIT, Sutherland became Director of Information Processing at 2846:. The rendering equation does not account for all lighting phenomena, but is a general lighting model for computer-generated imagery. 'Rendering' is also used to describe the process of calculating effects in a video editing file to produce final video output. 1223:, as a serious design tool, one that could save time and draw more accurately than other methods. The Macintosh remains a highly popular tool for computer graphics among graphic design studios and businesses. Modern computers, dating from the 1980s, often use 2937:. It is a process used in drawing for depicting levels of darkness on paper by applying media more densely or with a darker shade for darker areas, and less densely or with a lighter shade for lighter areas. There are various techniques of shading including 331:– the more direct precursors of the field, as they provided the first two-dimensional electronic displays that responded to programmatic or user input. Nevertheless, computer graphics remained relatively unknown as a discipline until the 1950s and the post- 2633:, each storing a value at a given time, per attribute to be animated. The 2D/3D graphics software will change with each keyframe, creating an editable curve of a value mapped over time, in which results in animation. Other methods of animation include 577:(BTL), created a film called "Simulation of a two-giro gravity attitude control system" in 1963. In this computer-generated film, Zajac showed how the attitude of a satellite could be altered as it orbits the Earth. He created the animation on an 938:. In order to draw a representation of a 3D object on the screen, the computer must determine which surfaces are "behind" the object from the viewer's perspective, and thus should be "hidden" when the computer creates (or renders) the image. The 746:

research. At Utah, Sutherland and Evans were highly sought after consultants by large companies, but they were frustrated at the lack of graphics hardware available at the time, so they started formulating a plan to start their own company.

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representation of any three-dimensional object, called a "3D model", via specialized software. Models may be created automatically or manually; the manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to

3046:) are able to be employed, then customized for the most efficient rendering performance versus quality of the resultant imagery; a graphics artist should consider this trade-off if anti-aliasing methods are to be used. A pre-anti-aliased 2495:

image model, which produces an image conditioned on that representation. The most effective models have generally been trained on massive amounts of image and text data scraped from the web. By 2022, the best of these models, for example

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in 1974. A texture map is applied (mapped) to the surface of a shape, or polygon. This process is akin to applying patterned paper to a plain white box. Multitexturing is the use of more than one texture at a time on a polygon.

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being displayed on a screen (or screen location) at a resolution different from the resolution of the texture itself (such as a textured model in the distance from the virtual camera) will exhibit aliasing artifacts, while any

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which had been introduced in the 1980s to perform specialized processing on the GPU would by the end of the decade become supported on most consumer hardware, speeding up graphics considerably and allowing for greatly improved

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to teach an advanced computer graphics class, which contributed a great deal of founding research to the field and taught several students who would grow to found several of the industry's most important companies – namely

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Many tools have been developed to visualize data. Computer-generated imagery can be categorized into several different types: two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and animated graphics. As technology has improved,

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recruited Evans to form a computer science program, and computer graphics quickly became his primary interest. This new department would become the world's primary research center for computer graphics through the 1970s.

1696:, among other consoles, sold in the millions and popularized 3D graphics for home gamers. Certain late-1990s first-generation 3D titles became seen as influential in popularizing 3D graphics among console users, such as 1431:

The decade also saw computer graphics applied to many additional professional markets, including location-based entertainment and education with the E&S Digistar, vehicle design, vehicle simulation, and chemistry.

714:'s computer division from 1953 to 1962, after which he worked for the next five years as a visiting professor at Berkeley. There he continued his interest in computers and how they interfaced with people. In 1966, the 2986:) are, generally speaking, common methods of implementing texture definition on 3D models in computer graphics software, while intended placement of textures onto a model's surface often requires a technique known as 1214:

processors, and had Unix as its operating system. It was targeted squarely at the sophisticated end of the design engineering sector. Artists and graphic designers began to see the personal computer, particularly the

2649:; the latter allows an evaluated result returned from a user-defined logical expression, coupled with mathematics, to automate animation in a predictable way (convenient for controlling bone behavior beyond what a 2320:

is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred because they give more direct control of the image than

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is the generation of a 2D image from a 3D model by means of computer programs. A scene file contains objects in a strictly defined language or data structure; it would contain geometry, viewpoint, texturing,

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on a mass scale and an impressive rise in the quality of CGI generally. Home computers became able to take on rendering tasks that previously had been limited to workstations costing thousands of dollars; as

768:. While Sutherland originally wanted the company to be located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Salt Lake City was instead chosen due to its proximity to the professors' research group at the University of Utah. 4071: 3211:

is a leading innovator in computer graphics. Greenberg has authored hundreds of articles and served as a teacher and mentor to many prominent computer graphic artists, animators, and researchers such as

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which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and

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Today, computer graphics is widespread. Such imagery is found in and on television, newspapers, weather reports, and in a variety of medical investigations and surgical procedures. A well-constructed

706:. While very simplistic, and requiring fairly inexpensive electronic parts, it allowed the player to move points of light around on a screen. It was the first consumer computer graphics product. 249:

can present complex statistics in a form that is easier to understand and interpret. In the media "such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, theses", and other presentation material.

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developed during the war. New kinds of displays were needed to process the wealth of information resulting from such projects, leading to the development of computer graphics as a discipline.

1269:. By developing a new software methodology specifically for high-speed image rendering, LINKS-1 was able to rapidly render highly realistic images." The LINKS-1 was the world's most powerful 1261:. According to the Information Processing Society of Japan: "The core of 3D image rendering is calculating the luminance of each pixel making up a rendered surface from the given viewpoint, 1085:

proliferated, a subject which had previously been an academics-only discipline was adopted by a much larger audience, and the number of computer graphics developers increased significantly.

3042:". Anti-aliasing methods rectify such problems, resulting in imagery more pleasing to the viewer, but can be somewhat computationally expensive. Various anti-aliasing algorithms (such as 650:

car bodies. These curves would form the foundation for much curve-modeling work in the field, as curves – unlike polygons – are mathematically complex entities to draw and model well.

2842:. A GPU is a device able to assist the CPU in calculations. If a scene is to look relatively realistic and predictable under virtual lighting, the rendering software should solve the 2487:, models have been created which take as input a natural language description and produces as output an image matching that description. Text-to-image models generally combine a 2420:

channels to integrate visual elements with the main screen in that it super-imposes two discrete video sources. Software can simulate this through specialized rendering methods.

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representation of geometric data. For the purpose of performance, this is stored in the computer. This includes images that may be for later display or for real-time viewing.

