Knowledge (XXG)

Comparison of recording media

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The typical duration of a vinyl album is about 15 to 25 minutes per side. Classical music and spoken word recordings can extend to over 30 minutes on a side. If a side exceeds the average time, the maximum groove amplitude is reduced to make room for the additional program material. This can cause
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LP, with 36 minutes of music on one side, has a "technical note" at the bottom of the inner sleeve: "if the sound does not seem loud enough on your system, try re-recording the music onto tape." The total of around 40–45 minutes often influences the arrangement of tracks, with the preferred
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is commonly used to describe a 7" single with more than two tracks, technically they are not different from a normal 7" single. The EP uses reduced dynamic range and a smaller run-off groove area to extend the playing time. However, there are examples of singles, such as
549:, which clocks at 8:40). These longer recordings would require the same technical approach as an EP. The term EP has also been used for 10" 45 rpm records, typically containing a reduced number of tracks. 182:
Professionals record at 30 ips on 3600 ft reels that will fit 22.5 minutes (one side only). A 3600 ft reel can hold up to 48 hours if recorded in mono (4 sides) at 15/16 ips.
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around 8.5 hours per layer (4.7 GB), with a maximum of two layers per side, which roughly equals 35 hours on a dual layered, two sided disc (can change due to compression).
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typically 15–25 minutes per side (30 minutes per side for classical & spoken word), although 45 minutes is possible with tight groove spacing and no spacing between tracks.
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usually 30 (C-60) or 45 (C-90) minutes per side, 60 (C-120) minutes per side have also been sold although the tape is more prone to stretching or breaking.
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hiss in the sound from lower quality amplifiers when the volume is turned up to compensate for the lower recorded level. An extreme example,
1678: 615: 1908: 349:" layer compatible with most legacy Compact Disc players, dubbed the "CD layer," and a 4.7 GB SACD layer, dubbed the "HD layer." 1205: 165: 310:, assuming an average bitrate of 128 kbit/s. Roughly 372 hours with 64 kbit/s and roughly 74 hours with 320 kbit/s. 516: 1258: 1252: 1583: 884: 1758: 346: 1852: 1302: 1563: 737: 1380: 1091: 660:
Lawrence, Harold; "Mercury Living Presence." Compact disc liner notes. BartĂłk, Antal Dorati, Mercury 432 017-2. 1991.
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International standard IEC 60098: Analogue audio disk records and reproducing equipment. Third edition,
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1.5 hours (both sides) if recorded at 7.5 inches per second (ips) on a standard 1800 ft reel.
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College Physics, Sears, Zemansky, Young, 1974, LOC #73-21135, chapter: Acoustic Phenomena
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Up to 99 minutes, though unlikely to be reliable after 90 minutes due to mistracking
97: 367:, a dual-layer SACD includes two HD layers totalling 8.5 GB, with no CD layer. 114: 70: 1542: 949: 782: 776: 722: 605: 565: 538: 188: 145: 100:: 7 minutes) per side, up to 6 per side, in some cases even a few minutes longer. 639: 1589: 1571: 1458: 1398: 1222: 840: 705: 553: 530: 324: 1783: 1777: 1410: 1038: 844: 788: 710: 687:
Where have all the good times gone? — the rise and fall of the record industry
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Earlier discs: 74 minutes up to 296 minutes, dependent upon compression used.
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Later discs: 80 minutes up to 320 minutes, dependent upon compression used.
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by Ellingham, Niel, published at 1 Bruach Lane, PH16 5DG, Scotland.
640:"Reconstruction of mechanically recorded sound by image processing" 1734: 1595: 1506: 465: 449: 438: 266: 1864: 1710: 1070: 1050: 716: 469: 442: 221: 90: 726: 595: 461: 434: 417: 364: 355: 315: 16:
This article details a comparison of audio recording mediums.
