235:. Each has a volume control. The select channel or channels carry the highest priority communications. To prevent missed messages on critical channels, the select volume may be configured so it cannot be set to an inaudible level. Unselect channels may be used for special events, other agencies, or purposes that do not involve dispatch and may be inaudible. By pressing a button, any channel on the console can be toggled between select and unselect status. Each channel has an independent push-to-talk button, allowing the dispatcher to talk over one channel at a time. For broadcast messages, a single button transmits over all selected channels at the same time. A digital clock and an
165:----------------------------------- INCIDENT # - 110001 LOCATION - 1400 Madison RP - Doe, John, 555-5555 INCIDENT - BURGLARY (In Progress) SYNOPSIS - "Caller reports a possible burglary in progress based on seeing individuals inside the residence/Caller advises 2 persons inside the location and call advises the current residents are on vacation." UNITS - 746 (Pri), 749 (Cov) ----------------------------------- Units available - (3) Units out of service - (2) 745 - Avail. 746 - Not Avail. Inc # 554121 747 - Avail. 748 - Avail. 749 - Not Avail. Inc # 554122 -----------------------------------
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would deal with data changes from new development, new streets, or data quality problems. The person would compile addresses and generate street centerlines in mapping software. Geocoding varies in accuracy depending on data sources and vendors. It normally takes years of work and planning before a system is implemented. Modern geocoded systems will often display service vehicle locations, the location of service calls, and the locations of callers on a map. This helps to disambiguate calls for service and reduces the likelihood of dispatching two reports of a single call for service as two separate calls.
370:. In addition to geocoding and accurate street centerlines, intersections have attributes or scores. Can a service vehicle turn left from eastbound Carnegie Street onto northbound Hooligan Boulevard? A scoring system is used to assess the difficulty of making the turn. At one end of the scoring system there might be an interchange where service vehicles had unrestricted access in making the turn. Perhaps both streets are one-way, making it relatively easy to turn from one onto another. In the middle scores, a left turn might be blocked occasionally by heavy traffic, a
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442:, software and servers (data brokers), can translate and integrate various systems into a seamless automated dispatch system. One example of such middleware (provided by Utah-based FATPOT Technologies/CII) exists in Orange County, Calif., where the Fire Authority has integrated different emergency service answering points into a seamless dispatching network. A similar project was completed for the Silicon Valley Regional Interoperability Project (SVRIP), and is part of the Dept. of Homeland Security's CADIP report.
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exactly centered in order to skew or weight system decisions. Staff based at a fire station that is physically closer by drawing a straight line on the map may be slower to reach a zone. This can occur because responding units must drive around freeways, lakes, or terrain obstructions in order to reach a zone. A centroid may be moved because 200-car freight trains often block a railroad crossing used to access a particular zone.
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155:----------------------------------- LOCATION - 1400 Madison RP - Doe, John, 555-5555, 1404 Madison INCIDENT - BURGLARY (in progress) SYNOPSIS - "Caller reports a possible burglary in progress based on seeing individuals inside the residence/Caller advises 2 persons inside the location and call advises the current residents are on vacation." -----------------------------------
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system uses degrees-minutes-seconds format data and shows the same location as 481700N, 1125009W. How do you translate? This is sometimes a problem with neighboring CAD systems. Ideally, you should be able to send and receive calls to and from CAD systems in neighboring areas. What if the state or provincial government has standardized on a different coordinate system?
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of a routable street network takes this into account so long as the event location is accurately reported. Routable systems account for barriers like lakes by calculating the distance of the driven route rather than a straight-line distance. It is assumed the service vehicle driver knows the shortest path or that all drivers make similar numbers of wrong turns.
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that incident could be "BURG"; when BURG is typed out, then the program will spell out "BURGLARY (in progress)". If the location was at the 1400 block of
Madison, the type-code could be "14MAD." The reporting party information would be populated by the call-taker including last name, first name, call-back number, etc.
