258:, closed in 2006. The CPG is the only large employer in Gafsa. In January 2008 the company announced that it was cutting local employees from 11,000 to 5,000. The local branch of the workers' union was occupied by a group of well-educated young people, and tents were pitched on the train tracks leading from the phosphate mines. The protesters were joined by unemployed people, their relatives, trade unionists and even some CPG staff. The police blocked the roads and opened fire on the demonstrators. The government imposed a strict censorship on reporting about the events in the Tunisian media, although some news appeared in the international press. These events were a precursor to the revolution of 2010–11.
306:(UGTT) caused a 40% decline in production and loss of international markets, particularly in India. The company also faced competition from expanded phosphate production in Morocco and new producers in Saudi Arabia and Peru, coupled with declining demand in India and China. The governments made concessions such as cancelling outsourcing and bringing employees of suppliers into the CPG. This raised the workforce from 8,000 employees to 30,000 between 2010 and 2014. At the same time, sit-ins by the unemployed of the region handicapped operations. In May 2015 the managers and agents of the company suspended administrative and social activities, stopped payments and closed the head office.
291:
228:
247:, a public company that converts phosphate into products such as phosphoric acid and fertilizers. The Tunisian Chemical Group (GCT) is the result of the merger of five phosphate processing companies, namely the Société Industrielle d'Acide Phosphorique et d'Engrais à Sfax, the Industries Chimiques Maghrébines à Gabès, the Société Arabe des Engrais Phosphatés et Azotés à Gabès, the Engrais de Gabès and the Industrie Chimique de Gafsa. A single general director was named for the CPG and its sister company the GCT. In 1996 CPG and GCT merged their management structure.
33:
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require publication of details of research and extraction contracts. There was a lack of public information on the composition and functions of the board of directors and associated committees, and information on the work and reports of internal and external auditors was very limited. There was also a lack of transparency about the management and governance practice of subsidiaries.
152:, formed in the late 19th century during the French colonial era, and once the largest employer in the country. It was merged in 1994 with the Groupe chimique tunisien (CGT) to form the CPG-CGT group. Before the revolution of 2011 the company was the fifth largest phosphate producer in the world, but since then strikes and social unrest have caused production to drop by half.
199:
24:
214:
In the early 20th century the plentiful phosphate reserves in
Tunisia were second only to those of the United States, and the colonial officials were hopeful that they would revive the economy. Although annual production reached 2 million tons in the early 1930s, the world price of phosphates dropped
326:
As of 2016 the company produced filtered and dried phosphate for the market. The Gafsa phosphate basin in the southeast of
Tunisia on the Algerian border had mining, quarrying and enrichment units. There were seven open pit mines, one underground mine, and seven washing facilities. There were five
206:
The first underground mine was opened in the
Metlaoui region in 1899. By 1900 annual production of commercial phosphate had reached 200,000 tons. The second mine at Redéyef was opened in 1903 and the third at Moulares in 1904. STEPHOS (Société Tunisienne d’Exploitation Phosphatier) was created in
168:
region of western
Tunisia. Further geological surveys and explorations found significant phosphate deposits to the south and north of the Île de Kasserine. The government at first offered a concession to exploit the phosphates only on condition of building a port to export the ore and a railway to
235:
After independence, in 1956 the different subsidiaries of the CPGCFG were progressively nationalized. In 1962 the
Compagnie des Phosphates Tunisien de M’dhilla became entirely Tunisian-owned. In 1969 the Compagnie des Phosphates Tunisien de M’dhilla merged with the CPGCFG. In 1976 the STEPHOS and
309:
A 2016 report noted that the two companies of the CPG-GCT group had a shared management structure, and were releasing little information to the public. The CPG had never published its financial statements, despite being required to do so by law. The 1953 mining decree and the mining code do not
184:
the government dropped the port construction requirement and allowed a concession to mine the ore and transport it by rail to Sfax. The
Compagnie de Phosphate de Gafsa et de Chemin de Fer de Gafsa (CPGCFG, Gafsa Phosphate and Railway Company) was formed in 1897 by a group that included the
261:
In 2006 a partnership was agreed to form
Tunisian Indian Fertilizers (TIFERT) as a joint venture owned 70% by CPG-GCT and 30% by two Indian companies, with the purpose of manufacturing phosphate fertilizers, mainly for export. The two Indian companies, each with 15%, were
236:
CPGCFG merged under the name of CPG, entirely owned by the
Tunisian government. The first open pit mine began operation in Kef Schfaier in 1978. That year the research center was created. In the early 1990s with
282:(DAP). By 2010 the company was the fifth largest phosphate producer in the world. That year the company produced 8 million tons of phosphate and accounted for 10% of Tunisian exports and 4% of the Tunisian GDP.
