983:
837:
825:
25:
813:
388:
2240:, for example, are indicated by raised eyebrows. A manual complementizer, if used, is also accompanied by a facial expression. The non-manual marking of complementizers is a common phenomenon found in many sign languages, and it has even been suggested by Fabian Bross that C-categories are universally marked with the face in sign languages.
530:. That is considered to be present if there is no word even though the rules of grammar expect one. The complementizer (for example, "that") is usually said to be understood. An English-speaker knows that it is there and so it does not need to be said. Its existence in English has been proposed based on the following type of alternation:
1820:
1173:"If" signals that the associated tense phrase must carry the epistemic meaning of uncertainty. In contrast, "that" is epistemically neutral. The contrast is not uncommon cross-linguistically. In languages with only two complementizers, one is frequently neutral, and the other carries the meaning of uncertainty. One such language is
1960:
1951:
In (1a,b) and (2a), each complementizer can be licensed once within the clause, but in (2b), the significant difference of Itzaj Maya from
English is observed. English can license multiple C as long as the clause is completed with the embedded V or D. For example, I saw that fox that ran towards the
858:
for a complement tense phrase (TP) whose syntax and semantics are dictated by the choice of C. The choice of C can determine whether the associated TP is finite or non-finite, whether it carries the semantic meaning of certainty or uncertainty, whether it expresses a question or an assertion, etc.
803:
The ambiguity here arises because the sentence in which the second complementizer is empty may also be interpreted as simply having no second complementizer. In the former case, the sentence involves co-ordination of CPs, which lends itself more easily to a non-causal interpretation, but the latter
1967:
In
Scandinavian languages, however, the phenomenon of complementizer stacking occurs. For example, researchers observed the two basic types of CP-recursion that occur independently in Danish: a CP with V2 (i.e. a CP headed by a lexical predicate in its head position) will be referred as CP ("big
793:
Listeners can infer a causal relationship between the two events reported by the newspaper. A new mayor was elected, and as a result, there was a riot. Alternatively, the events may be interpreted as independent of each other. The non-causal interpretation is more likely when the second
2138:
Complementizers are indeed stacked together in the beginning of the clause and act as a complement of DP. CP-recusion structure on the right is applied for each of the clause, which points to evidence of complementizer stacking in Danish. In addition, the combination of
1952:
garden that Tommy took care of. In such cases, C can appear as the complement of V or D many times. However, CP-recursion in two tiers or CP appearing as an immediate complement of maximal projection CP cannot be allowed in
English. That action of
1149:
meaning about the speaker's degree of certainty, such as whether they are doubtful, or the speaker's source of information, such as whether they are making an inference or have direct evidence. Contrast the meaning of "if" and "that" in
English:
212:
The trees below illustrate the phrase "Taro said that he married Hanako" in
Japanese and English; syntactic heads are marked in red and demonstrate that C falls in head-final position in Japanese, and in head-initial position in English.
959:
Tense phrases in
English can be divided into finite (tensed) clauses or non-finite (tenseless) clauses. The former includes an indication of the relative time when its content occurs; the latter has no overt indication of time. Compare
669:
can be omitted. In addition, if a complementizer expresses a semantic meaning that is also expressed by another marker in the phrase, the complementizer that carries the redundant meaning may be omitted. Consider the complementizer
751:
Complementizers are present in a wide range of environments. In some, C is obligatorily overt and cannot be replaced by the empty complementizer. For example, in
English, CPs selected for by manner-of-speaking verbs
1617:
More generally, complementizers have been found to express the following values cross-linguistically: certainty, (general) uncertainty, probability, negative probability/falsehood, apprehension, and reportativity.
975:
3636:
3048:
COMP:complementizer A:set A person marker ITS:incompletive transitive status CTS:completive transitive status COMPL:completive aspect ABST:abstract ABIL:abilitive INDIR:indirect (object)
779:
In other environments, the complementizer can be omitted without loss of grammaticality but may result in semantic ambiguity. For example, consider the
English sentence
1990:
In the examples, Danish also allows complementizer stacking in constructions involving subject extraction from complement and relative clauses in colloquial speech:
804:
case involves co-ordination of TPs, which is the necessary structure for a causal interpretation. Partial syntax trees for the possible structures are given below.
553:
can be inserted between the verb and the embedded clause without changing the meaning, the original sentence without a visible complementizer would be reanalyzed as
1780:
and includes meanings glossed as certainty, probability, epistemic possibility, doubt. Thus, epistemic meaning as a whole can be defined in terms of the notion of
3073:
451:
to be borrowed as a complementizer, but other interrogative words are often used as well, as in the following colloquial
English example in which unstressed
986:
Syntax trees illustrating that
English complementizers "that" and "for" select for particular finite/non-finite tense. C marked in red, T marked in blue.
2220:('this'); and ŚÖŽÖŒŚ , which is also used as a conjunction meaning 'because, when'. In modern usage, the latter is reserved for more formal writing.
3026:
145:. The concept of complementizers is specific to certain modern grammatical theories. In traditional grammar, such words are normally considered
2760:
651:
can substitute for a phonologically overt complementizer. One explanation is that complementizers are eligible for omission when they are
593:
where "how" serves as a specifier to the empty complementizer, which allows for a consistent analysis of another troublesome alternation:
46:
185:). Evidence of the complementizer functioning as the head of its clause includes that it is commonly the last element in a clause in
2956:
2837:
2799:
2739:
2712:
68:
3944:
3066:
400:
It is common for the complementizers of a language to develop historically from other syntactic categories, a process known as
3908:
971:
Certain complementizers strictly select for finite clauses (denoted ) while others select for non-finite clauses (denoted ).
