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1936:(ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. As of 2009, it appeared that Chinese COMPASS satellites would start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.
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1883:(GNSSs), there are two levels of positioning service: open (public) and restricted (military). The public service is available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSSs are deployed, users of multi-constellation receivers will benefit from a total over 100 satellites, which will significantly improve all aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called
832:. It consists of satellites in three different orbits, including 24 satellites in medium-circle orbits (covering the world), 3 satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbits (covering the Asia-Pacific region), and 3 satellites in geostationary orbits (covering China). The BeiDou-3 system was fully operational in July 2020. In 2016, BeiDou-3 reached millimeter-level accuracy with post-processing.
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813:. It provides geolocation and time information to a BDS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more BDS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the BDS positioning information.
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847:(second-generation BeiDou) system was also a regional satellite navigation system containing 16 satellites, including 6 geostationary satellites, 6 inclined geosynchronous orbit satellites, and 4 medium earth orbit satellites. In November 2012, BeiDou-2 began to provide users with regional positioning services in the
164:
1062:. Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of China's involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and the EU.
1740:. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70° E to 140° E and from latitude 5° N to 55° N. The frequency of the system is 2,491.75 MHz.
1982:
In
December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December 2011. During this trial run, Compass offered positioning accuracy to within 25 metre and the precision improved
1931:
Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6; they overlap with
Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are
1147:
The
National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board, which offers independent guidance to the U.S. government on GPS policy, issued a summary report from its 27th meeting held on November 16–17, 2022. During the meeting, it was highlighted that "GPS capabilities are now
1855:
BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system is a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in
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Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but
Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the
2002:
stated that "he basic structure of the BeiDou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year,
1911:
and military. The free civilian service has a 10-metre location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 cm, can be used for communication, and will supply
1983:
as more satellites were launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 metre per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.
1100:
On 23 June 2020, the final BeiDou satellite was successfully launched, the launch of the 55th satellite in the BeiDou family. The third iteration of the BeiDou
Navigation Satellite System provides global coverage for timing and navigation, offering an alternative to Russia's
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The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009–2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.
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In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system. On 25 July 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the
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The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 31 October 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on 21 December 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on 25 May 2003.
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signed an agreement for military use of BeiDou. In 2020, Argentina entered into a cooperation agreement with China regarding the use of BeiDou. In 2021, the first China-Africa BeiDou System
Cooperation Forum was held in Beijing. In 2022,
1097:, and the Long March 3B delivered the BeiDou navigation payload into an elliptical transfer orbit ranging between 220 kilometres and 35,787 kilometres, with an inclination of 28.5° to the equator, according to U.S. military tracking data.
1054:
project and was to invest €230 million (US$ 296 million, £160 million) in
Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces.
83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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in 1991 showcased how the GPS gave the US complete advantage on the battlefield and how satellite navigation systems can be used to conduct "space warfare". In 1993, China realised the risk of denied access to GPS during the
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Since 2018, the NCC has banned the use of BeiDou
Navigation Satellite System products without approval, and asked related agencies to confiscate such equipment from those found illegally importing, using or selling
1986:
The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in
December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55° E to 180° E and from latitude 55° S to 55° N.
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2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of
November 2009 in
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93:
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BeiDou-1 was an experimental regional navigation system, which consisted of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese
1944:
Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the
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As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 had been launched, with 14 in service. As of December 2017, 150 million Chinese smartphones (20% of the market) were equipped to utilize BeiDou.
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The third phase of the BeiDou system (BDS-3) includes three GEO satellites, three IGSO satellites, and twenty-four MEO satellites which introduce new signal frequencies B1C/B1I/B1A (1575.42
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reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metre. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20 m (100 m, uncalibrated).
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On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 metres, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 metres/second.
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information about the system status to the user. In 2019, the International GNSS Service started providing precise orbits of BeiDou satellites in experimental products.
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843:. Since 2000, the system has mainly provided navigation services within China. In December 2012, as the design life of BeiDou-1 expired, it stopped operating. The
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988:, serving as a backup satellite), was launched. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored.
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according to the authorities". The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020.
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Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC)
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Another satellite, the BeiDou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchronous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a
560:
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1813:, the chief designer of the navigation system, said in 2010 that "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much".
854:
In 2015, fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it was generating a turnover of $ 31.5 billion per annum for major companies such as
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The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass-M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at
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At Beijing time 21:52, 30 March 2015, the first new-generation BeiDou Navigation satellite (and the 17th overall) was successfully set to orbit by a
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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995:(to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite
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satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5°.
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1891:, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system. All BeiDou satellites are equipped with laser
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capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits. On 29 September 2015, the 20th satellite was launched, carrying a
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Kumar, Pavan; Srivastava, Prashant K.; Tiwari, Prasoon; Mall, R.K. (2021), "Application of GPS and GNSS technology in geosciences",
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On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment was fully completed after the last satellite was successfully launched at the
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On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (
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1083:(IMO) Maritime Safety Committee, which approved the "Navigation Safety Circular" of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS).
899:). The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the
3169:"The construction of BeiDou navigation system steps into important stage, "Three Steps" development guideline clear and certain"
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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reported the complete decoding of the "I" signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at
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3885:"China's dichotomous BeiDou strategy: led by the party for national deployment, driven by the market for global reach"
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1851:, and COMPASS; the light red color of E1 band indicates that the transmission in this band has not yet been detected.
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to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B.
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In November 2014, BeiDou became part of the World-Wide Radionavigation System (WWRNS) at the 94th meeting of the
937:, gave impetus to the creation of its own indigenous satellite navigation system which officially began in 1994.
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Parzyan, Anahit (2023). "China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia".
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Sośnica, Krzysztof; Zajdel, Radosław; Bury, Grzegorz; Bosy, Jarosław; Moore, Michael; Masoumi, Salim (2020).
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Aswal, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Sanjay; Takatsuji, Toshiyuki; Rachakonda, Prem; Kumar, Harish (23 August 2023).
4345:"Hongkong report: BeiDou-1 played an important role in rescuing, 7 nations providing free satellite data"
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907:. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.
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3958:"T: Summary Report of the 27th National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board Meeting held 16-17 November 2022"
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820:(third-generation BeiDou), provides full global coverage for timing and navigation, along with Russia's
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China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
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There are two levels of service provided – a free service to civilians and licensed service to the
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866:. The industry has grown an average of over 20% in value annually to reach $ 64 billion in 2020.
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American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different.
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4919:, Proceedings of the ION National Technical Meeting 2008, San Diego, California, January 2008.
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BeiDou-1 was decommissioned at the end of 2012, after the BeiDou-2 system became operational.
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3200:"Comparable with American and Russian in terms of performance, BeiDou-1 navigates for China"
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3707:"Chinese Beidou Navigation Satellite System officially into Global Radio Navigation System"
3614:"Eleven projects within the China-EU Galileo project have been signed and are carrying out"
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announced that it would be illegal to use BeiDou products in Taiwan without its approval.
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Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C.
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4319:"3000Yuan BeiDou Satellite Positioning System terminal solution was presented at ELEXCON"
1093:
On 20 April 2019, a BeiDou satellite was successfully launched. Launch occurred at 22:41
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Orbital period: 12 hours and 53 minutes (every 13 revolutions, done in 7 sidereal days,
2171:, the last two of which entered into service on 5 August and 30 November, respectively.
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broadcast called "Bs" at 2492.028 MHz, following similar experiments on BeiDou-1.
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MHz). Interface control documents on the new open signals were published in 2017–2018.