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More mature efforts to interconnect CAD can be found in the standards developed for the
Intelligent Transportation Initiatives program of Department of Transportation. This initiative sponsored the IEEE 1512 series of protocols for emergency management which provides sophisticated means to coordinate
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This is the cheapest system to develop because it requires the least detailed geographic information and the simplest calculations. Another problem occurs where several services use the same system. Police and transit, for example, may have different ideas about what boundaries define the ideal zone
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Typical of local government dispatching facilities, the Denver RTD's facility is one example of a transit dispatch center. Communications consoles are mounted in desk-style electronics racks. Features include multi-line telephones. Modern facilities usually include a variety of computing systems for
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Routable street centerlines take into account differences between northbound and southbound lanes on a freeway or turnpike. For example, to reach a point in the southbound lanes of a turnpike, service vehicles may need to drive north to the next exit then return on the southbound side. The analysis
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Another problem comes from technologies using differing datums or coordinate systems. For example, suppose your AVL system uses degrees-decimal degrees format. The AVL display for a vehicle at the Heart Butte Post Office in
Montana shows a latitude and longitude of 48.28333 N, -112.83583 W. The CAD
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This type of system is significantly more expensive than a zone system. The basic system may start with maps from the US Census Bureau or a county assessor's office. The quality of these maps may be good but will not be ideal for dispatching. There would normally be one or more persons on staff who
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Some CAD systems allow several sources of information to be combined. For example, adding automatic vehicle location (AVL) and geographic information (GIS) could improve service by getting units to a service call location faster. Ideally, CAD is connected to monitor vehicle locations provided by an
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Everything that is gathered, dispatched and disposed is usually stored in a central server in which the type codes reside, or possibly another server. All of these calls which have incident numbers attached to them can be recalled by an internal search engine. For example, a request for a printout
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located in a central dispatch office, which communicate with computer terminals in a communications center or with mobile data terminals installed in vehicles. There are a multitude of CAD programs that suit different department needs, but the fundamentals of each system are the same. They include:
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CAD systems consist of several modules that provide services at multiple levels in a dispatch center and in the field of public safety. These services include call input, call dispatching, call status maintenance, event notes, field unit status and tracking, and call resolution and disposition. CAD
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In any system, concentration of facilities increases risks of outages or massive failures. In a system where the call traffic is so high that advanced technology is needed to handle routine levels of day-to-day calls, relatively minor failures can have major effects on service levels. For example,
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To calculate the closest service vehicles, the CAD system does a network analysis of the road system based on these routable street centerlines. It assesses the path from the service call to the AVL location of available vehicles. The system recommends the service vehicles with the shortest path.
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receives a call for an auto accident inside a city limit. Evolving standards will allow CAD systems to send messages to one another for calls originating outside local jurisdiction. Some entities have arrangements that already support data exchange between systems, but standards aim to make these
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Again, the system uses a straight-line distance to determine which service vehicle is closest to a call for service. If an AVL system is used, the CAD system will look through a list of most recent reported vehicle positions. Next, the positions are compared to the service vehicle status. The CAD
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The simplest system is a beat or zone map system. For example, in a community with four fire stations, a grid is overlaid on a community map. Each zone of the grid is identified with a progression of police beats, ambulance zones, transit zones, or fire stations. One grid might be labeled: AB241.
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In an ideal setting, a call is received by a call-taker and information about the call is inputted into the CAD template. Simply, location, reporting party and incident are the main fields that have to be populated by type-codes. For example, if there was a burglary in progress, the type-code for
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packages used to initiate public safety calls for service, dispatch, and maintain the status of responding resources in the field. It is generally used by emergency communications dispatchers, call-takers, and 911 operators in centralized, public-safety call centers, as well as by field personnel
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is a methodology and a set of technology for linking distributed independent applications into one meta-system or system of systems. These methods were originally being used at DOD for command and control (C2) but have now been applied to dispatch in efforts like the
Department of Transportation
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to evaluate service vehicle locations. Centroids are estimated center points within a zone. The system calculates a distance from a fire station or AVL location to a centroid point. The closest fire station, according to CAD system rules, would be assigned. Systems may use centroids that are not
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Each channel has a label identifying it and indicator lights and buttons to control settings. A typical channel has a busy light, a call light, select light, select button, and a transmit button. The steady, red busy light indicates another dispatch position is transmitting on the channel. The
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The GIS or CAD system includes a look-up table. The table may identify odd-numbered addresses in the community as being on the north and east sides of streets. Addresses from 113 to 157 Main Street are identified as being along Main Street's center line between
Broadway and Washington. 123 is
489:(CACH) is built on the premise that effective call handling is the foundation for an efficient dispatch response. By using structured call handling and a series of risk calculations, such systems can make objective dispatch recommendations based on information provided by the caller.