2504:, are able to create images in a range of styles, ranging from imitations of living artists to near-photorealistic, in a matter of seconds, given powerful enough hardware. 3153:(advanced tessellation of polygons, resulting in smooth surfaces similar to NURB models). A 3D model can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 4113: 4081: 4015: 750: 4388: 878:. It became one of his goals to produce a feature-length motion picture using computer graphics – a goal he would achieve two decades later after his founding role in 1265:, and object position. The LINKS-1 system was developed to realize an image rendering methodology in which each pixel could be parallel processed independently using 738:(Advanced Research Projects Agency), and later became a professor at Harvard. In 1967 Sutherland was recruited by Evans to join the computer science program at the 2629:. Animation is the change of an attribute over time. Multiple methods of achieving animation exist; the rudimentary form is based on the creation and editing of 482:. Using a light pen, Sketchpad allowed one to draw simple shapes on the computer screen, save them and even recall them later. The light pen itself had a small 1849:

had spread the reach of computer graphics to the mainstream by the late 1990s and continued to do so at an accelerated pace in the 2000s. CGI was also adopted

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information as a description of the virtual scene. The data contained in the scene file is then passed to a rendering program to be processed and output to a

1313:("bluescreening", etc.) were made for the later films of the original trilogy. Two other pieces of video would also outlast the era as historically relevant: 2664:

then quickly replaced by a new image that is similar to the previous image, but shifted slightly. This technique is identical to the illusion of movement in

2173:, which are maturing considerably. Shaders are now very nearly a necessity for advanced work in the field, providing considerable complexity in manipulating 4625: 3860: 2229: 281:, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component". 265:

which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Over the past decade, other specialized fields have been developed like

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Virtual entities may contain and be controlled by assorted attributes, such as transform values (location, orientation, and scale) stored in an object's

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are among the many companies that were getting started in computer graphics by the mid-1960s. IBM was quick to respond to this interest by releasing the

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developed this "conceptual framework". The specifications were published in 1977, and it became a foundation for many future developments in the field.

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At around the same time (1961–1962) in the University of Cambridge, Elizabeth Waldram wrote code to display radio-astronomy maps on a cathode ray tube.

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would go on to have many animated hits, and its work on prerendered video animation is still considered an industry leader and research trail breaker.

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The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe "almost everything on computers that is not text or sound". Typically, the term

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discipline, computer graphics studies the manipulation of visual and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the

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were crucial to this decade, and 3D rendering capabilities became a standard feature as 3D-graphics GPUs became considered a necessity for

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technique to pass large amounts of data bidirectionally between a GPU and CPU was invented; speeding up analysis on many kinds of

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in monochrome mode, and it was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s. In 1986, TI introduced the

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to create special effects for the earliest films dating from 1895, but such displays were limited and not interactive. The first

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models are not only confined to virtual space. 3D rendering is how a model can be displayed. Also can be used in non-graphical

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Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern (e.g., one slice every millimeter) and usually have a regular number of image

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Originally, sprites were a method of integrating unrelated bitmaps so that they appeared to be part of the normal bitmap on a

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was a pioneer in computer animation and digital fine art and created the first computer art in 1964. Csuri was recognized by

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Achievement Award. Greenberg was the founding director of the NSF Center for Computer Graphics and Scientific Visualization.

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also became a leading developer of graphics boards in this decade, creating a "duopoly" in the field which exists this day.

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in graphics by modeling the paths that rays of light take from a light source, to surfaces in a scene, and into the camera.

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general challenges to overcome in producing a 2D image from a 3D representation stored in a scene file are outlined as the

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Primitives are basic units which a graphics system may combine to create more complex images or models. Examples would be

730:(HMD). It displayed two separate wireframe images, one for each eye. This allowed the viewer to see the computer scene in 604: 594: 545: 459: 290: 278: 98: 5369: 4997: 4862: 4802: 3092: 1773: 1527: 1093: 935: 486:

in its tip. This cell emitted an electronic pulse whenever it was placed in front of a computer screen and the screen's

4005: 5056: 3460: 2735:. Pixels are placed on a regular 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a 2525: 2389:

that is integrated into a larger scene. Initially including just graphical objects handled separately from the memory

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became known as the "go-to" house by many other studios for topnotch computer graphics in film. Important advances in

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in operation. Around the same time, other scientists were creating computer graphics to illustrate their research. At

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Rendering resolution-independent entities (such as 3D models) for viewing on a raster (pixel-based) device such as a

1471: 1306: 991:, a technique for simulating uneven surfaces, and the predecessor to many more advanced kinds of mapping used today. 3145:. 3D models may be created using multiple approaches: use of NURBs to generate accurate and smooth surface patches, 2145:

has matured into a multistage process with many layers; generally, it is not uncommon to implement texture mapping,

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line of graphics cards dominated the market in the early decade with occasional significant competing presence from

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art. During April 1965, the Howard Wise Gallery exhibited Noll's computer art along with random-dot patterns by

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of physical phenomena, or animated directly for other purposes. The model can also be physically created using

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of an original image, where more samples typically provide a more accurate representation of the original. The

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Technology and algorithms for rendering continued to improve greatly. In 1996, Krishnamurty and Levoy invented

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representations on a surface, such as a computer screen. Examples are photographs, drawing, graphics designs,

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mostly along geometric edges and the boundaries of texture details; these artifacts are informally called "

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needs. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes the target is another

851:. Tom Stockham led the image processing group at UU which worked closely with the computer graphics lab. 5612: 5425: 5349: 5167: 4852: 4831: 4775: 4108: 4076: 4010: 3660: 3655: 3645: 2798: 2626: 2202: 2119: 1890: 1780:

engines". By the end of the decade, computers adopted common frameworks for graphics processing such as

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In the 2010s, CGI has been nearly ubiquitous in video, pre-rendered graphics are nearly scientifically

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used as texture coordinates. Texture mapping as a discipline also encompasses techniques for creating

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In the enlarged portion of the image individual pixels are rendered as squares and can be easily seen.

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computer to create artistic patterns and to formalize the use of random processes in the creation of

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represented by a single value that is obtained by sampling the immediate area surrounding the voxel.