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4782:"China will make BeiDou Navigation Satellite System available to global users by 2020"
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1007:
3547:"First contracts of the Galileo project signed, China is to invest 200 million Euro"
3465:"China launches 6th satellite for indigenous global navigation, positioning network"
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reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from
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3640:"SOLAS amendments to make IGF Code mandatory approved by Maritime Safety Committee"
3435:"China successfully launches fifth satellite for its own global navigation network"
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3769:"China successfully launched the first New-Generation Beidou Navigation Satellite"
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May 27, Merryl Azriel on; Space, 2013 in; Relations, International (27 May 2013).
970:(a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of
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geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kg each.
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By 2012: regional BeiDou navigation system covering China and neighboring regions
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2527:"Positioning performance analysis on combined GPS/BDS precise point positioning"
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2000–2003: experimental BeiDou navigation system consisting of three satellites
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4922:"Compass-M1 Broadcast Codes and Their Application to Acquisition and Tracking"
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4048:"China launches final Beidou satellite to complete GPS-like navigation system"
3925:"China, Russia sign new satnav deal to strengthen position as GPS challengers"
3796:"Beidou navigation satellite successfully launched by China – Spaceflight Now"
3202:(in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 30 May 2003. Archived from
3171:(in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 19 May 2010. Archived from
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2663:"China's BeiDou navigation satellite, rival to US GPS, starts global services"
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1960:
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944:, in 2010, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:
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3000:"China's Beidou navigation system to serve $ 156 billion home market by 2025"
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Compass-M1 broadcast codes and their application to acquisition and tracking
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2583:"The Application Service Architecture of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
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In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the
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The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by
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4692:"Precise orbit determination of Beidou Satellites with precise positioning"
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On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit.
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More Compass points. Tracking China’s MEO satellite on a hardware receiver
4211:"BeiDou navigation system first goes to public, with resolution 0.5 metre"
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G. Xingxin Gao, A. Chen, S. Lo, D. De Lorenzo, P. Enge, GNSS over China.
4595:"Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions"
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3057:"Chinese BeiDou navigation satellite launched from Long March 3A rocket"
2723:"China puts final satellite for Beidou network into orbit – state media"
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In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system,
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4262:
2436:"China puts final satellite for Beidou network into orbit -state media"
1136:
1102:
904:
903:. Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the
863:
821:
536:
393:
370:
122:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2693:"The BDS-3 Preliminary System Is Completed to Provide Global Services"
7590:
7414:
7293:
7278:
7243:
7187:
7026:
7016:
6285:
5947:
5939:
5923:
5708:
4506:
4504:
4259:"BeiDou-1 commercial controversy: 10 times the price of GPS terminal"
3550:
3438:
3317:"60-day works in space – Story of reparation of the BeiDou satellite"
1999:
1803:
1693:
1205:
796:
646:
606:
2938:"Sky's the limit for Beidou's clients[1]- Chinadaily.com.cn"
2465:
2133:
The regional BeiDou-1 system was decommissioned at the end of 2012.
1990:
The new-generation BeiDou satellites support short message service.
1126:
received access to BeiDou for military purposes. In 2019, the Saudi
4662:"The Beidou Satellite Network and the "Space Silk Road" in Eurasia"
4513:"Quality assessment of experimental IGS multi-GNSS combined orbits"
4006:. 12th ICG Meeting. Jia-Qing Ma, China Satellite Navigation Office.
1932:
allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under
6958:
6628:
5304:"Drug smuggling fishermen used Chinese sat nav to avoid detection"
3644:
Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), 94th session, 17–21 November 2014
3143:"'Unforgettable humiliation' led to development of GPS equivalent"
1970:
1945:
1838:
1830:
1708:
1157:
1069:
431:
186:
5083:"China launches 10th satellite for independent navigation system"
5059:(in Chinese). WWW.BEIDOU.GOV.CN. 26 December 2012. Archived from
4861:
Initial observation and analysis of Compass MEO satellite signals
2968:"China's answer to GPS poised to create US$ 156 billion industry"
7171:
7156:
7051:
7046:
6988:
5907:
4752:"US Department of Defense Reports on China's Space Capabilities"
4593:
Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (2020).
4371:"BeiDou-1 has equipped Yunnan troops, leading to command reform"
3675:"A Step Forward for Beidou, China's Satellite Navigation System"
3320:
2392:"US Department of Defense Reports on China's Space Capabilities"
2236:
2221:
1952:
1868:
1243:
From left to right: Mockups of Beidou-3 satellites operating in
974:
also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system.
733:
626:
80:
7191:
6895:
6643:
6421:
5630:
5360:
5109:"BeiDou navigation system covers Asia-Pacific region till 2012"
2167:
In 2016, the 21st, 22nd and 23rd satellites were launched from
839:(first-generation BeiDou), consisting of three satellites in a
7176:
7036:
6963:
5111:(in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 3 March 2010. Archived from
5028:
4554:"Multi-GNSS orbit determination using satellite laser ranging"
3956:
Allen, Chair, PNTAB, Adm (USCG, ret.) Thad (27 January 2023).
1876:
1844:
1725:
1110:
36:
4915:
G. Xingxin Gao, A. Chen, Sh. Lo, D. De Lorenzo and Per Enge,
4552:
Bury, Grzegorz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Zajdel, Radosław (2019).
4423:"The Logo Image of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System Issued"
4637:(in Chinese). BeiDou.gov.cn. 15 January 2010. Archived from
5344:
4984:. Proceedings of ENC GNSS 2008, Toulouse, 22–25 April 2008.
4321:(in Chinese). eetrend.com. 17 November 2009. Archived from
3854:"BeiDou And Strategic Advancements in PRC Space Navigation"
1915:
To date, the military service has been granted only to the
1887:. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is
1135:
signed an agreement for the interoperability of BeiDou and
347:
3822:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
4859:
T. Grelier, J. Dantepal, A. Delatour, A. Ghion, L. Ries,
4722:"GPS rival Beidou will cover Asia Pac by end of the year"
4449:"China Launches Another Compass GEO Navigation Satellite"
4397:"China To Set Up Independent Satellite Navigation System"
3353:. Asian Surveying and Mapping. 4 May 2009. Archived from
1261:
Characteristics of BeiDou-2/Compass and BeiDou-3 signals
5025:"China GPS rival Beidou starts offering navigation data"
4635:"Introduction of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
3734:"Long March 3C in secretive launch with new Upper Stage"
3380:"China successfully launched the third BeiDou satellite"
2846:"China GPS rival Beidou starts offering navigation data"
1041:
Rendering of BeiDou satellite on Chinese news television
255:
244:
92:
to this template: there are already 290 articles in the
2875:"China's Beidou GPS-substitute opens to public in Asia"
1050:
In September 2003, China intended to join the European
991:
In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely
851:. Within the region, BeiDou is more accurate than GPS.
7722:
4086:-- shows status of navigation, PPP, and SBAS services
3230:"China's satellite navigation plans threaten Galileo"
3293:. SinoDefence.com. 24 September 2008. Archived from
76:
7688:
7627:
7546:
7454:
7428:
7398:
7307:
7225:
7134:
7086:
7060:
6997:
6929:
6861:
6836:
6795:
6729:
6720:
6677:
6601:
6527:
6496:
6455:
6384:
6329:
6254:
6237:
6191:
6116:
6033:
5997:
5986:
5900:
5812:
5644:
5637:
5581:
5466:
5426:
4982:
Field Experience with Compass-M1 E2 and E5B Signals
3763:
3761:
3759:
3616:(in Chinese). Xinhua. 13 April 2006. Archived from
3291:"BeiDou 1 Experimental Satellite Navigation System"
2869:
2867:
1148:significantly surpassed by China's BeiDou system."