189:
Chemical
Company, Mukhtar Hadid Mining Company, Duparchy Company, several major French industrialists and many small investors. At the same time construction began of a railway line to link Metlaoui to Sfax.
215:
soon after exports from
Tunisia started, and the forecast earnings were never realized. However, the Compagnie des Phosphates et Chemins de Fer de Gafsa became the largest employer and taxpayer in the
859:
302:
in January 2011 the company ran into difficulties meeting social demands. Starting in January 2011 strikes and protest movements organized by the
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211:(1842–1909) was vice-président. The M’dhilla mine was opened in 1920 by the Compagnie des Phosphates Tunisien.
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1905. In 1906 the company had a capital of 18 million francs. Charles Dollfus-Galline was président and baron
620:
299:
275:
248:
251:(died 2017), former Minister of Social Affairs (1992–96), was chief executive officer of the company.
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603:
La Compagnie des Phosphates de Gafsa (CPG) : État des lieux de la gouvernance et recommandations
279:
202:
One of the company's locomotives in 1904, built by the Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques
219:. The Société Filiale Industriel d’Acide Phosphorique et d’Engrais (SIAPE) began operation on 1948.
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The company also has licenses in Chott El Jerid in the north and Meknassy in the south of Tunisia.
830:
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777:
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270:. The partnership entered into force in 2011. In 2008 Tunisia produced over 1 million tons of
798:
789:
331:
Métlaoui Kef Schfaier includes the Kef Shfaier quarry and the Metlaoui washing facilities
271:
208:
161:
133:
343:
M'dhilla includes the Jellabia and Mzinda quarries and the M'dhilla washing facilities
240:
support the company mechanized its operations and concentrated on open pit operations.
164:
discovered rich layers of calcium phosphates on the north slope of Jebel Thelja in the
294:
Train loaded with phosphate rock; mine dumps and workings in background. Metlaoui 2012
853:
186:
313:
172:
709:
Minerals Yearbook, 2013, Area Reports, International: Africa and the Middle East
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Redeyef includes the Erg-Lasfar mine and the Redeyef quarry and washing facility
165:
237:
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Moulares includes the Mrata mine and the Moularès quarry and washing facility
145:
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423:
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In 1994 the CTG merged with the Groupe Chimique Tunisien (GCT), based in
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Métlaoui Kef Eddour includes the Kef Eddour quarry and washing facility
198:
255:
93:
683:
The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects
663:"Tunisie : la Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa baisse le rideau"
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Team of workers of the Compagnie des Phosphates de Gafsa in 1969
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carry it from the mines. There was a lack of interest at first.