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positions being the opening and closing tracks of each side.
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From Tin Foil to Stereo — Evolution of the Phonograph
23: 1833: 1768: 1677: 1646: 1614: 1605: 1562: 1280: 1204: 1149: 1068: 1048: 1005: 983: 912: 824: 807: 798: 761: 711:YouTube — Record Making With Duke Ellington (1937) 281:Up to 13 hours on a standard 80-minute MiniDisc. 286:Up to 45 hours on a 1 GB Hi-MD (MiniDisc) 203:Earlier discs: up to 74 minutes (or up to 650 738: 713:A look at how early 78 rpm records were made. 8: 212:Later discs: up to 80 minutes (or up to 700 1611: 804: 745: 731: 723: 426: 405: 380: 323: 299: 274: 249: 229: 196: 173: 153: 133: 113: 89: 69: 49: 665:International Electrotechnical Commission 991:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon 552:Vinyl albums have a large 12" (30 cm) 306:Roughly 186 hours of playback per 10 7: 683:by Oliver Read and Walter L. Welch. 616:Unusual types of gramophone records 160:up to 100 minutes, often 45 to 80 14: 1853:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc 1303:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge 354:Single-layer: Physically a DVD-5 392:Dual-layer capacity: 30 GB 1381:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette 1092:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 363:Dual-layer: Physically a DVD-9 638:Fadeyev, V.; C. Haber (2003). 1: 1177:Thermionic Products Recordon 76:around 3–5 minutes per side 1564:Analog-to-digital converter 1471:Nippon Electronic Memo-call 1925: 1687:Compact Disc Digital Audio 771:Music box cylinder or disc 1909:Technological comparisons 1387:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 1166: 649:Audio Engineering Society 387:Single-layer: 15 GB 379: 376: 371: 342: 339: 334: 273: 270: 265: 248: 245: 240: 195: 192: 187: 1637:Digital Compact Cassette 1525:Capitol Records Audiopak 1375:Dictaphone Travel master 1171:Telefunken magnetic disc 1140:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge 626:Vinyl Emulation Software 96:often around 4 minutes ( 1453:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord 1134:Protona Minifon special 755:audio recording formats 706:Creating a vinyl record 1537:Bandai micro cartridge 1483:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin 693:Pressing the LP record 1405:Cousino Echo-matic II 885:Indestructible record 717:Kiddie Records Weekly 621:Voyager Golden Record 1501:Sanyo Tape cartridge 1327:Rediffusion Reditune 1206:Loose (reel-to-reel) 1157:Magnetic stripe card 1086:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 851:Perfected phonograph 779:(early 17th century) 292:Digital audio player 42:Phonograph cylinders 1315:Mohawk Midgetape RL 1128:Protona Minifon P55 1122:Protona Minifon P51 897:Blue Amberol record 879:Gold moulded record 873:Le CĂ©leste cylinder 845:Dictaphone cylinder 835:Phonograph cylinder 56:around 2–4 minutes 1770:Electronic circuit 1625:Digital Audio Tape 1339:RCA tape cartridge 1297:Cousino Echo-matic 1195:Audio High Density 944:Edison Voicewriter 591:Magnetic cartridge 524:Although the term 441:, 180 minutes for 1886: 1885: 1829: 1828: 1558: 1557: 1393:Orrtronic Tapette 1321:Dictaphone Dictet 920:Phonograph record 777:Mechanical cuckoo 656:(December): 1172. 543:Bohemian Rhapsody 507: 506: 468:, 40 minutes for 412:50 GB (23 Hours) 1916: 1612: 1465:DC-International 1423:Compact cassette 1241:Fullcoat magfilm 1183:Record Maker Pye 1150:Magnetic surface 1080:Lorenz Textophon 903:Paradis cylinder 867:Stentor cylinder 805: 747: 740: 733: 724: 657: 644: 547:Love and Rockets 433:240 minutes for 430: 409: 384: 327: 303: 278: 253: 233: 222:Recordable discs 200: 177: 157: 137: 117: 93: 73: 53: 24: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1825: 1814:USB flash drive 1808:Toymax VJ Starz 1764: 1673: 1642: 1601: 1554: 1417:Philips EL 3583 1363:Cousino MR-9000 1351:Protona AttachĂ© 1345:Philips EL 3581 1276: 1200: 1162: 1145: 1064: 1049:Loose magnetic 1044: 1001: 979: 908: 820: 808:Grooved surface 794: 757: 751: 702: 677: 675:Further reading 647:Journal of the 642: 637: 634: 611:Sound recording 562: 460:45 minutes for 216:of data files) 207:of data files) 36:Typical length 22: 12: 11: 5: 1922: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1904:Recorded music 1901: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1871:Timecode vinyl 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1774: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1717:Super