342:
332:
312:
294:
289:
281:
273:
265:
254:
243:
238:
226:
218:
210:
202:
192:
174:
5404:China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
4952:W. De Wilde, F. Boon, J.-M. Sleewaegen, F. Wilms,
3409:"China sends Beidou navigation satellite to orbit"
2783:"Directions 2017: BeiDou's road to global service"
6619:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
4425:. BeiDou.gov.cn. 27 December 2012. Archived from
3403:
3401:
1802:As of October 2009, all Chinese border guards in
1795:Over 1000 BeiDou-1 terminals were used after the
933:and including an alleged case in 1996 during the
3997:Update on the BeiDou Satellite Navigation System
3262:"China puts new navigation satellite into orbit"
1871:principle and have complex structure typical of
1769:In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around
856:China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation
7801:Space program of the People's Republic of China
3223:
3221:
1799:, providing information from the disaster area.
1016:The fifth orbiter was launched into space from
962:, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by
4289:"Why is China's Beidou terminal so expensive?"
3285:
3283:
1864:), that offer complete coverage of the globe.
118:accompanying your translation by providing an
67:Click for important translation instructions.
54:expand this article with text translated from
7203:
6907:
6655:
6433:
5372:
3491:"Beidou Launch Completes Regional Nav System"
3374:
3372:
760:
30:"Beidou" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
4185:"International Navigation Satellite Systems"
3977:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3493:. GPS World. 6 December 2010. Archived from
3194:
3192:
3190:
156:
2840:
2838:
2817:China Digital Science and Technology Museum
2420:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1899:and the verification of the orbit quality.
874:The official English name of the system is
7210:
7196:
7188:
6914:
6900:
6892:
6726:
6662:
6648:
6640:
6440:
6426:
6418:
5994:
5641:
5627:
5423:
5399:China National Space Administration (CNSA)
5379:
5365:
5357:
5349:
3590:. China Galileo Industries. Archived from
1074:Model of BeiDou Phase III satellite orbits
966:on 20 December 2000. The third satellite,
767:
753:
734:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
729:International Terrestrial Reference System
366:
357:
7811:Spacecraft launched by Long March rockets
5085:. Xinhua. 2 December 2011. Archived from
4618:
4577:
4536:
3900:
3889:Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies
3467:. gov.cn. 1 November 2010. Archived from
3264:. Gov.cn. 3 February 2007. Archived from
2550:
2176:a satellite passes over the same location
2015:Summary of satellites, as of 19 May 2023
6341:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
5414:People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
2661:PTI, K. J. M. Varma (27 December 2018).
2525:Xiong, Jing; Han, Fei (1 January 2020).
2013:
1736:satellites, BeiDou-1 used satellites in
1259:
1036:
954:By 2020: global BeiDou navigation system
7729:
4827:Chinese square off with Europe in space
4127:"European radio navigation plan (ERNP)"
3992:
3990:
3988:
3117:"GPS and the World's First "Space War""
2382:
807:satellite-based radio navigation system
369:
5267:Handbook of Metrology and Applications
4995:"Satellite navigation system launched"
3970:
2753:""数"说北斗丨北斗究竟发了多少颗卫星？_新闻_央视网(cctv.com)"
2605:GPS and GNSS Technology in Geosciences
2413:
2164:for the first time within the system.
155:
97:
5316:from the original on 14 November 2023
5245:from the original on 25 December 2016
5219:from the original on 25 December 2016
5167:from the original on 25 December 2016
5005:from the original on 24 December 2013
4980:A. Simsky, D. Mertens, Wim De Wilde,
4762:from the original on 15 November 2013
4373:(in Chinese). Sohu. 14 October 2009.
3878:
3876:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3382:(in Chinese). Sohu. 17 January 2010.
2881:from the original on 27 December 2012
2703:from the original on 27 December 2018
2673:from the original on 27 December 2018
2476:from the original on 19 November 2018
2402:from the original on 7 September 2016
2156:. The Expedition-1 is an independent
1934:International Telecommunication Union
1867:The ranging signals are based on the
1046:Chinese involvement in Galileo system
924:and his colleagues in the 1980s. The
7:
6408:. Failed missions marked with † sign
5284:from the original on 30 October 2023
5163:. beidou.gov.cn. 30 September 2015.
5141:from the original on 4 December 2017
5035:from the original on 3 February 2012
4811:Galileo, Compass on collision course
4792:from the original on 3 February 2017
4377:from the original on 8 December 2014
4351:from the original on 8 December 2014
4299:from the original on 15 October 2015
4133:from the original on 24 October 2018
4107:from the original on 23 October 2018
3517:"China joins EU's satellite network"
3327:from the original on 8 December 2014
3123:from the original on 31 January 2023
3067:from the original on 4 December 2012
3036:from the original on 18 October 2015
3010:from the original on 26 October 2021
2980:from the original on 26 October 2021
2852:from the original on 3 February 2012
2823:from the original on 22 October 2022
2763:from the original on 4 November 2023
2506:from the original on 4 November 2023
1835:Coverage polygon of BeiDou-2 in 2012
1806:were equipped with BeiDou-1 devices.
1692:There has also been an experimental
1181:MHz), and Bs test frequency (2492.02
841:regional satellite navigation system
592:
7796:Navigation satellite constellations
5241:. beidou.gov.cn. 30 November 2016.
4489:, January/February 2008, pp. 62–63
4243:. BDStar Navigation. Archived from
4191:from the original on 1 October 2015
3648:International Maritime Organization
3527:from the original on 7 January 2007
3055:Atkins, William (5 February 2007).
1881:global navigation satellite systems
1081:International Maritime Organization
942:China National Space Administration
811:China National Space Administration
739:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
701:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
197:China National Space Administration
27:Chinese satellite navigation system
6245:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
5189:. beidou.gov.cn. 1 February 2016.
4046:Howell, Elizabeth (23 June 2020).
3937:from the original on 31 March 2023
3802:from the original on 23 April 2019
3713:from the original on 14 April 2015
3687:from the original on 14 April 2015
3242:from the original on 24 April 2015
3149:from the original on 7 August 2020
2613:10.1016/b978-0-12-818617-6.00018-4
2329:National Communications Commission
1006:) was carried into its orbit by a
916:Conception and initial development
876:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
781:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
611:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
577:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
468:Horizontal position representation
157:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
25:
7554:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
4732:from the original on 28 July 2013
4672:from the original on 16 July 2020
4347:(in Chinese). Sohu. 20 May 2008.
4183:Goebel, Greg (1 September 2008).
4058:from the original on 23 June 2020
4027:from the original on 23 June 2020
3828:from the original on 24 June 2020
3775:from the original on 5 April 2015
3744:from the original on 2 April 2015
3732:Barbosa, Rui C. (30 March 2015).
3654:from the original on 7 April 2015
3386:from the original on 5 March 2012
2948:from the original on 1 March 2017
2642:from the original on 11 July 2017
2590:China Satellite Navigation Office
2446:from the original on 25 June 2020
1024:carrier rocket on 1 August 2010.
7768:
7756:
7744:
7732:
7504:Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy
5270:. Springer Nature. p. 512.
5215:. beidou.gov.cn. 5 August 2016.
5193:from the original on 10 May 2017
4403:from the original on 27 May 2010
3415:from the original on 5 June 2010
3411:. Spaceflight Now. 2 June 2010.
2793:from the original on 27 May 2017
2355:
2341:
2229:
2214:
2202:
2190:
1728:, Russian GLONASS, and European
1233:
1224:
1215:
1192:. BDS-3 satellites also include
527:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
377:
179:
162:
41:
4962:, July/August 2007, pp. 44–48.
4889:The Compass MEO satellite codes
4841:from the original on 1 May 2011
4399:. SpaceDaily.com. 24 May 2010.
3673:Feng, Bruce (4 December 2014).
3523:. BBC News. 19 September 2003.
3441:. 1 August 2010. Archived from
3228:Marks, Paul (8 November 2006).