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where everyone is used to the convenience of automatic vehicle location (AVL), an AVL outage can suddenly increase staff workloads. Suppose a failure causes a condition where CAD cannot recommend a closest unit. How will the dispatcher efficiently assess which unit to assign?
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The usage of EDI applied to CAD is specific to the law enforcement community and should not be confused with
Electronic Document Interchange (EDI) standards for eCommerce. Within law enforcement EDI is used as a buzzword to represent all electronic automated messaging.
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flashing yellow call light indicates a field unit is talking on the channel. The call light usually blinks for several seconds after a transmission ends allowing a busy dispatcher to look up from a telephone call and determine which channel the last message came from.
80:. The central idea is that persons in a dispatch center are able to easily view and understand the status of all units being dispatched. CAD provides displays and tools so that the dispatcher has an opportunity to handle calls-for-service as efficiently as possible.
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This means fire station 2, then 4, then 1, then 3 would respond to a fire call occurring inside this zone. The predefined order is created by persons with expertise in the service being provided, local geography, traffic, and patterns in calls for service.
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In business use of CAD, the dispatch system may be a module or part of a larger enterprise computing system. Rather than having multiple infrastructures, being able to have a single infrastructure with many applications running on it is important.
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The dispatcher then receives the call from the call-taker and is able to dispatch the call to those available. The dispatcher's screen would show the available personnel that are dispatchable. A typical setting can be exemplified by this:
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systems also include interfaces that permit the software to provide services to dispatchers, call takers, and field personnel with respect to control and use of analog radio and telephone equipment, as well as logger-recorder functions.
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at the
Transportation Management Centers and other efforts involving DHS counterterrorism or fusion centers. Some local jurisdictions have also integrated their dispatch systems using EAI (Electronic Application Integration) software.
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Since only basic GIS information is included, if AVL was available, it would simply display service vehicle locations on a map. The closest unit would be interpreted by the dispatcher looking at vehicle locations projected on the map.
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system allowing addresses to be converted to X- and Y-coordinates. Someone placing a call for service has an address attached to a wired phone number or tells the dispatcher their address. For example, suppose the caller's address is
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CAD systems require support staff with special skills. This can lead to concentration of dispatch facilities, particularly where there is population growth or where automation is required to meet defined service objectives.
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The most expensive and technically challenging systems fully utilize the capabilities of geographic information systems (GIS) and automatic vehicle location (AVL). In these systems, the street centerlines are described as
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Some console dispatch panels are actually a PC-based application. Such is the case of Zetron's Acom system and Avtec's Scout system. This allows for easy customization and modification of the dispatch key layout.
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Again, granted as it can be seen that the fields are spelled out, the call-taker uses those abbreviations that are already predetermined in order to quickly gather and transmit the information.
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Other interoperability technologies can bridge disparities between the data-format, software, and hardware that constitute various computer-aided dispatch systems in various jurisdictions.
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coordinates. The coordinates are close enough to identify the closest service vehicle. This system may automatically append the name of the nearest cross-street or intersecting street.
68:(MDT) and/or used to store and retrieve data (i.e. radio logs, field interviews, client information, schedules, etc.). A dispatcher may announce the call details to field units over a
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Where detailed geographic data are not available, units may be assigned based on the center of a district. To make the computing problem easier, the CAD system may use
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system. Left picture is dispatcher console position. Right picture is supervisor's console. At right is a drawing showing basic controls for a single channel.
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In public safety systems, standards are under discussion to allow disparate systems to exchange call information. For example, a call taker at the county
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378:. At the most difficult score, the two streets may cross but the lack of any interchange does not allow service vehicles to get from one to the other.
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are often used to enhance the service by pinpointing the locations of both the client and the most suitable vehicle for serving the client.
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features. CAD systems may send text messages with call-for-service details to alphanumeric pagers or wireless telephony text services like
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Consoles serve as a human interface and connect to push-to-talk dispatch radio systems. Audio from all channels is processed through
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interconnections more common. Because of auditing trail and fail-safe needs, the problem is more complex than it sounds.
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Generating and archiving incidents that begin with a phone call from a citizen or originate from personnel in the field
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AVL system. This information is used to suggest the closest vehicle to an event. How is the closest unit determined?
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Search by: Location LOCATION --- Result: (Now filled in) Search by: Location LOCATION --- Result: (1) Incidents
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estimated to be on the north side of Main Street somewhere closer to 113 than 157. This estimate produces a
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protocol for messaging between different CAD systems operated by various emergency services organisations.
