211:
FSH) from the pituitary gland. Suppression of gonadotropins in patients with anorexia nervosa has been frequently documented. In some cases, especially where onset is pre-pubertal, physical consequences such as stunted growth and pubertal delay are usually fully reversible. Height potential is normally preserved if the duration and severity of anorexia nervosa are not significant and/or if the illness is accompanied with delayed bone age (especially prior to a bone age of approximately 15 years), as hypogonadism may negate the deleterious effects of undernutrition on stature by allowing for a longer duration of growth compared to controls. In such cases, appropriate early treatment can preserve height potential and may even help to increase it in some post-anorexic subjects due to the aforementioned reasons in addition to factors such as long-term reduced estrogen-producing
191:
intake, body composition (increased fat and lessened muscle), metabolism, and the endocrine system. Animals undergoing compensatory growth have been seen to have impaired muscle development after regrowth, which leads to impairments in locomotion and escape movements. Behavioral impacts such as increased risk-taking and aggression have also been seen, both during and after regrowth. Animals often have impaired movement due to lessened muscle development, yet they have been observed taking time during feeding, despite the risks of extended time spent eating. Brown trout (
27:
210:
can have serious implications if its duration and severity are significant and if onset occurs before the completion of growth, pubertal maturation or prior to attaining peak bone mass. Both height gain and pubertal development are dependent on the release of growth hormone and gonadotrophins (LH and
161:
takes place. The gut tissues are the first tissues to be reduced in weight and activity. Then, during the realimentation (re-feeding) phase, an increase in feeding enables more dietary protein and energy to be contributed for tissue growth instead of basal metabolism. The gut tissues are the first to
247:
Animal factors that can affect compensatory growth may include the maturity level and fat proportion of the animal at the time of nutrient deprivation, the genotype, the gender, and the metabolic changes. The stage of development of the animal when the nutrient restriction occurs greatly affects its
190:
Compensatory growth in an organism can have impacts on the organism's behavior and muscle development. These changes can occur during or after the period of compensation, and can lead to changes in behavior, movement, and body composition. During compensation, animals may experience changes in food
181:
processes. Then, when compensation begins, the GH levels continue to remain high while insulin levels spike, allowing the GH to be used for growth processes. At first, lean muscle is built, but after a few weeks of refeeding, fat begins to accumulate on the organism. IGF-1 and thyroid hormones, on
198:
who have been treated with growth hormone after a period of deprivation have been observed to increase their growth rate but decrease their anti-predator responses, such as swimming in waters more accessible by predators. Increased aggression and decreased sexual displays have also been seen in
49:
deprivation. The growth may be with respect to weight or length (or height in humans). For example, the body weights of animals who experience nutritional restriction will often over time become similar to those of animals who did not experience such stress. It is possible for high compensatory
129:
In 1911, Hans Aron performed the earliest study of growth after periods of undernourishment. He underfed a dog and found that it still had the capacity to rapidly gain weight, though it did not reach the final weight of a dog that was fed normally. In 1915, Osborne and Mendel were the first to
53:
An organism can recover to normal weight without additional time. Sometimes when the nutrient restriction is severe, the growth period is extended to reach the normal weight. If the nutrient restriction is severe enough, the organism may have permanent
223:
In 1960, Wilson and
Osborne outlined six factors that could affect compensatory growth in a review article. The importance of each, some, or all of these factors is not well understood. These factors are as follows:
154:
processes are involved in the abnormally high growth rates. Homeostatic processes usually affect compensatory growth in the short term, whereas homeorhetic processes usually have a long-term effect.
411:
Prabhakaran, R.; Misra, M.; Miller, K. K.; Kruczek, K.; Sundaralingam, S.; Herzog, D. B.; Katzman, D. K.; Klibanski, A. (2008). "Determinants of Height in
Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa".
130:
demonstrate that rats fed after growth restriction had an accelerated growth rate. In 1945, Brody developed the idea of "homoestasis of growth" in the book
739:
Turkmen, Serhat (2012). "Compensatory growth response of
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) under cycled starvation and restricted feeding rate".
670:
Radder, R. S.; Warner, D. A.; Shine, R. (2007). "Compensating for a bad start: Catch-up growth in juvenile lizards (Amphibolurus muricatus, agamidae)".