2169:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
2143:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
1190:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
1018:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
999:was launched on 15 April 2009.
885:, which is known in Chinese as
691:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
4897:, July/August 2007, pp. 36–43
4813:, GPS World, April 2008, p. 27
4481:Compass in the rearview mirror
4265:. 28 June 2008. Archived from
4217:. 18 July 2007. Archived from
3576:China Galileo Industries (CGI)
3553:. 29 July 2005. Archived from
2813:"20年磨一剑——北斗导航系统的发展历程--中国数字科技馆"
2729:. 23 June 2020. Archived from
2607:, Elsevier, pp. 415–427,
1782:, a BeiDou terminal priced at
887:
801:
721:Internet link to a point 2010
651:Geodetic Reference System 1980
569:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
128:You may also add the template
1:
7308:Communication and engineering
7126:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
6503:
6117:Space laboratories and cargos
4660:Dotson, John (15 July 2020).
4457:. 2 June 2010. Archived from
3902:10.1080/24761028.2023.2178271
3852:Baar, Jemima (1 March 2024).
2209:Around the Earth – polar view
1202:search and rescue transponder
802:běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng
711:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
6449:Satellite navigation systems
5615:(interplanetary exploration)
4823:Levin, Dan (23 March 2009).
4479:G. Gibbons. China GNSS 101.
3883:Aoyama, Rumi (3 July 2022).
1713:Coverage polygon of BeiDou-1
1196:(B1C, B2a, B1A - GEO sats),
661:Geographic point coord. 1983
232:2.6 m (Asia Pacific, public)
7429:Satellite navigation system
7399:Data relay satellite system
3709:. BeiDou. 1 December 2014.
2904:. Mher Sahakyan. New York:
1786: 3,000 was presented.
1143:GPS vs. BeiDou Capabilities
1010:rocket on 17 January 2010.
621:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
141:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
100:will aid in categorization.
7827:
6404:Future missions marked in
6107:List of Chinese astronauts
4620:10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6
2552:10.1016/j.geog.2019.11.001
2371:Chinese coordinate systems
2126:
1177:MHz), B3I/B3Q/B3A (1268.52
1107:Galileo positioning system
1052:Galileo positioning system
1034:on 1 December 2011 (UTC).
935:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
809:owned and operated by the
681:World Geodetic System 1984
328:or 12 hours and 53 minutes
187:People's Republic of China
130:{{Translated|zh|北斗卫星导航系统}}
75:Machine translation, like
29:
7709:
7116:Global Positioning System
6400:
5626:
5422:
5409:China Manned Space Agency
5394:
4579:10.1007/s00190-018-1143-1
4538:10.1007/s10291-020-0965-5
2877:. BBC. 27 December 2012.
2848:. BBC. 27 December 2011.
2129:List of BeiDou satellites
2108:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
1621:Navigation sub-frames (s)
1198:Precise Point Positioning
896:
792:
671:North American Datum 1983
641:South American Datum 1969
161:
56:the corresponding article
7455:Astronomical observation
6671:Satellite constellations
5055:
4097:"APPLICATIONS-Transport"
4017:"APPLICATIONS-Transport"
3930:South China Morning Post
3771:. BeiDou. 1 April 2015.
3030:"English Name of BeiDou"
2973:South China Morning Post
2638:. 中国新闻社. 31 March 2015.
2224:– equatorial view, front
1978:of BeiDou-M5 (2012-050A)
1917:People's Liberation Army
1843:Frequency allocation of
901:Ursa Major constellation
878:. It is named after the
532:Global Pos. System (GPS)
499:Spatial reference system
4968:8 February 2012 at the
4077:BeiDou satellite status
4002:23 October 2018 at the
3347:"Compass due Next Year"
3119:. Scientific American.
3087:"̽北斗记 ——探秘中国北斗卫星导航定位系统"
2543:2020G&G....11...78X
2531:Geodesy and Geodynamics
2239:– equatorial view, side
1897:satellite laser ranging
1879:. Similar to the other
1797:2008 Sichuan earthquake
1654:Navigation period (min)
1418:Carrier frequency (MHz)
290:Orbital characteristics
139:For more guidance, see
32:Beidou (disambiguation)
7420:Tianlian Constellation
6193:Tiangong space station
4698:. 2012. Archived from
4082:11 August 2023 at the
1979:
1852:
1836:
1757:In 2007, the official
1714:
1200:(B2b - GEO sats), and
1173:MHz), B2a/B2b (1191.79
1166:
1109:, as well as the US's
1075:
1042:
835:Predecessors included
230:3.6 m (global, public)
7711:Future spacecraft in
7628:Planetary exploration
5891:Space Solar Telescope
5632:Projects and missions
5388:Chinese space program
5135:"A digital Silk Road"
4756:Space Safety Magazine
4152:秦, 鹏霄 (15 May 2013).
2396:Space Safety Magazine
2184:Animation of BeiDou-3
1974:
1921:Pakistan Armed Forces
1842:
1834:
1712:
1588:Navigation frames (s)
1555:Symbols rate (bits/s)
1161:
1124:Pakistan Armed Forces
1073:
1040:
958:The first satellite,
816:The current service,
427:Geographical distance
175:Country/ies of origin
112:copyright attribution
6923:Time signal stations
5998:Uncrewed expeditions
5582:Exploration programs
5312:. 14 November 2023.
5213:"第22颗北斗导航卫星正式入网提供服务"
5187:"我国成功发射第五颗新一代北斗导航卫星"
5161:"我国成功发射第四颗新一代北斗导航卫星"
5056:"5+5+4"这样的星座结构有什么特点？
5031:. 27 December 2010.
5001:. 28 December 2010.
4903:2 March 2012 at the
4875:2 March 2012 at the
4495:2 March 2012 at the
4429:on 23 September 2015
3859:Jamestown Foundation
3650:. 26 November 2014.
3145:. 12 November 2009.
1862:geosynchronous orbit
1753:Position calculation
1724:Unlike the American
1456:Chip rate (Mchips/s)
1304:GIOVE/Compass signal
601:Sea Level Datum 1929
453:Geodetic coordinates
206:Military, commercial
7806:Satellites of China
6392:Lanyue Lunar Lander
5603:(lunar exploration)
5597:(human spaceflight)
4611:2020GPSS...24..111K
4570:2019JGeod..93.2447B
4529:2020GPSS...24...54S
4221:on 27 February 2009
3933:. 5 February 2022.
3738:NASASpaceFlight.com
3557:on 11 February 2010
3471:on 31 December 2010
3206:on 26 February 2012
2789:. 6 December 2016.
2636:"中国北斗导航卫星再次进入密集发射期"
2031:Currently in orbit
2028:Satellite launches
2016:
1957:Stanford University
1738:geostationary orbit
1732:systems, which use
1489:Code period (chips)
1262:
1128:Ministry of Defense
849:Asia-Pacific region
631:European Datum 1950
589:Standards (history)
489:Reference ellipsoid
437:Figure of the Earth
158:
7219:Chinese spacecraft
6609:GNSS reflectometry
6255:Telecommunications
6034:Crewed expeditions
4934:on 20 October 2012
4834:The New York Times
4558:Journal of Geodesy
4295:. 31 August 2008.
4247:on 5 January 2009.
4215:Phoenix Television
4187:. vectorsite.net.
3680:The New York Times
3268:on 2 February 2012
3175:on 27 January 2012
3091:focus.news.163.com
2733:on 28 October 2020
2442:. Financial Post.