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2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional

2298: 2273: 2053: 1876:. As the decade progressed, even low-end machines usually contained a 3D-capable GPU of some kind as 1793: 1673: 1639: 1596: 1514: 1258: 1006: 727: 671: 379: 258: 254: 138: 5384: 4006:"Famous Graphics Chips: NEC μPD7220 Graphics Display Controller – The first graphics processor chip" 3408: 3114:

in a regular pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume element, or

2974:(created from adjusting parameters of an underlying algorithm that produces an output texture), and 2782: 1614:– a critical and commercial success of nine-figure magnitude. The studio to invent the programmable 1325:

the same year featuring the first fully CGI character in a feature movie (an animated stained-glass

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that took place during the first half of the twentieth century. Screens could display art since the

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as the father of digital art and computer animation, and as a pioneer of computer animation by the

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to critical and popular acclaim during this decade using a rendering engine innovated primarily by

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models, allowing graphics to move beyond a "flat" look to a look more accurately portraying depth.

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created an animation of his wife's face. The two animations were included in the 1976 feature film

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Wolfgang Höhl (2008): Interactive environments with open-source software, Springer Wien New York,

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also resurfaced with its prequel trilogy and the effects continued to set a bar for CGI in film.

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in 1996 subsequently pushed the boundaries of commercial, real-time 3D graphics. Back on the PC,

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In 1968, Dave Evans and Ivan Sutherland founded the first computer graphics hardware company,

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The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR

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and SGI developed 3D raster graphics hardware that directly influenced the later single-chip

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by almost three years, but it was almost unknown outside of a research or academic setting.)

455:. The field of computer graphics developed with the emergence of computer graphics hardware. 5917: 5902: 5897: 5877: 5728: 5703: 5667: 5662: 5597: 5531: 5435: 5344: 5339: 5329: 5303: 5250: 5177: 5117: 5092: 4964: 4954: 4836: 4824: 4488: 4172: 3898:

Yan, Johnson (August 1985). "Advances in Computer-Generated Imagery for Flight Simulation".

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will always show aliasing artifacts as they are resolution-independent; techniques such as

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It was not long before major corporations started taking an interest in computer graphics.

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went public in 1957 after incorporating the decade prior, and established strong ties with

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The precursor sciences to the development of modern computer graphics were the advances in

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program, but it was not a success. DirectX itself remained a commercial success, however.

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on three-dimensional models in 1974, now considered one of the fundamental techniques in

643: 1392:, all of which also allowed users to program their own games if skilled enough. For the 41: 5887: 5852: 5793: 5748: 5647: 5632: 5526: 5501: 5455: 5409: 5404: 5240: 5172: 4934: 4492: 4484: 4135: 3786: 3730: 3690: 3438: 3388: 3333: 3328: 3213: 3003: 2983: 2567: 2488: 2233: 2210: 2154: 2136: 2131:

principles – increasingly an active area of research for computer graphics in the 2010s

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took a great graphical leap forward in the 2000s, becoming able to display graphics in

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or other home rendering software ascended in importance. By the end of the decade, the

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in 1978 featured a large number of animated figures on screen; both used a specialized

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or PBR, which implements many maps and performs advanced calculation to simulate real

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that had previously only been possible pre-rendered and/or on business-level hardware.

161:, among others. The overall methodology depends heavily on the underlying sciences of 5937: 5847: 5733: 5657: 5622: 5602: 5506: 5470: 5324: 5308: 5293: 5097: 4939: 4813: 4743: 4539: 3705: 3551: 3537: 3179: 3088: 3043: 2979: 2966: 2877: 2858: 2853: 2826: 2790: 2689: 2302: 2248: 2166: 2124: 2030: 2002: 1974: 1970: 1712: 1697: 1623: 1607: 1561:

to the untrained eye (though they could not yet do so with a trained CGI artist) and

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and other science fiction franchises were relevant in cinematic CGI at this time, as

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A major advance in 3D computer graphics was created at UU by these early pioneers –

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page description language. Adobe would go on later to create the industry standard

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widely in the late 1990s and 2000s, and so became familiar to a massive audience.

335:

period – during which time the discipline emerged from a combination of both pure

1179:(CMOS) GPU. It was capable of displaying high-resolution in color mode and up to 946:) was the first graphical standard to be developed. A group of 25 experts of the 78:

of Boeing. It is often abbreviated as CG, or typically in the context of film as

17: 5867: 5815: 5753: 5723: 5652: 5577: 5547: 5485: 5440: 4912: 4780: 4716: 3675: 3393: 3338: 3281: 3264: 3248: 3164: 3127: 3080:

scan of a forearm with different colour schemes for muscle, fat, bone, and blood

2889: 2326: 2305:—mostly from models, such as digital image, and by techniques specific to them. 1909: 1842: 1749: 1693: 1689: 1677: 1635: 1562: 1522: 1393: 1321:" in 1985, which popularized CGI among music fans of that era, and a scene from 1251: 1160: 1074: 1053: 999: 887: 875: 815: 772: 679: 367: 300: 205: 189: 118: 4290: 2573: 2197:

light flow, is an active research area as well, along with advanced areas like

1345:(SGI) computers were used to create some of the first fully computer-generated 1159:

also became cheaper in the early 1980s, enabling the development of affordable

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defining the overall screen. Such sprites can be created by either electronic

2355:

level. Graphics in most old (or relatively limited) computer and video games,

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of a video display, this now includes various manners of graphical overlays.

822:

and its static renders became emblematic of CGI development during the 1970s.

593:

started working in the computer graphics field. Sinden created a film called

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of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel typically has three

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technologies such as typography. In those applications, the two-dimensional

2225: 2022: 1958: 1813: 1611: 1574: 1557:

The field began to see the first rendered graphics that could truly pass as

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that helped to popularize computer graphics to a mass audience in the 1980s.

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As the UU computer graphics laboratory was attracting people from all over,

779:-based rendering algorithms that have since become fundamental in achieving 726:

continued to innovate at MIT when he invented the first computer-controlled

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dominated the home space and were all capable of advanced 3D graphics; the

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To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the computer

1884:

both introduced low-priced chipsets and continued to dominate the market.

1081:

The 1980s began to see the commercialization of computer graphics. As the

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Example showing effect of vector graphics versus raster (bitmap) graphics

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after Bézier's work in the field – to develop 3d modeling techniques for

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are beginning, though beyond reach of all but the highest-end hardware.

810: 238:

methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content, see

82:(CGI). The non-artistic aspects of computer graphics are the subject of 5688: 5200: 4819: 3561: 3503: 3039: 2922: 2822: 2313: 2232:, but few, if any, attempt photorealism due to continuing fears of the 2069: 2038: 2026: 1921: 1894: 1781: 1547: 1420:(GPU), a technology where a separate and very powerful chip is used in 1334: 1172: 972: 686:

graphics terminal, the first commercially available graphics computer.

