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increasing the industry's dependence on them. Simon argues that this could lead to vendor lock-in, where news organizations become structurally dependent on AI provided by these companies and are unable to switch to another vendor without incurring significant costs. The companies also possess artefactual and contractual control over their AI infrastructure and services, which could expose news organizations to the risk of unforeseen changes or the stopping of their AI solutions entirely. Additionally, the author argues the reliance on these companies for AI can make it more difficult for news organizations to understand the decisions or predictions made by the systems and can limit their ability to protect sources or proprietary business information.
271:
error, and attempts at influence or propaganda has also been present in articles written by humans over thousands of years. A common criticism is that machines do not replace human capabilities such as creativity, humour, and critical-thinking. However, as the technology evolves, the aim is to mimic human characteristics. When the UK's
Guardian newspaper used an AI to write an entire article in September 2020, commentators pointed out that the AI still relied on human editorial content. Austin Tanney, the head of AI at Kainos said: "The Guardian got three or four different articles and spliced them together. They also gave it the opening paragraph. It doesn’t belittle what it is. It was written by AI, but there was human editorial on that."
147:(AI) software, stories are produced automatically by computers rather than human reporters. These programs interpret, organize, and present data in human-readable ways. Typically, the process involves an algorithm that scans large amounts of provided data, selects from an assortment of pre-programmed article structures, orders key points, and inserts details such as names, places, amounts, rankings, statistics, and other figures. The output can also be customized to fit a certain voice, tone, or style.
36:
143:, is a term that attempts to describe modern technological processes that have infiltrated the journalistic profession, such as news articles and videos generated by computer programs. There are four main fields of application for automated journalism, namely automated content production, Data Mining, news dissemination and content optimization. Through
284:
the journalistic profession. In 2014, an annual census from The
American Society of News Editors announced that the newspaper industry lost 3,800 full-time, professional editors. Falling by more than 10% within a year, this is the biggest drop since the industry cut over 10,000 jobs in 2007 and 2008.
283:
Among the concerns about automation is the loss of employment for journalists as publishers switch to using AIs. The use of automation has become a near necessity in newsrooms nowadays, in order to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for news stories, which in turn has affected the very nature of
270:
Concerns about the perceived credibility of automated news is similar to concerns about the perceived credibility of news in general. Critics doubt if algorithms are "fair and accurate, free from subjectivity, error, or attempted influence." Again, these issues about fairness, accuracy, subjectivity,
318:
did just that - replacing 27 journalists with AI. One staff member was quoted by The
Guardian as saying: “I spend all my time reading about how automation and AI is going to take all our jobs, and here I am – AI has taken my job.” The journalist went on to say that replacing humans with software was
310:
article by Nicola Bruno discusses whether or not machines will replace journalists and addresses concerns around the concept of automated journalism practices. Ultimately, Bruno came to the conclusion that AI would assist journalists, not replace them. "No automated software or amateur reporter will
297:
academic Felix Simon, for example, argues that the concentration of AI tools and infrastructure in the hands of a few major technology companies, such as Google, Microsoft, and Amazon Web
Services, is a significant issue for the news industry, as it risks shifting more control to these companies and
261:
In an automated story, there is often confusion about who should be credited as the author. Several participants of a study on algorithmic authorship attributed the credit to the programmer; others perceived the news organization as the author, emphasizing the collaborative nature of the work. There
247:
Automated journalism is cheaper because more content can be produced within less time. It also lowers labour costs for news organizations. Reduced human input means less expenses on wages or salaries, paid leaves, vacations, and employment insurance. Automation serves as a cost-cutting tool for news
235:
and data from other companies, they can produce 150 to 300-word articles in the same time it takes journalists to crunch numbers and prepare information. By automating routine stories and tasks, journalists are promised more time for complex jobs such as investigative reporting and in-depth analysis
213:
Automated journalism is sometimes seen as an opportunity to free journalists from routine reporting, providing them with more time for complex tasks. It also allows efficiency and cost-cutting, alleviating some financial burden that many news organizations face. However, automated journalism is also
292:
There has been a significant amount of recent scholarship on the relationship between platform companies, such as Google and
Facebook, and the news industry with researchers examining the impact of these platforms on the distribution and monetization of news content, as well as the implications for
274:
Beyond human evaluation, there are now numerous algorithmic methods to identify machine written articles although some articles may still contain errors that are obvious for a human to identify, they can at times score better with these automatic identifiers than human-written articles.