2349:Spaceflight portal
2327:In 2018, Taiwan's
2014:
1998:In December 2011,
1980:
1909:Chinese government
1860:and 3 in inclined
1858:medium Earth orbit
1853:
1837:
1759:Xinhua News Agency
1734:medium Earth orbit
1715:
1260:
1167:
1076:
1043:
984:(sometimes called
509:Vertical positions
239:Constellation size
120:interlanguage link
7720:
7719:
7547:Lunar exploration
7226:Earth observation
7185:
7184:
7078:Radio Data System
6889:
6888:
6857:
6856:
6637:
6636:
6529:GNSS augmentation
6415:
6414:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
5982:
5981:
5901:Earth observation
5645:Planetary science
5622:
5621:
5430:and landing sites
5277:978-981-99-2074-7
5089:on 6 January 2012
4564:(12): 2447–2463.
4241:"BeiDou Products"
3323:. 18 April 2007.
2942:chinadaily.com.cn
2915:978-1-003-35258-7
2622:978-0-12-818617-6
2237:Earth fixed frame
2222:Earth fixed frame
2125:
2124:
1686:
1685:
1118:Use outside China
1105:and the European
940:According to the
777:
776:
725:
724:
504:Spatial relations
494:Satellite geodesy
449:
365:
364:
234:10 cm (encrypted)
152:
151:
68:
64:
16:(Redirected from
7818:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7761:
7760:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7511:(joint with ESA)
7235:(joint with ESA)
7212:
7205:
7198:
7189:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6893:
6727:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6641:
6573:QZSS / Michibiki
6442:
6435:
6428:
6419:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6266:
6222:
6214:
6206:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
5995:
5975:
5965:
5952:
5944:
5936:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5886:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5805:
5795:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5745:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5664:
5656:
5642:
5628:
5554:(In development)
5548:(In development)
5424:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5345:Official website
5330:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5239:"第23颗北斗导航卫星入网工作"
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5063:on 24 March 2013
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4991:
4985:
4978:
4972:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4927:. Archived from
4926:
4913:
4907:
4885:
4879:
4869:, May/June 2007
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4788:. 28 June 2016.
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4641:on 18 March 2010
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4508:
4499:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4160:. Archived from
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4101:en.beidou.gov.cn
4093:
4087:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4021:en.beidou.gov.cn
4013:
4007:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3849:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3794:Clark, Stephen.
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3497:on 12 March 2012
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3445:on 3 August 2010
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3351:Magazine article
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3297:on 27 March 2010
3287:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3196:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3093:. Archived from
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2387:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2206:
2197:Around the Earth
2194:
2017:
1522:Code period (ms)
1263:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1208:) capabilities.
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:used by BeiDou-3
898:
889:
803:
794:
769:
762:
755:
593:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
480:
439:
381:
367:
361:
356:
353:
351:
349:
324:
323:
319:
257:
246:
185:
183:
182:
166:
159:
131:
125:
99:
98:|topic=
96:, and specifying
81:Google Translate
66:
62:
45:
44:
37:
21:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7769:
7767:
7755:
7745:
7743:
7733:
7731:
7723:
7721:
7716:
7705:
7689:Microsatellites
7684:
7623:
7542:
7450:
7424:
7394:
7303:
7221:
7216:
7186:
7181:
7130:
7082:
7056:
6993:
6979:TDF time signal
6925:
6920:
6890:
6885:
6853:
6832:
6791:
6716:
6673:
6668:
6638:
6633:
6597:
6523:
6492:
6451:
6446:
6416:
6411:
6396:
6380:
6375:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6334:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6270:Chinasat Series
6264:
6250:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6187:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6158:
6150:
6142:
6134:
6126:
6112:
6029:
5989:
5978:
5973:
5963:
5950:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5896:
5884:
5874:
5866:
5858:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5783:
5773:
5763:
5753:
5743:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5662:
5654:
5633:
5618:
5609:(space station)
5577:
5468:Launch vehicles
5462:
5457:Siziwang Banner
5418:
5390:
5385:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5319:
5317:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5278:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5115:on 9 March 2010
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4970:Wayback Machine
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4905:Wayback Machine
4886:
4882:
4877:Wayback Machine
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4786:Next Big Future
4780:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4758:. 27 May 2013.
4750:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4728:. 17 May 2012.
4720:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4702:on 17 June 2013
4690:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4497:Wayback Machine
4478:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4461:on 11 June 2010
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4269:on 21 July 2011
4257:
4256:
4252:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4084:Wayback Machine
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4004:Wayback Machine
3995:
3986:
3969:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3851:
3850:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3620:on 19 July 2011
3612:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3097:on 10 June 2015
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3006:. 26 May 2021.
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2976:. 27 May 2021.
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2916:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2757:m.news.cctv.com
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2697:news.dwnews.com
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2500:www.cnsa.gov.cn
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2131:
2032:
2024:
2012:
1996:
1969:
1942:
1929:
1905:
1827:
1819:
1817:Decommissioning
1792:
1767:
1755:
1746:
1707:
1702:
1380:Code modulation
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1154:
1145:
1120:
1068:
1048:
918:
913:
872:
828:, and the US's
824:, the European
773:
744:
743:
590:
582:
581:
570:
562:
554:
546:
538:
522:
514:
513:
472:
422:
414:
413:
389:
346:
338:7 sidereal days
321:
317:
316:
269:31 October 2000
233:
231:
180:
178:
170:
169:
148:
147:
146:
129:
123:
69:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7824:
7822:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7765:
7753:
7741:
7718:
7717:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7675:
7668:
7661:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7642:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7566:
7561:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7509:Einstein Probe
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7415:Tiandu 1 and 2
7412:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7315:Dong Fang Hong
7311:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7192:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6921:
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6918:
6911:
6904:
6896:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6828:Thousand Sails
6825:
6820:
6818:Kuiper Systems
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6644:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6602:Related topics
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6504:BDS / BeiDou-1
6500:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6422:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6376:(2016–present)
6370:
6368:(1971–present)
6365:Shijian Series
6362:
6360:(2016–present)
6354:
6346:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6321:(2024–present)
6315:
6313:(2024–present)
6307:
6305:(2019–present)
6299:
6297:(2008–present)
6291:
6289:(2024–present)
6286:Tiandu 1 and 2
6283:
6281:(2018–present)
6275:
6273:(1994–present)
6267:
6265:(1994–present)
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6221:(2022–present)
6215:
6213:(2022–present)
6207:
6205:(2021–present)
6198:
6196:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6169:
6161:
6153:
6145:
6137:
6129:
6120:
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6114:
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6111:
6110:
6103:
6098:
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6068:
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6058:
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6048:
6043:
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6035:
6031:
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6028:
6027:
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6017:
6012:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5964:(1999–present)
5953:
5951:(2006–present)
5945:
5943:(2016–present)
5937:
5935:(2002–present)
5932:Haiyang Series
5929:
5927:(2013–present)
5921:
5913:
5911:(2018–present)
5904:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5877:
5869:
5864:Einstein Probe
5861:
5859:(2022–present)
5853:
5851:(2021–present)
5845:
5843:(2020–present)
5837:
5835:(2017–present)
5829:
5827:(2015–present)
5820:
5818:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5786:
5776:
5766:
5756:
5746:
5738:
5736:(2021–present)
5730:
5728:(2020–present)
5722:
5720:(2020–present)
5714:
5712:(2018–present)
5706:
5704:(2018–present)
5698:
5690:
5688:(2014–present)
5682:
5680:(2013–present)
5674:
5665:
5663:(2010–present)
5657:
5648:
5646:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:(landing site)
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5338:
5337:External links
5335:
5332:
5331:
5295:
5276:
5256:
5230:
5204:
5178:
5152:
5126:
5100:
5074:
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4973:
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4908:
4880:
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4815:
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4773:
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4683:
4652:
4626:
4585:
4544:
4500:
4472:
4440:
4414:
4388:
4362:
4336:
4325:on 13 May 2010
4310:
4280:
4261:(in Chinese).