Audio CD 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1693:Philips CD-BGM 1690: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1549:Pocket Rockers 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1513:Steno-Cassette 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1489:Grundig DeJ614 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1247:Stripe magfilm 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1116:Peirce 330/360 1113: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1059:Wire recording 1055: 1053: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1024: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1003: 1002: 1000: 999: 993: 987: 985: 981: 980: 978: 977: 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 941: 938:PathĂ© Actuelle 935: 929: 923: 916: 914: 910: 909: 907: 906: 900: 894: 891:Amberol record 888: 882: 876: 870: 864: 861:Salon cylinder 858: 848: 838: 831: 829: 822: 821: 819: 818: 811: 809: 802: 796: 795: 793: 792: 786: 780: 774: 767: 765: 759: 758: 752: 750: 749: 742: 735: 727: 721: 720: 714: 708: 701: 700:External links 698: 697: 696: 690: 684: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 661: 658: 633: 630: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 601:Record changer 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 561: 558: 505: 504: 501: 499: 496: 489: 488: 485: 483: 480: 473: 472: 458: 456: 453: 452:/S-VHS-C-tape 446: 445: 431: 424: 421: 414: 413: 410: 403: 400: 394: 393: 389: 388: 385: 378: 375: 369: 368: 360: 359: 351: 350: 343: 341: 338: 332: 331: 328: 321: 318: 312: 311: 304: 297: 294: 288: 287: 283: 282: 279: 272: 269: 263: 262: 258: 257: 254: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 227: 224: 218: 217: 209: 208: 201: 194: 191: 185: 184: 178: 171: 168: 162: 161: 158: 151: 148: 142: 141: 138: 131: 128: 126:Audio cassette 122: 121: 118: 111: 108: 102: 101: 94: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 67: 64: 58: 57: 54: 47: 44: 38: 37: 34: 31: 28: 21: 18: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1921: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1899:Audio storage 1897: 1896: 1894: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841:Mini-cassette 1839: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802:Takara E-kara 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1648:Sound-on-film 1645: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616:Magnetic tape 1613: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519:Stenorette DL 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1495:Microcassette 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447:Micro pack 35 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369:IBM Magnabelt 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282:Magnetic tape 1279: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1217:Blattnerphone 1215: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1209:magnetic tape 1207: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1007:Sound-on-film 1004: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 986: 982: 975: 972: 969: 968:Highway Hi-Fi 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 917: 915: 911: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 852: 849: 846: 842: 839: 836: 833: 832: 830: 828: 823: 816: 813: 812: 810: 806: 803: 801: 797: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 773:(9th century) 772: 769: 768: 766: 764: 760: 756: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 728: 725: 718: 715: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 699: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 678: 674: 669: 666: 662: 659: 655: 651: 650: 641: 636: 635: 631: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 571:Audio storage 569: 567: 564: 563: 559: 557: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 522: 519: 518: 513: 512:Todd Rundgren 502: 500: 497: 494: 491: 490: 486: 484: 481: 478: 475: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 457: 454: 451: 448: 447: 444: 440: 436: 432: 429: 425: 422: 419: 416: 415: 411: 408: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 391: 390: 386: 383: 374: 370: 366: 362: 361: 357: 353: 352: 348: 344: 337: 333: 329: 326: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 309: 305: 302: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 285: 284: 280: 277: 268: 264: 260: 259: 255: 252: 243: 239: 235: 232: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 215: 211: 210: 206: 202: 199: 190: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 159: 156: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 83: 82:45 rpm record 80: 79: 75: 72: 68: 65: 63: 62:78 rpm record 60: 59: 55: 52: 48: 45: 43: 40: 39: 35: 32: 29: 26: 25: 19: 17: 1780:(late 1970s) 1679:Optical disc 1543:Picocassette 1539:(late 1980s) 1333:Saba Sabafon 1104:RCA MI-12877 1098:RCA MI-12875 984:Grooved tape 950:SoundScriber 946:(late 1940s) 932:Diamond disc 913:Grooved disc 815:Phonautogram 783:Punched card 692: 689:Louis Barfe. 