165:
The exact biological mechanisms for compensatory growth remain poorly understood. However, it is known that during the restriction period, levels of
173:, while the number of GH receptors decrease. There is a decrease in insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) as well. When this restriction is severe,
182:
the other hand, approach normal levels much sooner. This may be why animals often have increased fat deposition after a period of refeeding.
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794:
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357:
316:
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1162:. Physiology of Suboptimal Growth: Review Papers Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Animal Production.
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growth rates to result in overcompensation, where the organism exceeds normal weight and often has excessive fat deposition.
1245:
Nicholls, Dasha; Stanhope, Richard (2000). "Medical complications of anorexia nervosa in children and young adolescents".
386:"Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders"
262:
158:
20:
30:
Representation of compensatory growth, although the compensating organism may often outgrow the normal organism.
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Mikola J. & H. Setala (1998), "No evidence of tropic cascades in an experimental microbial-based food web",
45:, is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development, particularly as a result of
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Dmitriew, C.; Rowe, L. (2004). "Resource limitation, predation risk and compensatory growth in a damselfly".
1018:
Long-term consequences of early environment: growth, development, and the lifespan developmental perspective
525:
782:
851:"Compensatory growth of Phanerochaete velutina mycelial systems grazed by Folsomia candida (Collembola)"
134:. In 1955, Verle Bohman was the first to use the term "compensatory growth" in an article pertaining to
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1283:
990:
907:
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Wilson, P.; Osbourn, D. (1960). "Compensatory growth after undernutrition in mammals and birds".
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Pfeiffer, RJ; Lucas, AR; Ilstrup, DM (1986). "Effect of anorexia nervosa on linear growth".
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118:
783:"BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Effects of Compensatory Growth on Fish Behavior"
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492:
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170:
1116:
Bohman, V. R. (1955). "Compensatory Growth of Beef Cattle: The Effect of Hay
Maturity".
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where it does not ever reach normal weight. Usually in animals, complete recovery from
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Hornick, J. L; Van
Eenaeme, C; Gérard, O; Dufrasne, I; Istasse, L (2000-08-01).
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are released from muscle cells and catabolic hormones circulate to initiate
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711:. Biological Sciences Press, a Division of Cooper Pub. Group. p. 66.
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Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology
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increase in weight, followed by muscle tissue and finally adipose tissue.
16:
Accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(200003)8:2<170::AID-ERV338>3.0.CO;2-Y
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Compensatory growth has been observed in a number of organisms including
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Bretherton, S.; Tordoff, G. M.; Jones, T. H.; Boddy, L. (2006).
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78:
1070:"The resumption of growth after long continued failure to grow"
818:
The
Physiology of Plants Under Stress: Soil and biotic factors
459:
Nelson LR, Bulun SE (2001). "Estrogen production and action".
237:
The stage of development at the commencement of undernutrition
114:
502:
The genetic basis of human height : the role of estrogen
1051:
Philippine
Journal of Sciences, Section B (Medical Science)
603:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 279–280. GGKEY:BP74C846RC5
346:
Tony
Leonard John Lawrence; V. R. Fowler (November 2002).
637:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1203:"Physiological aspects of compensatory growth in pigs"
926:"Physiological aspects of compensatory growth in pigs"
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339:
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526:"Anorexia nervosa may not stunt growth, short term"
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305:David E. Gerrard; Alan L. Grant (September 2002).
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298:
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157:First, during nutrient starvation, a reduction of
1021:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–138.
1156:"Mechanisms of reduced and compensatory growth"
789:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 752–757,
393:National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health
199:animals undergoing compensatory growth.
1015:C. J. K. Henry; Stanley J. Ulijaszek (1996).
8:
406:
404:
402:
240:The relative rate of maturity of the species
234:The duration of the period of undernutrition
203:Studies of growth in anorexic human patients
308:Principles of Animal Growth and Development
19:For the compensatory growth of organs, see
1240:
1238:
1218:
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1049:Aron, H. (1911). "Nutrition and growth".
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821:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 277–278.
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815:David M. Orcutt; Erik T. Nilsen (2000).