262:
is also no way for the reader to verify whether an article was written by a robot or human, which raises issues of transparency although such issues also arise with respect to authorship attribution between human authors too.
319:
risky, as existing staff were careful to stick to “very strict editorial guidelines” which ensured that users were not presented with violent or inappropriate content when opening their browser, for example.
185:
Early implementations were mainly used for stories based on statistics and numerical figures. Common topics include sports recaps, weather, financial reports, real estate analysis, and earnings reviews.
206:
announced their switch to automation to generate financial news stories on its online news platform. More famously, an algorithm called
Quakebot published a story about a 2014 California earthquake on
1405:
166:
develop and provide these algorithms to news outlets. As of 2016, only a few media organizations have used automated journalism. Early adopters include news providers such as the
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239:
Francesco
Marconi of the Associated Press stated that, through automation, the news agency freed up 20 percent of reporters’ time to focus on higher-impact projects.
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journalism and democracy. Some scholars have extended this line of thinking to automated journalism and the use of AI in the news. A 2022 paper by the
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announced that their use of automation has increased the volume of earnings reports from customers by more than ten times. With software from
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1197:"Friend, Foe or Frenemy? Traditional Journalism Actors' Changing Attitudes towards Peripheral Players and Their Innovations"
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571:"Audience Evaluations of News Videos Made with Various Levels of Automation: A Population-based Survey Experiment"
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perceived as a threat to the authorship and quality of news and a threat to the livelihoods of human journalists.
46:
852:
Dörr, Konstantin
Nicholas; Hollnbuchner, Katharina (2017-04-21). "Ethical Challenges of Algorithmic Journalism".
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987:
1406:"Microsoft is cutting dozens of MSN news production workers and replacing them with artificial intelligence"
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526:
Cohen, Nicole S. (2015-04-03). "From Pink Slips to Pink Slime: Transforming Media Labor in a
Digital Age".
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outlets struggling with tight budgets but still wish to maintain the scope and quality of their coverage.
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began using automation to cover 10,000 minor baseball leagues games annually, using a program from
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1248:"Uneasy Bedfellows: AI in the News, Platform Companies and the Issue of Journalistic Autonomy"
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On 8 September 2020, The
Guardian published an article entirely written by the neural network
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190:, an online platform covering college basketball, runs entirely on an automated program. The
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Robot reporters are built to produce large quantities of information at quicker speeds. The
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Montal, Tal; Reich, Zvi (2016-08-05). "I, Robot. You, Journalist. Who is the Author?".
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Moore, Martin; Tambini, Damian; Moore, Martin; Tambini, Damian, eds. (2018-07-26).
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823:"The Washington Post's robot reporter has published 850 articles in the past year"
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1147:. Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
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798:"The Associated Press Uses AI To Boost Content And Video Volume | AdExchanger"
684:"Robot writers drove 1,000 paying subscribers for Swedish publisher MittMedia"
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735:"The Associated Press will use automated writing to cover the minor leagues"
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1289:"The platform economy matures: measuring pervasiveness and exploring power"
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343:, although the published fragments were manually picked by a human editor.
1067:"Newspaper industry lost 3,800 full-time editorial professionals in 2014"
989:
Fully Automatic Journalism: We Need to Talk About Nonfake News Generation
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also uses automation to produce stories on corporate earnings. In 2006,
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708:"AI-powered journalism: A time-saver or an accident waiting to happen?"
762:
Dalen, Arjen van (2012-10-01). "The Algorithms Behind the Headlines".
597:"Algorithmic Journalism—Current Applications and Future Perspectives"
171:
1171:
Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple
964:
340:
895:
Gillespie, Tarleton (2014-02-28), "The Relevance of Algorithms",
1425:"A robot wrote this entire article. Are you scared yet, human?"
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Thurman, Neil; Dörr, Konstantin; Kunert, Jessica (2017-03-01).