686: 680: 653: 646: 606:Record press 566:Audio format 551: 523: 515: 508: 503:105 minutes 487:120 minutes 420:/S-VHS-tape 189:Compact disc 181: 166:Reel-to-Reel 15: 1590:PCM adaptor 1578:X80/ProDigi 1572:Soundstream 1459:Cantata 700 1429:Grundig En3 1223:Magnetophon 1110:Peirce 265B 974:Bandai 8ban 841:Graphophone 554:album cover 531:The Beatles 345:Hybrid: A " 1893:Categories 1796:Yaboom Box 1784:MP3 player 1778:Sound chip 1596:DA-88/DTRS 1411:Stereo-Pak 1309:Stenorette 1189:Synchrofax 1039:Fantasound 1033:Photophone 926:PathĂ© disc 789:Music roll 763:Mechanical 632:References 586:Hard drive 517:Initiation 20:Comparison 1877:VinylDisc 1723:DVD-Audio 1618:cartridge 1435:Sabamobil 1399:3M Scotch 1357:Fidelipac 1284:cartridge 1265:3/4" tape 1235:1/2" tape 1229:1/4" tape 1073:cartridge 1069:Magnetic 1027:Movietone 1021:Tri-Ergon 1015:Phonofilm 996:Dictabelt 962:Long play 956:Audograph 753:Physical 106:LP record 1859:CD Video 1790:HitClips 1747:BD-Audio 1741:DualDisc 1729:DataPlay 1699:MiniDisc 1477:PlayTape 1291:Optaphon 855:Ediphone 827:cylinder 825:Grooved 576:CardTalk 560:See also 535:Hey Jude 498:Digital 482:Digital 402:Digital 377:Digital 347:Red Book 340:Digital 320:Digital 296:Digital 271:Digital 246:Digital 242:MiniDisc 226:Digital 193:Digital 1847:U-matic 1820:MicroSD 1607:Digital 1531:Elcaset 1441:8-track 1271:3" tape 1259:2" tape 1253:1" tape 875:(1890s) 869:(1890s) 863:(1890s) 667:, 1987. 455:Analog 423:Analog 398:Blu-ray 170:Analog 150:Analog 146:8-Track 130:Analog 110:Analog 86:Analog 66:Analog 46:Analog 27:Format 1879:(2007) 1873:(2001) 1867:(1991) 1861:(1987) 1855:(1986) 1849:(1971) 1843:(1967) 1834:Hybrid 1822:(2007) 1816:(2004) 1810:(2002) 1804:(2001) 1798:(1999) 1792:(2000) 1786:(1996) 1761:(2014) 1759:MQA-CD 1755:(2013) 1749:(2008) 1743:(2004) 1737:(2004) 1731:(2002) 1725:(2000) 1719:(1999) 1713:(1995) 1707:(1993) 1701:(1992) 1695:(1989) 1689:(1982) 1670:(1993) 1664:(1990) 1658:(1986) 1639:(1992) 1633:(1992) 1627:(1987) 1598:(1993) 1592:(1982) 1586:(1982) 1580:(1980) 1574:(1976) 1551:(1988) 1545:(1985) 1533:(1976) 1527:(1972) 1521:(1972) 1515:(1971) 1509:(1971) 1503:(1969) 1497:(1969) 1491:(1968) 1485:(1967) 1479:(1966) 1473:(1965) 1467:(1965) 1461:(1965) 1455:(1965) 1449:(1964) 1443:(1964) 1437:(1964) 1431:(1964) 1425:(1963) 1419:(1963) 1413:(1962) 1407:(1962) 1401:(1962) 1395:(1962) 1389:(1962) 1383:(1961) 1377:(1961) 1371:(1961) 1365:(1960) 1359:(1959) 1353:(1959) 1347:(1958) 1341:(1958) 1335:(1958) 1329:(1957) 1323:(1957) 1317:(1955) 1311:(1954) 1305:(1953) 1299:(1952) 1293:(1951) 1273:(1978) 1267:(1969) 1261:(1967) 1255:(1957) 1249:(1953) 1243:(1953) 1237:(1953) 1231:(1949) 1225:(1935) 1219:(1928) 1197:(1978) 1191:(1959) 1185:(1953) 1179:(1948) 1173:(1945) 1159:(1900) 1142:(1962) 1136:(1961) 1130:(1955) 1124:(1951) 1118:(1951) 1112:(1951) 1106:(1947) 1100:(1947) 1094:(1944) 1088:(1944) 1082:(1942) 1061:(1898) 1041:(1940) 1035:(1929) 1029:(1926) 1023:(1922) 1017:(1919) 998:(1947) 976:(2004) 970:(1956) 964:(1948) 958:(1945) 952:(1945) 940:(1920) 934:(1912) 928:(1905) 922:(1889) 905:(1913) 899:(1912) 893:(1908) 887:(1907) 881:(1902) 857:(1888) 847:(1887) 837:(1877) 817:(1857) 800:Analog 791:(1883) 785:(1881) 495:-tape 479:-tape 373:HD DVD 33:Image 1735:Hi-MD 1507:HiPac 643:(PDF) 539:Queen 537:" or 466:SECAM 450:VHS-C 439:SECAM 267:Hi-MD 30:Type 1865:ADAT 1753:HFPA 1711:HDCD 1668:SDDS 1584:DASH 1071:wire 1051:wire 541:'s " 514:'s 470:NTSC 443:NTSC 336:SACD 1705:DTS 1662:CDS 596:RCA 533:' " 493:DCC 477:DAT 462:PAL 435:PAL 418:VHS 365:DVD 356:DVD 316:DVD 308:GiB 1895:: 1656:DD 1631:NT 654:51 652:. 645:. 581:DJ 526:EP 214:MB 205:MB 98:EP 853:/ 843:/ 746:e 739:t 732:v 464:/ 437:/

Index

Phonograph cylinders

78 rpm record

45 rpm record

EP
LP record

Audio cassette

8-Track

Reel-to-Reel

Compact disc

MB
MB
Recordable discs

MiniDisc

Hi-MD

Digital audio player

GiB
DVD

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