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CAD can be used in a multitude of ways, whether it is for radio logs, call logs or statistical analysis.
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Associated Public-Safety
Communications Officers web site, Data Transfer Committee, Focus Group III.
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of all calls to
Madison in the past hour could be gathered by querying the CAD program by location:
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assisted by computer. It can either be used to send messages to the dispatchee via a
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A typical CAD printout looks something like this based on the example above:
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and the disaster management e-gov initiative to communicate in emergencies.
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international standards body has produced standards funded in part by the
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utilizing mobile data terminals (MDTs) or mobile data computers (MDCs).
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At the high end of enterprise integration for CAD there is SOS. SOS or
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system may identify several of the closest units that have a status of
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349:. The dispatcher makes an ideal choice from the CAD system shortlist.
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is an example of an
Emergency Call Handling system that feeds CADs
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Generating case numbers for incidents that require an investigation
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A method of dispatching vehicle-based services assisted by computer
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This would work for any system including taxis or parcel pick up.
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Timestamping every action taken by the dispatcher at the terminal
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In-press Master's Thesis Project, Regis University, Denver, CO.
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circuits and is routed to two separate speakers identified as
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RTD features a radio communication consoles and a GPS-based
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An Integrated Public-Safety Computer-Aided Dispatch System.
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72:. Some systems communicate using a two-way radio system's
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A screenshot of computer-aided dispatch as being used by
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incidents across operations centers using CAD software.
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Log on/off times of police personnel (sworn/non-sworn)
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OASIS EM TC and EDXL Emergency Data Exchange Language
120:Computer-assisted dispatch systems use one or more
782:Applications of geographic information systems
702:Multiple Applications with Same Infrastructure
427:to link homeland security with CAD. Also the
704:A Model for Applications, Sourced March 2007.
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460:Part of business enterprise computing system
138:Updating Incidents and logging those updates
752:NASA research into future console designs.
747:California Highway Patrol Online CAD Logs.
584:The A.P.C.O. refers to this as Project 36.
220:operational and administrative purposes.
255:Service levels and geographic information
757:Modern Private Security Dispatch System.
606:"IEEE Incident Management Working Group"
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423:Additional work is occurring under the
104:CAD systems may be interconnected with
135:Assigning field personnel to incidents
305:or how centroids should be weighted.
114:selective calling and push-to-talk ID
83:CAD typically consists of a suite of
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735:https://www.intrado.com/life-safety#
425:National Information Exchange Model
594:Intelligent Transportation Systems
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475:Intelligent Transportation System
215:Console with CAD and voice switch
272:caller-identification technology
519:Resource Ordering Status System
268:automatic number identification
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529:Public safety answering point
339:Universal Transverse Mercator
203:Ambulance dispatch center in
52:, is a method of dispatching
499:Emergency medical dispatcher
487:Computer aided call handling
187:A dispatch facility used by
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264:automatic vehicle location
106:automatic vehicle location
50:computer-assisted dispatch
18:Computer assisted dispatch
112:, office telephones, and
361:Full GIS/AVL integration
509:Incident Command System
225:audio level compression
42:Computer-aided dispatch
777:Unified communications
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545:Horn, D. W., (2005).
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110:mobile data terminals
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36:Toronto Fire Services
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260:Computerized mapping
66:mobile data terminal
482:Recent developments
403:Data exchange (EDI)
309:CAD using geocoding
580:2006-10-10 at the
470:systems of systems
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62:emergency services
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716:System of Systems
714:System of systems
524:Selective calling
282:Basic zone system
74:selective calling
16:(Redirected from
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450:New Zealand
376:street cars
372:draw bridge
318:translation
96:Methodology
766:Categories
688:2019-11-13
663:2019-07-08
653:"Egov.gov"
616:2009-02-28
535:References
504:EDXL Sharp
440:Middleware
772:Logistics
514:Logistics
446:Australia
347:available
335:longitude
314:Geocoding
297:centroids
108:systems,
630:NIEM.gov
578:Archived
493:See also
452:use the
368:routable
331:latitude
241:VU meter
233:unselect
179:Consoles
85:software
58:couriers
54:taxicabs
205:Austria
122:servers
229:select
189:Denver
733:12.^
554:Notes
454:ICEMS
429:OASIS
374:, or
316:is a
448:and
333:and
270:and
231:and
433:DHS
325:.
237:LED
193:AVL
78:SMS
46:CAD
768::
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