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in 1960. Fetter in turn attributed it to Verne Hudson, also at Boeing.

444: 429: 261:

are still widely used. Computer graphics has emerged as a sub-field of

170: 3821: 2491:, which transforms the input text into a latent representation, and a 1111:(GPU) chips, which began to revolutionize computer graphics, enabling 4949: 4706: 4594:

Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art, chap. IV.2 Computer Animation

4551:

Computer graphics and virtual environments: from realism to real-time

4362:"All these images were generated by Google's latest text-to-image AI" 3670: 3570: 3555: 3483: 3047: 2975: 2943: 2758: 2685: 2681: 2497: 2390: 2347:

A large form of digital art, pixel art is created through the use of

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Subsequently, a number of breakthroughs in the field occurred at the

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issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of

2913: 2284: 1474:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5195: 4969: 4655: 4520:

Computer Graphics: A Survey of Current Techniques and Applications

4104:"GPU History: Hitachi ARTC HD63484. The second graphics processor" 4039:

Computer Architecture For Interactive Display Of Segmented Imagery

3749: 3620:

foundations of image generation and processing rather than purely

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arcade as is known today was birthed in the 1970s, with the first

879: 840: 809: 749: 735: 652: 553: 513: 498: 366: 348: 246: 179: 63: 2449:. Raster graphics is the representation of images as an array of 4693: 3734: 3508: 2669: 2615: 2531:

Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on similar

2401: 2186: 2182: 2046: 2042: 1978: 1846: 1373: 1011: 658: 470:. The TX-2 integrated a number of new man-machine interfaces. A 463: 451:

into the world's leading computer technology hub – now known as

5045: 4607: 4588: 2957:

is a method for adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a

2622:

or computer-generated imaging), especially when used in films.

2606:

are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster

1284:

was developed in 1986 – an important step towards implementing

653: 228:

the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer

5220: 3915:"MIT Science Reporter—"Automatically Programmed Tools" (1959)" 3575: 3498: 2762: 2524:

3D graphics, compared to 2D graphics, are graphics that use a

2083: 1881: 1797: 1554:

would begin its rise to the prominence it still enjoys today.

1551: 1439: 1425: 1208: 1140: 1120: 126: 1912:

gradually began to be realistic to the point of entering the

862:

and had been working on his degree in physics. Growing up on

458:

Further advances in computing led to greater advancements in

447:. This began the decades-long transformation of the southern 4309:

Chris Taylor, Time, 31 July 2000 (retrieved 8 August 2012).

3979:

EDSAC 1 and after – a compilation of personal reminiscences

2259:

was still one of the most active gaming platforms as well.

552:

was an instant success and copies started flowing to other

4532:

R. D. Parslow, R. W. Prowse, Richard Elliot Green (1969).

1035:

in 1975 featured human-looking animated characters, while

901:

and created a revolution in the publishing world with his

4042:. Computer Architectures for Spatially Distributed Data. 3132:

3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical,

3014:

to help simulate shine and light reflections, as well as

2892:. The technique is capable of producing a high degree of 2041:

improved greatly; the second-generation shader languages

3018:

to simulate mirror-like reflectivity, also called gloss.

2029:

more easily to the independent developer world with the

1860:

The continued rise and increasing sophistication of the

3937:"A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation" 2469:

output for the prompt "an astronaut riding a horse, by

2100: 1463: 1400:

3D graphics. In 1988, the first dedicated real-time 3D

1015:

in 1972 was one of the first hit arcade cabinet games.

343:

academic research into more advanced computers and the

4415:"Lighting principles for 3D artists from film and art" 3636:

Computer graphics may be used in the following areas:

3149:(manipulation of faceted geometry), or polygonal mesh 2990:(arbitrary, manual layout of texture coordinates) for 1276:

Also in the field of realistic rendering, the general

897:

was another of those early pioneers; he later founded

4574:

A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation

4441:

Advanced Graphics Programming Techniques Using OpenGL

3284:, an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by 1760:

or GPU, which in its own words contained "integrated

1530:

became available for home systems, the popularity of

630:

would also provide a boost through the early work of

474:

could be used to draw sketches on the computer using

323:, was invented in 1897 – it in turn would permit the 3010:

that correspond to a texture to simulate height and

2590:

is the art of creating moving images via the use of

1897:

in computer graphics via the widespread adoption of

1606:

began its serious commercial rise in this era under

1115:

graphics for computer graphics terminals as well as

754:

A 1968 center spread from Seattle underground paper

534:, created another important title in the history of 519:

The phrase "computer graphics" has been credited to

5806: 5676: 5540: 5494: 5418: 5317: 5286: 5279: 5186: 5080: 5023: 4978: 4845: 4734: 4692: 4664: 4641: 277:phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, 4136:"LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System-Computer Museum" 3628:, although the two fields have many similarities. 3466:Link Flight Simulation, division of Singer Company 2965:. Its application to 3D graphics was pioneered by 2711:images, but raster images are more commonly used. 2068:experiments. The technique has also been used for 1841:CGI became ubiquitous in earnest during this era. 1521:The 1990s' overwhelming note was the emergence of 1257:, in 1982, for the purpose of rendering realistic 4336:Processing: Creative Coding and Computational Art 4114:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4082:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4016:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 3790:humans as a function of a robot's human likeness. 2230:a great many animated CGI films are made per year 760:features then-state-of-the-art computer graphics. 3063:help to solve texture-related aliasing problems. 2797:in 3D rendering. Primitives may be supported in 2680:Images are typically created by devices such as 2483:Since the mid-2010s, as a result of advances in 790:initiated A Special Interest Group on Graphics ( 4237:"System 16 – Taito Air System Hardware (Taito)" 3847:Cornell University Program of Computer Graphics 2189:are active fields of research and development. 1920:movies proliferated, with traditional animated 1610:, with its first major film release, in 1995 – 1317:' iconic, near-fully-CGI video for their song " 1045:circuit made from discrete chips to help their 4534:Computer Graphics: Techniques and Applications 4323:at Box Office Mojo (retrieved 12 August 2012). 4295:Daniel Sevo, 2005 (retrieved 26 February 2015) 4216:"System 16 – Namco System 21 Hardware (Namco)" 1993:. Marquee CGI-heavy titles like the series of 987:also innovated further in 1978 by introducing 771:Also in 1968 Arthur Appel described the first 5057: 4619: 4072:"Famous Graphics Chips: TI TMS34010 and VRAM" 1940:dominating the box office in this field. The 1591:, the first HDTV computer graphics series by 1333:– small programs designed specifically to do 1096:(VLSI) technology led to the availability of 394:and interaction interface and introduced the 8: 3099:is a group of 2D slice images acquired by a 2731:(or picture element) is a single point in a 2594:. It is a subfield of computer graphics and 1337:as a separate algorithm – were developed by 347:'s further development of technologies like 4549:M. Slater, A. Steed, Y. Chrysantho (2002). 2017:and dozens of others continued to approach 5283: 5064: 5050: 5042: 4689: 4626: 4612: 4604: 4504:Donald Hearn and M. Pauline Baker (1994). 4498:Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice 3243:was one of the first researchers to use a 1672:, three of the first massively popular 3D 1147:, and was licensed for clones such as the 613:Propagation of Shock Waves in a Solid Form 273:more concerned with "the visualization of 4589:Computer Graphics research at UC Berkeley 4479:Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics 4466:, Second Edition, John-Wiley & Sons, 4158:"The Mass Impact of Videogame Technology" 4134:Information Processing Society of Japan. 3812:"ACM Computing Classification System ToC" 3259:were the first to publicly exhibit their 2998:(NURB) surfaces have their own intrinsic 2598:. Increasingly it is created by means of 2351:software, where images are edited on the 1989:maintained a large following, as did the 1490:Learn how and when to remove this message 89:Some topics in computer graphics include 30:For more specific scientific fields, see 4393:. Oxford, England: Newnes. p. 569. 3992:Computer graphics and geometric modeling 2461: 2427: 2037:continued to mature as well, and it and 1501: 40: 4527:Computer Graphics: Theory Into Practice 3803: 3778: 2801:, or the building blocks provided by a 2412:. In circuitry, a hardware sprite is a 421:and simulated a tennis match. In 1959, 4464:Computer Graphics for Java Programmers 3930: 3928: 3913:From the Vault of MIT (Jan 20, 2016). 2933:or illustrations by varying levels of 2896:; usually higher than that of typical 1412:Air System. On the professional side, 1404:were introduced for arcades, with the 4262:15 Most Influential Games of All Time 4065: 4063: 4044:Springer Science & Business Media 2301:are the computer-based generation of 1981:line of consoles, and offerings from 1956:drew attention at this time as well. 1234:In the field of realistic rendering, 1175:released the ARTC HD63484, the first 413:– was created for an oscilloscope by 7: 5031:List of computer graphics algorithms 3820:. September 21, 2016. Archived from 3588:Computer graphics (computer science) 2838:along a rendering device, such as a 2217:at ultra-high-resolution modes like 2049:began to be popular in this decade. 1908:Computer graphics used in films and 1708:The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 1634:, laid the foundations for fully 3D 1599:(studio Z-A production, 1990–1993). 1396:, advances were made in commercial, 235:used to create and manipulate images 224:refers to several different things: 32:Computer graphics (computer science) 4599:History of Computer Graphics on RUS 3817:Association for Computing Machinery 3762:Computer representation of surfaces 3194:Association for Computing Machinery 1585:(1989–1991) by studio Fantôme, and 1534:workstations declined and powerful 775:algorithm, the first of a class of 698:in 1966 that was later licensed to 4529:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2872:is a technique from the family of 2458:Generative machine-learning models 975:in CGI via the development of the 971:contributed to the foundations of 626:Also sometime in the early 1960s, 36:Computer graphics (disambiguation) 25: 4544:Fundamentals of computer graphics 4462:L. Ammeraal and K. Zhang (2007). 4320:Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within 3087:is a technique used to display a 2618:. It is also referred to as CGI ( 2325:, whose approach is more akin to 1943:Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within 1581:by studio Mac Guff Ligne (1988), 1153:Intel's graphics processing units 927:was also there; he later founded 581:mainframe computer. Also at BTL, 417:to entertain visitors in 1958 at 4390:Modern Dictionary of Electronics 2799:hardware for efficient rendering 2169:into one rendering engine using 2127:texture rendered close-up using 2087: 1740:– an improvement on Jim Blinn's 1444: 1364:; millions-selling systems from 1244:LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System 1171:(TI) in the mid-1980s. In 1984, 530:In 1961 another student at MIT, 27:Graphics created using computers 4360:Vincent, James (May 24, 2022). 4292:The Future Of Computer Graphics 4268:. 14 March 2001. Archived from 4258:"Virtua Racing – Arcade (1992)" 4070:Peddie, Jon (10 January 2019). 2982:application or imported from a 2072:mining and has applications in 1288:, which is necessary to pursue 1187:, the first fully programmable 913:and a prominent movie industry 710:was director of engineering at 607:, Nelson Max created the films 443:through its founders, who were 4102:Peddie, Jon (7 October 2018). 4036:Goldwasser, S.M. (June 1983). 2416:construct that employs custom 1642:among a wider audience in the 830:in the 1970s, which had hired 419:Brookhaven National Laboratory 1: 5088:Biological data visualization 4988:3D computer graphics software 4525:Jeffrey J. McConnell (2006). 