231:The degree of severity of undernutrition
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1068:Osborne, T.B.; Mendel, L. B. (1915).
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219:Factors affecting compensatory growth
215:levels compared to premorbid levels.
7:
1207:Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences
1074:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
930:Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences
649:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1960.tb01466.x
600:fundamentals of modern agriculture
311:. Kendall Hunt. pp. 204–208.
14:
228:The nature of the restricted diet
1247:European Eating Disorders Review
868:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00149.x
785:, in Farrell, Anthony P. (ed.),
753:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02970.x
787:Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology
186:Effects of compensatory growth
1:
1172:10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00072-2
1160:Domestic Animal Endocrinology
1087:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)87585-8
708:Biology and ecology of fishes
243:The pattern of re-alimenation
263:Compensatory growth (organ)
21:Compensatory growth (organ)
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781:Álvarez, D. (2011-01-01),
562:10.1177/000992288602500101
352:. CABI. pp. 229–254.
169:(GH) are increased by the
18:
1118:Journal of Animal Science
979:10.1007/s00442-004-1712-2
855:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1220:10.22358/jafs/70362/2005
1201:Skiba, G. (2005-06-21).
1103:Bioenergetics and Growth
943:10.22358/jafs/70362/2005
924:Skiba, G. (2005-06-21).
499:Carter, Shea L. (2008).
132:Bioenergetics and Growth
1130:10.2527/jas1955.141249x
705:James S. Diana (2004).
473:10.1067/mjd.2001.117432
425:10.1542/peds.2007-2820
349:Growth of farm animals
31:
1279:Developmental biology
1213:(Suppl. 1): 191–203.
936:(Suppl. 1): 191–203.
461:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
29:
741:Aquaculture Research
550:Clin Pediatr (Phila)
467:(3 Suppl): S116–24.
66:restriction occurs.
73:, other species of
35:Compensatory growth
419:(6): e1517–e1523.
248:body composition.
32:
1101:S. Brody (1945).
1028:978-0-521-47108-4
828:978-0-471-17008-2
796:978-0-08-092323-9
747:(11): 1643–1650.
718:978-1-884125-98-0
359:978-0-85199-484-0
318:978-0-7872-9147-1
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273:Malnutrition
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146:In animals,
145:
131:
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93:(especially
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60:carbohydrate
52:
42:
38:
34:
33:
1105:. Reinhold.
898:: 153–164,
556:(1): 7–12.
175:amino acids
152:homeorhetic
148:homeostatic
136:beef cattle
119:damselflies
37:, known as
1273:Categories
802:2022-12-07
413:Pediatrics
279:References
258:Starvation
1284:Nutrition
1229:1230-1388
1180:0739-7240
967:Oecologia
952:1230-1388
142:Mechanism
99:seedlings
1188:11025191
995:30377416
987:15372227
877:16958906
692:17620280
657:13785698
481:11511861
433:18519455
252:See also
111:microbes
103:saplings
83:reptiles
47:nutrient
1057:: 1–52.
892:Ecology
578:6647609
570:3943254
530:Reuters
441:9306846
395:. 2004.
125:History
95:grasses
75:mammals
64:protein
1227:
1186:
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1034:6 June
1025:
993:
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950:
912:176871
910:
875:
834:6 June
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724:6 June
715:
690:
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607:6 June
576:
568:
509:(phd).
479:
439:
431:
365:6 June
356:
324:5 June
315:
117:, and
91:plants
71:humans
991:S2CID
908:JSTOR
574:S2CID
437:S2CID
389:(PDF)
107:fungi
79:birds
1225:ISSN
1184:PMID
1176:ISSN
1036:2011
1023:ISBN
983:PMID
948:ISSN
873:PMID
836:2011
823:ISBN
791:ISBN
726:2011
713:ISBN
688:PMID
676:307A
653:PMID
609:2011
566:PMID
477:PMID
429:PMID
367:2011
354:ISBN
326:2011
313:ISBN
150:and
115:pigs
101:and
87:fish
62:and
41:and
1255:doi
1215:doi
1168:doi
1126:doi
1082:doi
975:doi
971:142
938:doi
900:doi
863:doi
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