4250:
4232:
4213:(in Chinese).
4202:
4175:
4144:
4118:
4088:
4069:
4038:
4008:
3984:
3948:
3916:
3895:(2): 282–299.
3872:
3839:
3813:
3786:
3755:
3724:
3698:
3665:
3631:
3605:
3594:on 7 July 2011
3579:
3568:
3549:(in Chinese).
3538:
3508:
3482:
3456:
3426:
3397:
3368:
3357:on 19 May 2009
3338:
3319:(in Chinese).
3308:
3279:
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2208:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2162:hydrogen maser
2154:carrier rocket
2127:Main article:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
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2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2011:
2010:Constellations
2008:
1995:
1992:
1968:
1965:
1941:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1904:
1901:
1893:retroreflector
1875:or modernized
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1773: 20,000 (
1766:
1763:
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1389:MBOC(6,1,1/11)
1387:
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1232:
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1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1163:Hydrogen maser
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1133:Vladimir Putin
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1067:
1064:
1047:
1044:
956:
955:
952:
949:
931:Yinhe incident
917:
914:
912:
909:
871:
868:
775:
774:
772:
771:
764:
757:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
736:
731:
723:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
703:
702:
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689:
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679:
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619:
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511:
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484:Map projection
481:
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458:Geodetic datum
455:
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340:
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334:Revisit period
330:
329:
314:
313:Orbital period
310:
309:
296:
292:
291:
287:
286:
283:
282:Total launches
279:
278:
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263:
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259:
256:Current usable
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168:Logo of BeiDou
167:
150:
149:
145:
144:
137:
126:
104:
101:
89:adding a topic
84:
73:
70:
63:(October 2023)
51:
50:
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40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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2:
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7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6984:Time from NPL
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
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6898:
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6882:
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6864:
6860:
6850:
6847:
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6842:
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6839:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
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6800:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6785:
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6780:
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6768:
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6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:Communication
6719:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6660:
6658:
6653:
6651:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6614:Kalman filter
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
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6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6488:IRNSS / NAVIC
6486:
6484:
6483:GPS / NavStar
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6438:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6374:
6371:
6366:
6363:
6358:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6333:demonstrators
6328:
6319:
6316:
6311:
6308:
6303:
6300:
6295:
6292:
6287:
6284:
6279:
6276:
6271:
6268:
6263:
6262:Apstar Series
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6208:
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6069:
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6064:
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6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5956:Ziyuan Series
5954:
5949:
5948:Yaogan Series
5946:
5941:
5938:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5924:Gaofen Series
5922:
5917:
5914:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5814:Astronomy and
5811:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5733:Zhurong rover
5731:
5726:
5723:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5699:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5625:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:Long March 12
5561:
5559:
5558:Long March 11
5556:
5553:
5552:Long March 10
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:Long March 4C
5519:
5517:
5516:Long March 4B
5514:
5512:
5511:Long March 4A
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5501:Long March 3C
5499:
5497:
5496:Long March 3B
5494:
5492:
5491:Long March 3A
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5352:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5328:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5257:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5062:
5058:
5050:
5047:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4930:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4701:
4697:
4696:Science China
4693:
4687:
4684:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4599:GPS Solutions
4596:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4517:GPS Solutions
4514:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4164:on 5 May 2021
4163:
4159:
4158:第四届中国卫星导航学术年会
4155:
4148:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3920:
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3912:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3787:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3526:
3522:
3521:Business News
3518:
3512:
3509:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3235:New Scientist
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2445:
2441:
2440:Financialpost
2437:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2353:
2350:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2309:
2298:
2287:
2276:
2265:
2254:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2147:Long March 3B
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:urban canyons
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:AltBOC(15,10)
1403:
1401:AltBOC(15,10)
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:BeiDou signal
1265:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1122:In 2018, the
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:Long March 3C
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:Long March 3A
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Long March 3C
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
978:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
950:
947:
946:
945:
943:
938:
936:
932:
927:
923:
915:
910:
908:
906:
902:
894:
890:
884:
881:
877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
798:
790:
786:
782:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
750:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
594:
586:
585:
578:
575:
573:
567:
565:
559:
557:
551:
549:
545:BeiDou (BDS)
543:
541:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
479:
475:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
447:
446:circumference
443:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
385:
384:
380:
376:
375:
372:
368:
360:
355:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
253:
249:
242:
237:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
177:
173:
165:
160:
154:
142:
138:
135:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
95:
94:main category
91:
90:
85:
82:
78:
74:
72:
71:
65:
59:
57:
52:You can help
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Compass-IGSO5
7712:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7614:
7607:
7581:Chang'e 5-T1
7535:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7486:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7095:
6686:
6462:
6405:
6244:
5968:
5889:
5879:
5798:
5788:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5748:
5709:Yutu-2 rover
5685:Chang'e 5-T1
5546:Long March 9
5541:Long March 8
5536:Long March 7
5531:Long March 6
5526:Long March 5
5506:Long March 4
5486:Long March 3
5481:Long March 2
5476:Long March 1
5325:
5318:. Retrieved
5309:Focus Taiwan
5307:
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5266:
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5233:
5221:. Retrieved
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5181:
5169:. Retrieved
5155:
5143:. Retrieved
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5113:the original
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5087:the original
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5061:the original
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5019:
5007:. Retrieved
4998:
4989:
4981:
4976:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4929:the original
4916:
4911:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4832:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4785:
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4755:
4746:
4734:. Retrieved
4726:The Register
4725:
4716:
4704:. Retrieved
4700:the original
4695:
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4665:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4639:the original
4629:
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4588:
4561:
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4459:the original
4452:
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4431:. Retrieved
4427:the original
4417:
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4391:
4379:. Retrieved
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4339:
4327:. Retrieved
4323:the original
4313:
4301:. Retrieved
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4267:the original
4253:
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4219:the original
4205:
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4178:
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4162:the original
4157:
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4121:
4109:. Retrieved
4100:
4091:
4072:
4060:. Retrieved
4051:
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4020:
4011:
3965:www.gps.gov/
3964:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3928:
3919:
3892:
3888:
3863:. Retrieved
3857:
3830:. Retrieved
3824:. phys.org.
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3746:. Retrieved
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3701:
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3678:
3668:
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3643:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:the original
3608:
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3592:the original
3582:
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3555:the original
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3520:
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3499:. Retrieved
3495:the original
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3469:the original
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
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2731:the original
2726:
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2667:livemint.com
2666:
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2644:. Retrieved
2630:
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2537:(1): 78–83.