4306:Cinema: A Painstaking Fantasy 4177:10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60463-5 3861:"What are computer graphics?" 3767:Glossary of computer graphics 3171:Pioneers in computer graphics 2996:non-uniform rational B-spline 2445:formats are complementary to 2243:In videogames, the Microsoft 1950:". Other animated films like 1356:The 1980s is also called the 1295:The continuing popularity of 858:. Catmull had just come from 605:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 460:interactive computer graphics 291:History of computer animation 257:have become more common, but 196:media and has revolutionized 4803:Hidden-surface determination 4581:History of Computer Graphics 4004:Peddie, Jon (18 July 2018). 3843:"What is Computer Graphics?" 3528:Industrial Light & Magic 3053:procedurally defined texture 2703:Digital images include both 2363:games are mostly pixel art. 1307:Industrial Light & Magic 1094:very-large-scale integration 936:hidden surface determination 690:, a supervising engineer at 573:E. E. Zajac, a scientist at 4156:Defanti, Thomas A. (1984). 3461:Bell Telephone Laboratories 2861:to produce the final image. 1565:became far more popular in 1470:the claims made and adding 1380:-based personal computers, 5965: 5128:Mathematical visualization 3594:study of computer graphics 3585: 3582:Study of computer graphics 3471:United States Armed Forces 3125: 2959:computer-generated graphic 2900:methods, but at a greater 2620:Computer-generated imagery 2582:computer-generated imagery 2551: 2517: 2511: 2476: 2435: 2373:Sprite (computer graphics) 2370: 2340: 2277: 2271: 2191:Physically based rendering 2157:, lighting maps including 2129:physically based rendering 2025:made a decision to expose 1638:and popularized real-time 1025:moving along a vertically 854:One of these students was 466:computer was developed at 288: 240:study of computer graphics 80:computer generated imagery 72:computer graphics hardware 49:screenshot displaying the 29: 5123:Information visualization 5108:Educational visualization 3981:, Retrieved 11 July 2019. 3958:. Springer. p. 101. 3701:Information visualization 3651:Computational photography 1855:television advertisements 1621:In video games, in 1992, 1225:graphical user interfaces 1090:metal–oxide–semiconductor 575:Bell Telephone Laboratory 523:, a graphic designer for 267:information visualization 147:computational photography 5299:Charles-René de Fourcroy 5148:Scientific visualization 5075:of technical information 4522:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 4511:Francis S. Hill (2001). 4387:Graf, Rudolf F. (1999). 3726:Scientific visualization 2520:Graphics processing unit 2294:(left) and masks (right) 2280:Video display controller 1862:graphics processing unit 1758:graphics processing unit 1676:games, were released by 1418:graphics processing unit 1109:graphics processing unit 621:Vibration of an Aircraft 468:MIT's Lincoln Laboratory 378:Early projects like the 271:scientific visualization 151:scientific visualization 66:and art with the aid of 5015:Vector graphics editors 5010:Raster graphics editors 4585:(archived 2 March 2007) 4576:(archived 5 April 2007) 4333:Greenberg, Ira (2007). 4046:. pp. 75–94 (81). 3935:Carlson, Wayne (2003). 3354:Nadia Magnenat Thalmann 3280:A modern render of the 3147:polygonal mesh modeling 3095:data set. A typical 3D 2880:by tracing the path of 2676:Concepts and principles 1583:Les Fables Géométriques 1101:central processing unit 940:3D Core Graphics System 642:'s curves – now called 609:Flow of a Viscous Fluid 601:Newton's laws of motion 510:Computer History Museum 5719:Christopher R. Johnson 5271:Technical illustration 5158:Software visualization 4898:Checkerboard rendering 3990:David Salomon (1999). 3576:AMD (ATI Technologies) 3289: 3081: 3028:liquid-crystal display 2918: 2874:image order algorithms 2727:In digital imaging, a 2724: 2584: 2570: 2536:rendering techniques. 2474: 2433: 2295: 2132: 1838: 1812:A screenshot from the 1724:Battle Arena Toshinden 1518: 1428:to optimize graphics. 1414:Evans & Sutherland 1329:). In 1988, the first 1292:in computer graphics. 1201:Bell-Northern Research 1131:on a fully integrated 1078: 951:Special Interest Group 823: 766:Evans & Sutherland 761: 694:, came up with a home 663: 619:created a film called 596:Force, Mass and Motion 516: 449:San Francisco Bay Area 375: 345:United States military 297:electrical engineering 192: 184:Simulated flight over 155:computational geometry 62:deals with generating 56: 34:. For other uses, see 5613:Lawrence J. Rosenblum 5426:Edward Walter Maunder 5350:Charles Joseph Minard 5168:User interface design 5143:Product visualization 4853:Affine transformation 4832:Surface triangulation 4776:Anisotropic filtering 4477:David Rogers (1998). 4445:Siggraph 1999. (see: 4165:Advances in Computers 4109:IEEE Computer Society 4077:IEEE Computer Society 4011:IEEE Computer Society 3661:Computer-aided design 3656:Computational physics 3646:Computational biology 3279: 3075: 2916: 2722: 2627:transformation matrix 2576: 2561: 2465: 2431: 2381:is a two-dimensional 2287: 2203:subsurface scattering 2122: 1868:makers to offer. The 1811: 1640:3D polygonal graphics 1505: 1323:Young Sherlock Holmes 1167:(VRAM) introduced by 1139:. It supported up to 1067: 882:. In the same class, 834:. He was paired with 813: 753: 656: 502: 370: 183: 91:user interface design 44: 5893:Scientific modelling 5868:Information graphics 5608:Clifford A. Pickover 5558:William S. Cleveland 5466:Henry Norris Russell 5451:Howard G. Funkhouser 5395:Florence Nightingale 5360:Francis Amasa Walker 5256:Statistical graphics 5178:Volume visualization 5153:Social visualization 4542:and others. (2005). 4518:John Lewell (1985). 3954:Peddie, Jon (2013). 3716:Rational drug design 3494:Evans and Sutherland 3190:Museum of Modern Art 2803:graphics application 2787:geometric primitives 2767:engineering drawings 2749:red, green, and blue 2604:2D computer graphics 2600:3D computer graphics 2542:computer simulations 2514:3D computer graphics 2485:deep neural networks 2323:3D computer graphics 2299:2D computer graphics 2274:2D computer graphics 2054:scientific computing 1932:as well as numerous 1794:3D modeling software 1748:release the seminal 1674:first-person shooter 1259:3D computer graphics 1250:that used up to 257 1191:graphics processor. 1151:82720, the first of 1141:1024x1024 resolution 1088:In the early 1980s, 728:head-mounted display 435:Electronics pioneer 259:2D computer graphics 255:3D computer graphics 139:scientific computing 5873:Information science 5836:in computer science 5628:Sheelagh Carpendale 5563:George G. Robertson 5400:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke 5335:André-Michel Guerry 5211:Graph of a function 5206:Engineering drawing 4868:Collision detection 4796:Global illumination 4546:. A.K. Peters, Ltd. 4487:, Andries Van Dam, 3865:University of Leeds 3473:, particularly the 3209:Donald P. Greenberg 3205:Donald P. Greenberg 3161:computer simulation 3091:of a 3D discretely 3016:environment mapping 2972:Procedural textures 2785:in 2D video games, 2608:real-time rendering 2479:Text-to-image model 2357:graphing calculator 2207:Rayleigh scattering 2159:specular highlights 1835:real time computing 1831:console video games 1644:video game industry 1632:arcade system board 1422:parallel processing 1286:global illumination 1280:of David Immel and 1207:microprocessor and 1127:was the first GPU, 981:Blinn–Phong shading 959:Also in the 1970s, 919:Adobe After Effects 441:Stanford University 415:William Higinbotham 374:Sector Control Room 107:geometry processing 5913:Volume cartography 5677:Early 21st century 5573:Catherine Plaisant 5568:Bruce H. McCormick 5522:Mary Eleanor Spear 5512:Arthur H. Robinson 5446:Arthur Lyon Bowley 5419:Early 20th century 5266:Technical drawings 5138:Molecular graphics 5113:Flow visualization 5103:Data visualization 4918:Scanline rendering 4712:Parallax scrolling 4702:Isometric graphics 4583:series of articles 3596:is a sub-field of 3519:University of Utah 3517:department of the 3475:Whirlwind computer 3290: 3082: 3036:aliasing artifacts 3034:inevitably causes 2919: 2917:Example of shading 2902:computational cost 2898:scanline rendering 2876:for generating an 2844:rendering equation 2725: 2588:Computer animation 2585: 2571: 2564:Computer animation 2554:Computer animation 2548:Computer animation 2544:and calculations. 