956:
GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Text
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and statistics from MLB Advanced Media. Outside of sports, the
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Kenney, Martin; Bearson, Dafna; Zysman, John (October 2021).
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website within three minutes after the shaking had stopped.
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contract journalists would be replaced by robot journalism.
1362:"Microsoft sacks journalists to replace them with robots"
1344:"Microsoft Sacks Journalists To Replace Them With Robots"
1141:
Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis; Ganter, Sarah Anne (2022-07-08).
937:"Is Artificial Intelligence the Future of Journalism?"
639:
Carlson, Matt (2015-05-04). "The Robotic Reporter".
1014:"Automated Journalism 2.0: Event-driven narratives"
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
595:Kotenidis, Efthimis; Veglis, Andreas (June 2021).
1144:The Power of Platforms: Shaping Media and Society
1380:"Microsoft 'to replace journalists with robots'"
569:Thurman, Neil; Stares, Sally; Koliska, Michael.
1093:"When Reporters Get Hands-on with Robo-Writing"
1012:Caswell, David; Dörr, Konstantin (2017-05-09).
288:Dependence on platform and technology companies
1174:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
395:"Mapping the field of Algorithmic Journalism"
8:
1441:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1195:Chua, Sherwin; Duffy, Andrew (2019-12-17).
367:. New York City: Columbia Journalism Review
311:ever replace a good journalist", she said.
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1222:
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
393:Dörr, Konstantin Nicholas (2016-08-17).
1468:Applications of artificial intelligence
905:10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.003.0009
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150:Data science and AI companies such as
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1319:"Will Machines Replace Journalists?"
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
899:, The MIT Press, pp. 167–194,
361:Graefe, Andreas (January 7, 2016).
935:Niamh Campbell (12 October 2020).
733:Mullin, Benjamin (June 30, 2016).
25:
682:Southern, Lucinda (2019-02-12).
302:Opinions on automated journalism
34:
1065:Edmonds, Rick (July 28, 2015).
332:announced that a number of its
45:needs additional citations for
1246:Simon, Felix M. (2022-11-26).
1:
1265:10.1080/21670811.2022.2063150
1112:10.1080/21670811.2017.1289819
1033:10.1080/17512786.2017.1320773
866:10.1080/21670811.2016.1167612
540:10.1080/10714421.2015.1031996
480:10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083
414:10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748
364:Guide to Automated Journalism
18:Computer generated journalism
1342:Jim Waterson (30 May 2020).
954:Gehrmann, Sebastian (2019),
776:10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
653:10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
1473:Natural language generation
614:10.3390/journalmedia2020014
1494:
1423:GPT-3 (8 September 2020).
995:, University of Brighton
712:American Press Institute
528:The Communication Review
1201:Media and Communication
323:List of implementations
266:Credibility and quality
145:artificial intelligence
1214:10.17645/mac.v7i4.2275
137:algorithmic journalism
69:"Automated journalism"
1293:Socio-Economic Review
1071:The Poynter Institute
739:The Poynter Institute
208:The Los Angeles Times
601:Journalism and Media
133:Automated journalism
54:improve this article
1478:Types of journalism
1305:10.1093/ser/mwab014
1021:Journalism Practice
986:Belz, Anya (2019),
974:2019arXiv190604043G
764:Journalism Practice
1252:Digital Journalism
1100:Digital Journalism
897:Media Technologies
854:Digital Journalism
714:. 12 November 2019
641:Digital Journalism
468:Digital Journalism
402:Digital Journalism
314:In 2020, however,
233:Automated Insights
196:Automated Insights
152:Automated Insights
27:Form of journalism
1410:The Seattle Times
1323:niemanreports.org
1258:(10): 1832–1854.
1181:978-0-19-084512-4
1154:978-0-19-090886-7
1106:(10): 1240–1259.
914:978-0-262-52537-4
295:Oxford University
180:Los Angeles Times
156:Narrative Science
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1412:. 29 May 2020.
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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1429:The Guardian
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1388:. Retrieved
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1326:. Retrieved
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1074:. Retrieved
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833:. Retrieved
831:. 2017-09-14
826:
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