2534:
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2469:
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2439:
2430:
2404:. Retrieved
2395:
2385:
2363:China portal
2326:
2323:Prohibitions
2307:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2263:
2252:
2249: Earth
2173:
2166:
2151:Expedition 1
2139:
2135:
2132:
2092:2015–present
2033:and healthy
2005:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:Ground track
1950:
1943:
1930:
1914:
1906:
1866:
1854:
1828:
1820:
1809:
1790:Applications
1768:
1756:
1747:
1723:
1716:
1700:Predecessors
1691:
1687:
1413:BOC(15,2.5)
1187:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1121:
1095:Beijing time
1059:
1057:
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922:Chen Fangyun
919:
886:
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873:
870:Nomenclature
853:
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817:
815:
800:
784:
780:
778:
544:
521:Technologies
476: /
388:Fundamentals
277:23 June 2020
266:First launch
153:
116:edit summary
107:
87:
61:
53:
7739:Spaceflight
7494:Longjiang-2
7233:Double Star
6863:Observation
6823:SpaceMobile
6730:Operational
6456:Operational
6352:(1969–2006)
6349:FSW Program
6302:Tianlian II
6135:(2016–2019)
6127:(2011–2018)
6101:Shenzhou 18
6096:Shenzhou 17
6091:Shenzhou 16
6086:Shenzhou 15
6081:Shenzhou 14
6076:Shenzhou 13
6071:Shenzhou 12
6066:Shenzhou 11
6061:Shenzhou 10
5990:spaceflight
5916:Double Star
5696:(2013–2016)
5591:(cancelled)
5320:14 November
5288:30 November
5249:24 December
5223:24 December
5197:24 December
5171:24 December
5093:23 December
5039:29 December
5009:29 December
4999:China Daily
4959:Inside GNSS
4894:Inside GNSS
4866:Inside GNSS
4845:30 December
4486:Inside GNSS
4454:Inside GNSS
4168:16 November
3501:23 December
3475:21 November
3127:10 February
2952:18 November
2885:27 December
2707:27 December
2677:27 December
2480:19 November
2466:"北斗卫星发射一览表"
2158:upper stage
1927:Frequencies
1919:and to the
1895:arrays for
1889:Sun Jiadong
1811:Sun Jiadong
1375:Authorized
1342:Access type
399:Geodynamics
274:Last launch
214:Operational
193:Operator(s)
7785:Categories
7385:Tsinghua-1
7380:Tiantong 1
7360:OlympicSat
6813:O3b mPOWER
6747:Globalstar
6679:Navigation
6497:Historical
6331:Technology
6294:Tianlian I
6238:Navigation
6180:Tianzhou 6
6172:Tianzhou 5
6164:Tianzhou 4
6156:Tianzhou 3
6148:Tianzhou 2
6140:Tianzhou 1
6132:Tiangong 2
6124:Tiangong 1
6056:Shenzhou 9
6051:Shenzhou 7
6046:Shenzhou 6
6041:Shenzhou 5
6025:Shenzhou 8
6020:Shenzhou 4
6015:Shenzhou 3
6010:Shenzhou 2
6005:Shenzhou 1
5693:Yutu rover
5428:Spaceports
5145:3 December
4938:8 February
4796:3 February
4154:"S频段信号的研究"
4137:23 October
4111:22 October
3588:"About us"
3531:9 November
3246:9 November
3061:iTWire.com
3014:26 October
2984:26 October
2924:1353290533
2827:4 November
2767:4 November
2510:4 November
2377:References
2271: I2
2260: I1
1994:Completion
1961:Septentrio
1940:Compass-M1
1744:Completion
1372:Authorized
1360:Authorized
1354:Authorized
1348:Authorized
1004:Compass-G1
997:Compass-G2
993:Compass-M1
905:North Star
880:Big Dipper
258:satellites
247:satellites
58:in Chinese
7763:Transport
7751:Geography
7679:Tianwen-4
7672:Tianwen-3
7665:Tianwen-2
7645:Tianwen-1
7640:Chang'e 2
7635:Yinghuo-1
7616:Chang'e 8
7609:Chang'e 7
7603:Chang'e 6
7598:Chang'e 5
7586:Chang'e 4
7569:Chang'e 3
7564:Chang'e 2
7559:Chang'e 1
7410:Queqiao 2
7345:ChinaStar
7167:Radio VNG
7088:Satellite
6999:Shortwave
6849:Teledesic
6837:Abandoned
6549:(retired)
6318:Queqiao 2
5919:(2003–07)
5816:cosmology
5800:Tianwen-3
5790:Tianwen-4
5780:Chang'e 8
5770:Chang'e 7
5760:Tianwen-2
5741:Chang'e 6
5725:Chang'e 5
5717:Tianwen-1
5701:Chang'e 4
5677:Chang'e 3
5668:Yinghuo 1
5660:Chang'e 2
5655:(2007–09)
5652:Chang'e 1
5573:Kaituozhe
5067:3 January
4837:. China.
4666:Jamestown
4433:1 January
4052:Space.com
3911:2476-1028
3153:27 August
3101:3 October
2906:Routledge
2787:GPS World
2569:214436136
2561:1674-9847
2315: G3
2304: G2
2293: G1
2282: I3
2072:2007–2019
2052:2000–2006
1967:Operation
1765:Terminals
1392:BOC(14,2)
1066:Phase III
986:BeiDou-2A
982:BeiDou-1D
972:BeiDou-1C
968:BeiDou-1C
964:BeiDou-1B
960:BeiDou-1A
478:Longitude
404:Geomatics
295:Regime(s)
134:talk page
86:Consider
7696:Fengniao
7446:Beidou-3
7441:BeiDou-2
7436:BeiDou-1
7390:Xiwang 1
7340:ChinaSat
7254:Huanjing
7032:ROA Time
6931:Longwave
6881:RapidEye
6876:Pleiades
6844:Celestri
6796:Proposed
6772:Tianlian
6767:Starlink
6583:StarFire
6578:SouthPAN
6514:Timation
6218:Mengtian
5607:Tiangong
5589:Shuguang
5568:Kuaizhou
5447:Wenchang
5314:Archived
5282:Archived
5243:Archived
5217:Archived
5191:Archived
5165:Archived
5139:Archived
5033:Archived
5003:Archived
4966:Archived
4901:Archived
4873:Archived
4839:Archived
4790:Archived
4760:Archived
4730:Archived
4670:Archived
4493:Archived
4401:Archived
4375:Archived
4349:Archived
4297:Archived
4189:Archived
4131:Archived
4105:Archived
4080:Archived
4056:Archived
4025:Archived
4000:Archived
3973:cite web
3935:Archived
3826:Archived
3806:23 April
3800:Archived
3773:Archived
3742:Archived
3711:Archived
3685:Archived
3652:Archived
3525:Archived
3449:1 August
3413:Archived
3384:Archived
3325:Archived
3240:Archived
3147:Archived
3121:Archived
3065:Archived
3034:Archived
3008:Archived
2978:Archived
2946:Archived
2879:Archived
2850:Archived
2821:Archived
2791:Archived
2761:Archived
2701:Archived
2671:Archived
2640:Archived
2504:Archived
2496:"北斗导航系统"
2474:Archived
2470:北斗卫星导航系统
2444:Archived
2416:cite web
2406:1 August
2400:Archived
2335:See also
2044:Planned
1903:Accuracy
1825:BeiDou-2
1780:Shenzhen
1705:BeiDou-1
1451:1268.52
1424:1561.098
1421:1561.098
1410:BPSK(10)
1407:BPSK(10)
1398:BPSK(10)
1152:BeiDou-3
926:Gulf War
883:asterism
860:AutoNavi
845:BeiDou-2
837:BeiDou-1
818:BeiDou-3
793:北斗卫星导航系统
657:ISO 6709
555:(Europe)
553:Galileo
539:(Russia)
537:GLONASS
474:Latitude
463:Geodesic
421:Concepts
227:Accuracy
219:Coverage
110:provide
7725:Portals
7713:italics
7658:Shensuo
7650:Zhurong
7530:Xuntian
7499:Queqiao
7406:Queqiao
7375:Sinosat
7370:Shijian
7365:Qianfan
7335:Asiasat
7289:Tianhui
7239:Fengyun
7135:Defunct
7111:Galileo
7106:GLONASS
6762:Orbcomm
6752:Iridium
6697:GLONASS
6692:Galileo
6624:Wavelet
6519:Tsiklon
6509:Transit
6478:GLONASS
6473:Galileo
6406:italics
6385:Related
6373:XPNAV 1
6310:Qianfan
6278:Queqiao
6210:Wentian
6195:modules
5881:Xuntian
5750:Shensuo
5638:Science
5613:Tianwen
5601:Chang'e
5452:Xichang
5442:Taiyuan
5437:Jiuquan
4766:26 June
4736:26 June
4706:26 June
4676:16 July
4607:Bibcode
4605:(111).