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After work began on expanding and modernizing the port of
621:"Cie des Phosphates et Chemins de Fer de Gafsa (Tunisie)"
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609:(in French), National Resource Governance Institute
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734:"Décès de l'ancien ministre Mohamed Fadhel Khalil"
424:Cie des Phosphates et ... Entreprise Coloniales
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317:Kef Eddour phosphates washing factory in 2016
78:Merged with the CGT: Groupe chimique tunisien
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16:
160:In April 1885 the French amateur geologist
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31:
22:
15:
829:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
706:Geological Survey (U S ) (2017-02-22),
600:Boubaker, Sabri; Hassen, Majdi (2016),
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286:Post-Tunisian Revolution (2011–present)
268:Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals
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860:Government-owned companies of Tunisia
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176:Railways from the mines to the coast
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823:Perkins, Kenneth J. (2016-10-12),
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130:Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa
17:Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa
826:Historical Dictionary of Tunisia
646:(in French), CPG, archived from
797:Perkins, Kenneth (2014-01-20),
803:, Cambridge University Press,
751:Oxford Business Group (2010),
712:, Government Printing Office,
686:, Edinburgh University Press,
217:French protectorate of Tunisia
140:, Gafsa Phosphate Company) or
1:
661:Dahmani, Frida (7 May 2015),
507:Geological Survey (U S ) 2017
304:Tunisian General Labour Union
223:Post-independence (1956–2011)
278:(TSP) and 1 million tons of
800:A History of Modern Tunisia
254:The last underground mine,
886:
870:Phosphate mines in Tunisia
680:Gana, Nouri (2013-09-30),
584:Boubaker & Hassen 2016
572:Boubaker & Hassen 2016
560:Boubaker & Hassen 2016
548:Boubaker & Hassen 2016
519:Oxford Business Group 2010
471:Boubaker & Hassen 2016
459:Boubaker & Hassen 2016
412:Boubaker & Hassen 2016
757:, Oxford Business Group,
30:
21:
754:The Report: Tunisia 2010
264:Coromandel International
194:Colonial era (1899–1956)
148:mining company based in
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298:After the fall of the
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276:triple super phosphate
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628:Entreprise Coloniales
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249:Mohamed Fadhel Khalil
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37:Headquarters in Gafsa
732:K.H. (31 May 2017),
280:diammonium phosphate
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788:has generic name (
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865:Gafsa Governorate
836:978-1-4422-7318-4
810:978-1-107-02407-6
764:978-1-907065-18-7
719:978-1-4113-4069-5
693:978-0-7486-9105-0
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272:phosphoric acid
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209:Robert de Nervo
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162:Philippe Thomas
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138:شركة فسفاط قفصة
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643:CPG/Historique
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562:, p. iii.
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300:Ben Ali regime
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274:, 863 tons of
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144:is a Tunisian
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104:Tunisian state
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650:on 2017-08-06
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840:, retrieved
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723:, retrieved
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697:, retrieved
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671:, retrieved
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648:the original
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632:, retrieved
627:
611:, retrieved
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586:, p. 7.
579:
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555:
550:, p. 2.
543:
536:Dahmani 2015
514:
502:
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473:, p. 6.
466:
461:, p. 9.
436:Perkins 2016
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419:
414:, p. 8.
393:Perkins 2014
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187:Saint Gobain
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83:Headquarters
43:Company type
740:(in French)
669:(in French)
630:(in French)
854:Categories
842:2017-08-06
816:2017-08-06
770:2017-08-06
744:2017-08-06
725:2017-08-06
699:2017-08-06
673:2017-08-06
654:2017-08-06
634:2017-08-06
613:2017-08-06
322:Facilities
238:World Bank
156:Foundation
46:Phosphates
495:Gana 2013
483:K.H. 2017
146:phosphate
778:citation
166:Métlaoui
51:Industry
593:Sources
256:Redeyef
109:Website
94:Tunisia
67:Defunct
59:Founded
833:
807:
761:
716:
690:
134:Arabic
54:Mining
624:(PDF)
607:(PDF)
351:Notes
245:Tunis
150:Gafsa
101:Owner
88:Gafsa
831:ISBN
805:ISBN
790:help
759:ISBN
714:ISBN
688:ISBN
266:and
182:Sfax
128:The
118:.com
116:.cpg
75:Fate
70:1994
62:1897
142:CPG
120:.tn
114:www
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