2475: 2434: 2296: 2133: 2099:. You can help by 1839: 1827:Personal computers 1519: 1455:possibly contains 1278:rendering equation 1079: 860:The Boeing Company 828:University of Utah 824: 800:graphics standards 794:) which organizes 762: 740:University of Utah 716:University of Utah 712:Bendix Corporation 692:Sanders Associates 664: 517: 484:photoelectric cell 480:Sketchpad software 376: 193: 111:computer animation 57: 5944:Computer graphics 5931: 5930: 5908:Visual perception 5858:Graphic organizer 5831:Computer graphics 5802: 5801: 5784:Martin Wattenberg 5759:Hanspeter Pfister 5714:Martin Krzywinski 5638:Jock D. Mackinlay 5618:Thomas A. DeFanti 5541:Late 20th century 5461:Ejnar Hertzsprung 5163:Technical drawing 5039: 5038: 4980:Graphics software 4873:Planar projection 4858:Back-face culling 4730: 4729: 4674:Alpha compositing 4635:Computer graphics 4553:. Addison-Wesley. 4513:Computer Graphics 4506:Computer Graphics 4501:. Addison-Wesley. 4472:978-0-470-03160-5 4346:978-1-59059-617-3 3943:on April 5, 2007. 3641:Augmented reality 3424:J. Turner Whitted 3359:Benoit Mandelbrot 3314:Paul de Casteljau 3061:texture filtering 2836:graphics pipeline 2647:crowd simulations 2578:Fractal landscape 2526:three-dimensional 2508:Three-dimensional 2199:ambient occlusion 2117: 2116: 2066:molecular biology 1953:The Polar Express 1790:graphics hardware 1752:, the first home 1627:, running on the 1597:François Schuiten 1542:machines running 1536:Microsoft Windows 1515:François Schuiten 1509:, series poster, 1500: 1499: 1492: 1457:original research 1319:Money for Nothing 1177:complementary MOS 1169:Texas Instruments 1117:personal computer 1021:in 1974 featured 1009:sprite graphics. 640:Paul de Casteljau 478:'s revolutionary 327:and the military 275:three dimensional 222:computer graphics 131:implicit surfaces 60:Computer graphics 18:Computer Graphics 16:(Redirected from 5956: 5918:Volume rendering 5903:Visual analytics 5898:Spatial analysis 5878:Misleading graph 5729:David McCandless 5704:Gordon Kindlmann 5668:Alfred Inselberg 5663:Leland Wilkinson 5598:Michael Friendly 5532:Howard T. Fisher 5495:Mid 20th century 5436:W. E. B. Du Bois 5340:William Playfair 5330:Adolphe Quetelet 5304:Joseph Priestley 5287:Pre-19th century 5284: 5251:Skeletal formula 5118:Geovisualization 5093:Chemical imaging 5066: 5059: 5052: 5043: 4965:Volume rendering 4837:Wire-frame model 4690: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4515:. Prentice Hall. 4508:. Prentice-Hall. 4489:Steven K. Feiner 4450: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4162: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3939:. Archived from 3932: 3923: 3922: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3882:Michael Friendly 3879: 3873: 3872: 3867:. Archived from 3857: 3851: 3850: 3849:. 15 April 1998. 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3808: 3791: 3783: 3686:Extended reality 3603:image processing 3598:computer science 3548:Silicon Graphics 3515:computer science 3384:Daniel J. Sandin 3085:Volume rendering 3076:Volume rendered 3068:Volume rendering 3000:parameterization 2992:polygon surfaces 2580:, an example of 2502:Stable Diffusion 2467:Stable Diffusion 2359:games, and many 2224:In cinema, most 2165:techniques, and 2112: 2109: 2091: 2084: 1999:Assassin's Creed 1995:Grand Theft Auto 1977:, the Microsoft 1866:desktop computer 1686:Sony PlayStation 1593:Maurice Benayoun 1579:La Vie des bêtes 1532:Silicon Graphics 1511:Maurice Benayoun 1495: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1472:inline citations 1448: 1447: 1440: 1343:Silicon Graphics 1240:Osaka University 1163:memory, notably 929:Silicon Graphics 845:Silicon Graphics 676:General Electric 672:Lockheed-Georgia 585:, Frank Sinden, 544:Written for the 317:cathode ray tube 309:Lumiere brothers 263:computer science 143:image processing 84:computer science 21: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5949:1960 neologisms 5934: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5923:Information art 5863:Imaging science 5808: 5798: 5779:Fernanda Viégas 5774:Moritz Stefaner 5699:Jessica Hullman 5672: 5643:Alan MacEachren 5593:Ben Shneiderman 5536: 5490: 5414: 5313: 5275: 5188: 5182: 5133:Medical imaging 5076: 5070: 5040: 5035: 5019: 4974: 4841: 4786:Fluid animation 4726: 4688: 4660: 4651:Diffusion curve 4643:Vector graphics 4637: 4632: 4570: 4459: 4457:Further reading 4454: 4453: 4438:Blythe, David. 4437: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4187: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3880: 3876: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3824:on Jul 28, 2020 3810: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3758: 3745:Virtual reality 3731:Special effects 3711:Motion graphics 3634: 3590: 3584: 3447: 3414:Andries van Dam 3404:Daniel Thalmann 3399:Ivan Sutherland 3374:Bui Tuong Phong 3274: 3237:A. Michael Noll 3222:Brian A. Barsky 3173: 3130: 3124: 3070: 2978:(created in an 2976:bitmap textures 2955:Texture mapping 2951:Texture mapping 2831:raster graphics 2811: 2775: 2717: 2678: 2670:motion pictures 2655:skeletal system 2566:produced using 2556: 2550: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2481: 2460: 2447:raster graphics 2443:Vector graphics 2440: 2438:Vector graphics 2426: 2424:Vector graphics 2375: 2369: 2367:Sprite graphics 2349:raster graphics 2345: 2339: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2268:Two-dimensional 2265: 2253:Nintendo Switch 2226:animated movies 2143:Texture mapping 2113: 2107: 2104: 2097:needs expansion 2082: 2074:computer vision 1936:offerings like 1823:Unreal Engine 2 1806: 1711:, and early 3D 1540:Apple Macintosh 1496: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1461: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1406:Namco System 21 1402:graphics boards 1255:microprocessors 1113:high-resolution 1105:microprocessors 1073:was one of the 1062: 977:Gouraud shading 969:Bui Tuong Phong 915:special effects 911:Adobe Photoshop 868:texture mapping 832:Ivan Sutherland 808: 744:virtual reality 732:stereoscopic 3D 724:Ivan Sutherland 722:Also, in 1966, 702:and called the 617:Boeing Aircraft 508:running on the 497: 476:Ivan Sutherland 462:. In 1959, the 437:Hewlett-Packard 423:Douglas T. Ross 404:Douglas T. Ross 386:introduced the 365: 293: 287: 218: 159:computer vision 115:vector graphics 95:sprite graphics 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5888:Patent drawing 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:Graphic design 5850: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5794:Hadley Wickham 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Tamara