4566:Bibcode
4525:Bibcode
4263:NetEase
4195:6 April
4062:23 June
4031:23 June
3941:1 March
3865:1 March
3832:24 June
3779:7 April
3748:7 April
3717:7 April
3691:7 April
3658:7 April
3004:Reuters
2856:20 June
2737:23 June
2727:Reuters
2646:16 June
2539:Bibcode
2450:22 June
2041:Failure
2038:Success
2025:period
2023:Launch
1873:Galileo
1849:Galileo
1730:Galileo
1548:>160
1538:>160
1528:>400
1448:1268.52
1445:1268.52
1442:1207.14
1439:1176.45
1436:1207.14
1433:1207.14
1430:1575.42
1427:1575.42
1395:BPSK(2)
1386:BPSK(2)
1383:BPSK(2)
1137:GLONASS
1103:GLONASS
1090:rocket.
911:History
893:Chinese
864:Norinco
826:Galileo
822:GLONASS
805:) is a
789:Chinese
717:Geo URI
687:NAVD 88
597:NGVD 29
571:(Japan)
563:(India)
547:(China)
409:History
394:Geodesy
371:Geodesy
350:.beidou
343:Website
320:⁄
245:Nominal
132:to the
114:in the
60:.
7791:BeiDou
7701:Xinyan
7591:Yutu-2
7325:Apstar
7299:Ziyuan
7294:Yaogan
7284:Tansuo
7279:TanSat
7269:Shiyan
7244:Gaofen
7096:BeiDou
7027:JN53DV
7017:HD2IOA
6871:Planet
6808:OneWeb
6782:ViaSat
6687:BeiDou
6463:BeiDou
6344:(2020)
6202:Tianhe
6183:(2023)
6175:(2022)
6167:(2022)
6159:(2021)
6151:(2021)
6143:(2017)
5974:(2025)
5940:TanSat
5885:(2026)
5875:(2024)
5867:(2023)
5804:(2030)
5794:(2029)
5784:(2028)
5774:(2026)
5764:(2025)
5754:(2024)
5744:(2024)
5672:(2011)
5274:
5119:19 May
4645:4 June
4523:(54).
4465:4 June
4407:4 June
4381:23 May
4355:23 May
4329:29 May
4303:29 May
4273:23 May
4225:19 May
3909:
3624:26 May
3598:26 May
3561:26 May
3551:Xinhua
3439:Xinhua
3419:4 June
3390:19 May
3331:23 May
3301:20 May
3272:20 May
3210:19 May
3179:19 May
3071:19 May
3040:31 May
2922:
2912:
2619:
2567:
2559:
2313:
2308:·
2306:
2302:
2297:·
2295:
2291:
2286:·
2284:
2280:
2275:·
2273:
2269:
2264:·
2262:
2258:
2253:·
2251:
2247:
2109:Total
2020:Block
2000:Xinhua
1804:Yunnan
1694:S band
1482:10.230
1479:10.230
1472:10.230
1251:, and
1206:MEOSAR
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1020:by an
895::
888:Běidǒu
862:, and
799::
797:pinyin
791::
707:GCJ-02
697:ETRS89
677:WGS 84
667:NAD 83
647:GRS 80
607:OSGB36
561:NAVIC
442:radius
222:Global
211:Status
184:
7775:China
7537:SMILE
7488:Kuafu
7477:GECAM
7472:DAMPE
7467:CHASE
7462:ASO-S
7350:HKSTG
7264:Jilin
7121:IRNSS
7101:DORIS
6959:DCF77
6803:IRIS²
6707:IRNSS
6629:RINEX
6568:NTRIP
6553:JPALS
6547:GPS·C
6542:GAGAN
6537:EGNOS
6468:DORIS
6357:QUESS
6247:(BDS)
5988:Human
5970:SMILE
5960:CBERS
5856:ASO-S
5848:CHASE
5840:GECAM
5824:DAMPE
4932:(PDF)
4925:(PDF)
4293:PRLog
3961:(PDF)
3361:5 May
2797:8 May
2586:(PDF)
2565:S2CID
2310:
2299:
2288:
2277:
2266:
2255:
1946:GIOVE
1719:DFH-3
1512:10230
1469:2.046
1462:2.046
1459:2.046
1322:E5B-Q
1319:E5B-I
1022:LM-3I
637:SAD69
617:SK-42
432:Geoid
77:DeepL
7574:Yutu
7523:SVOM
7482:HXMT
7408:and
7355:LGSP
7330:APMT
7320:FH-1
7274:SMMS
7172:WWVL
7157:OLB5
7052:YVTO
7047:WWVH
6989:WWVB
6954:Beta
6777:TDRS
6742:DSCS
6737:BGAN
6712:QZSS
6593:SDCM
6588:WAAS
6563:MSAS
6558:LAAS
5908:CSES
5872:SVOM
5832:HXMT
5322:2023
5290:2023
5272:ISBN
5251:2016
5225:2016
5199:2016
5173:2016
5147:2017
5121:2010
5095:2011
5069:2013
5041:2011
5011:2011
4940:2016
4847:2011
4798:2017
4768:2013
4738:2013
4708:2013
4678:2020
4647:2010
4467:2010
4435:2013
4409:2010
4383:2010
4357:2010
4331:2010
4305:2010
4275:2010
4227:2010
4197:2007
4170:2020
4139:2018
4113:2018
4064:2020
4033:2020
3979:link
3943:2024
3907:ISSN
3867:2024
3834:2020
3808:2019
3781:2015
3750:2015
3719:2015
3693:2015
3660:2015
3626:2010
3600:2010
3563:2010
3533:2006
3503:2011
3477:2010
3451:2010
3421:2010
3392:2010
3363:2009
3333:2010
3321:Sohu
3303:2010
3274:2010
3248:2006
3212:2010
3181:2010
3155:2020
3129:2023
3103:2011
3073:2010
3042:2015
3016:2021
2986:2021
2954:2015
2920:OCLC
2910:ISBN
2887:2012
2858:2018
2829:2023
2799:2017
2769:2023
2739:2020
2709:2018
2679:2018
2648:2017
2617:ISBN
2557:ISSN
2512:2023
2482:2018
2452:2020
2422:link
2408:2015
1953:CNES
1869:CDMA
1775:US$
1667:12.0
1657:12.0
1502:2046
1492:2046
1369:Open
1366:Open
1363:Open
1357:Open
1351:Open
1345:Open
1334:E6-Q
1331:E6-I
1316:E1-Q
1313:E1-I
1310:E2-Q
1307:E2-I
1299:B3A
1249:IGSO
1194:SBAS
779:The
627:ED50
444:and
352:.gov
303:IGSO
203:Type
108:must
106:You
7516:SST
7249:FSW
7177:Y3S
7162:OMA
7152:NAA
7147:HBG
7142:BSF
7070:UHF
7062:VHF
7042:WWV
7037:RWM
7022:HLA
7012:CHU
7007:BPM
6974:RTZ
6969:RBU
6964:JJY
6949:BSF
6944:BPL
6939:BPC
6787:WGS
6757:O3b
6702:GPS
5595:CMS
5327:it.
5029:BBC
4615:doi
4574:doi
4533:doi
3897:doi
2609:doi
2547:doi
2178:).
2121:46
2104:31
2084:15
1877:GPS
1845:GPS
1784:CN¥
1771:CN¥
1726:GPS
1545:1.0
1535:1.0
1525:1.0
1328:E5b
1325:E5a
1296:B3Q
1293:B3I
1290:B2b
1287:B2a
1284:B2Q
1281:B2I
1278:B1A
1275:B1C
1272:B1Q
1269:B1I
1253:GEO
1245:MEO
1204:(6
1111:GPS
830:GPS
785:BDS
354:.cn
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299:GEO
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