Munzner 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:David Goodsell 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Cynthia Brewer 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5527:Edgar Anderson 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Jacques Bertin 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:John B. Peddle 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5410:Francis Galton 5407: 5405:Toussaint Loua 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5385:Georg von Mayr 5382: 5377: 5375:Matthew Sankey 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5241:Sankey diagram 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5173:Visual culture 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4935:Shadow mapping 4932: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4577: 4569: 4568:External links 4566: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4547: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4493:John F. Hughes 4485:James D. Foley 4482: 4481:. McGraw-Hill. 4475: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4431: 4406: 4399: 4379: 4352: 4345: 4325: 4311: 4297: 4283: 4249: 4228: 4207: 4185: 4148: 4126: 4094: 4059: 4052: 4028: 3996: 3983: 3971: 3965:978-1447149316 3964: 3946: 3924: 3905: 3890: 3874: 3871:on 2015-01-06. 3852: 3834: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3787:uncanny valley 3777: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3691:Graphic design 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3633: 3630: 3586:Main article: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3558: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3521: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3439:James H. Clark 3436: 3431: 3429:Lance Williams 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3409:Johnson K. Yan 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3389:Alvy Ray Smith 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3334:William Fetter 3331: 3329:James D. Foley 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3304:Jack Bresenham 3301: 3296: 3273: 3272:Other pioneers 3270: 3269: 3268: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3214:Robert L. Cook 3206: 3202: 3201: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3126:Main article: 3123: 3120: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3048:bitmap texture 3032:CRT television 3024: 3020: 3019: 2984:digital camera 2952: 2948: 2947: 2939:cross hatching 2911: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2851: 2810: 2807: 2783:character maps 2774: 2771: 2716: 2713: 2677: 2674: 2568:Motion capture 2549: 2546: 2512:Main article: 2509: 2506: 2489:language model 2459: 2456: 2425: 2422: 2368: 2365: 2338: 2335: 2303:digital images 2289:Raster graphic 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2236:. Most are 3D 2234:uncanny valley 2211:photon mapping 2167:shadow volumes 2155:normal mapping 2137:photorealistic 2115: 2114: 2094: 2092: 2081: 2078: 2062:bioinformatics 2011:Kingdom Hearts 1948:uncanny valley 1914:uncanny valley 1899:normal mapping 1870:Nvidia GeForce 1805: 1802: 1770:triangle setup 1738:normal mapping 1718:Virtua Fighter 1713:fighting games 1702:Super Mario 64 1698:platform games 1657:Wolfenstein 3D 1559:photorealistic 1546:products like 1498: 1497: 1452: 1450: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1273:, as of 1984. 1242:developed the 1205:Motorola 68000 1145:graphics cards 1119:(PC) systems. 1107:and the first 1061: 1058: 1052:animate their 1050:microprocessor 1043:barrel shifter 1038:Space Invaders 836:David C. Evans 807: 804: 708:David C. Evans 662:arcade version 560:Tennis For Two 521:William Fetter 496: 493: 453:Silicon Valley 410:Tennis for Two 364: 361: 286: 283: 243: 242: 236: 229: 217: 214: 212:, in general. 76:William Fetter 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5961: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848:Graph drawing 5846: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5769:Claudio Silva 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734:Mauro Martino 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:Michael Maltz 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623:George Furnas 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603:Howard Wainer 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Rudolf Modley 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Max O. Lorenz 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380:Charles Booth 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355:Luigi Perozzo 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:August Kekulé 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Charles Dupin 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5309:Gaspard Monge 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5294:Edmond Halley 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098:Crime mapping 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5073:Visualization 5067: 5062: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Shadow volume 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4814:Triangle mesh 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4744:3D projection 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4684:Text-to-image 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562:3-211-79169-8 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4540:Peter Shirley 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4435: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4400:0-7506-4331-5 4396: 4392: 4391: 4383: 4380: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4272:on 2010-04-12 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4186:9780120121236 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4053:9783642821509 4049: 4045: 4041: 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3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3445:Organizations 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3379:Steve Russell 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3364:Martin Newell 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3344:Henri Gouraud 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294:Pierre Bézier 3292: 3291: 3287: 3286:Martin Newell 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3180:Charles Csuri 3178: 3176:Charles Csuri 3175: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089:2D projection 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3044:supersampling 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3023:Anti-aliasing 3022: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:specular maps 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:image editing 2977: 2973: 2968: 2967:Edwin Catmull 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2859:rasterization 2855: 2854:3D projection 2852: 2850:3D projection 2849: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2827:digital image 2824: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2537: 2534: 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1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1818:Killing Floor 1815: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1624:Virtua Racing 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:Edwin Catmull 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1491: 1483: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1453:This section 1451: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 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