100:
3934:
3726:
202:
3718:
982:
3418:
3237:
3134:
3059:
2921:
1819:
1764:(1a) introduces a subordinate clause and (1b) introduces a conditional clause, similar to English. The former subtype
577:
represents the empty (or "null") complementizer, that suggests another interpretation of the earlier "how" sentence:
39:
33:
2625:
Nyvad, Anne Mette; Christensen, Ken RamshĂžj; Vikner, Sten (2017-01-01). "CP-recursion in Danish: A cP/CP-analysis".
3104:
1299:
Additional languages with the neutrality/uncertainty complementizer contrast include several European languages:
50:
3939:
3828:
3328:
1959:
974:
639:
417:
198:
1772:
and includes meanings glossed as direct evidence, indirect evidence, hearsay, inferential. The latter subtype
1968:
CP"), and a CP without V2 (i.e. CP headed by a non-lexical element) will be referred to as cP ("little cP").
830:
CP co-ordination is necessary for a non-causal interpretation and so an empty complementizer must be present.
3640:
3149:
2855:
1174:
855:
836:
824:
818:
Overt C necessarily leads to co-ordination of CPs, which lends itself easily to a non-causal interpretation.
638:
In a more general sense, the proposed empty complementizer parallels the suggestion of near-universal empty
391:
Syntax tree for Japanese vs. English phrase; syntactic heads marked in red. Note position of complementizer.
1979:
The case of little/big CPs are comparable to the "VP shell" structure in English, which introduces a small
812:
3949:
3774:
3601:
3510:
2229:
632:
126:
3845:
3736:
3731:
3708:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3470:
3263:
3099:
2078:
We know the linguists {} {} {} {} that.REL {} {} that.COMP {} {} that.REL {} {} will read this here book
146:
3035:
2847:
748:
can be replaced by the phonologically null complementizer without affecting meaning or grammaticality.
2663:
3850:
3784:
3616:
3573:
3475:
3338:
3298:
2161:
1358:
919:
842:
TP co-ordination is necessary for a causal interpretation and so no second complementizer is present.
491:
3631:
2695:
Nordström, Jackie; Boye, Kasper (2016-07-11). "Complementizer semantics in the Germanic languages".
1810:
occurs alone and (2b) in which it is optionally inserted in front of the uncertainty complementizer
387:
3611:
3258:
110:
2791:
800:
is present, but the causal interpretation is more likely when an empty complementizer is present.
3797:
3764:
3690:
3675:
3660:
3650:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3343:
3273:
3268:
2996:
2650:
2237:
2233:
1397:
1146:
444:
401:
171:
88:
2810:
2778:
Bjorkman, Bronwyn M. (2013). "A syntactic answer to a pragmatic puzzle: The case of asymmetric
1583:(="I know that this is something which has happened, and I think that you know about it too.")
3754:
3680:
3655:
3578:
3443:
3388:
3358:
3318:
2988:
2943:
2908:
2890:
2833:
2795:
2766:
2756:
2735:
2708:
2683:
2642:
2210:
888:
194:
118:
1515:, an Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea, the following complementizers are available:
3792:
3685:
3665:
3515:
3480:
3398:
3193:
3013:
2933:
2898:
2880:
2816:
2787:
2727:
2700:
2675:
2634:
2254:
1319:
206:
134:
122:
2143:
in (3a) is possible in only one specific order, which led the researchers to believe that s
3700:
3621:
3583:
3568:
3448:
3438:
3353:
3348:
3288:
3154:
3124:
190:
3051:
1621:
Complementizers in Itzaj Maya also demonstrate epistemic meaning. For instance, English
3882:
3802:
3704:
3433:
3423:
3413:
3308:
3303:
3283:
3278:
3207:
3082:
2903:
2868:
2851:
2165:
1512:
679:
527:
3928:
3807:
3759:
3626:
3606:
3485:
3403:
3383:
3333:
3313:
3293:
2654:
1511:
In other languages, complementizers are richer in epistemic meaning. For example, in
486:
shows a preposition that has arguably developed into a complementizer. (The sequence
3896:
3870:
3860:
3833:
3695:
3428:
3393:
3368:
3323:
3144:
2249:
2979:
Sells, Peter (1995). "Korean and Japanese Morphology from a Lexical Perspective".
2679:
1631:
are used not only to identify complements but also to introduce relative clauses:
1597:(="I know that this is something which has happened and that you know about it.")
1197:
655:
or redundant. For example, in many environments, English's epistemically neutral
3553:
3363:
3242:
3203:
3168:
3159:
2264:
2203:
2181:
1665:
503:
84:
2398:
2396:
2394:
3913:
3812:
3769:
3746:
3670:
3505:
3408:
3378:
3373:
3227:
3222:
3129:
3119:
3109:
2704:
2180:, depending on the dialect) is used as a complementizer and is related to the
1748:
1687:
507:
186:
2992:
2947:
2894:
2770:
2687:
2646:
645:
Various analyses have been proposed to explain when the empty complementizer
3903:
3865:
3645:
3462:
3217:
3163:
3139:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2503:
2501:
2938:
2912:
2820:
174:
of a full clause, which is therefore often represented by the abbreviation
3017:
2750:
2731:
2638:
3892:
3887:
2259:
2184:. It is less common in casual speech but more so in formal conversation.
1804:, as is illustrated in examples (2a) in which the neutral complementizer
1935:
1887:
1721:
1653:
1256:
1219:
1193:
715:
704:
694:
3877:
3593:
3198:
3114:
3000:
2828:
Sportiche, Dominique; Koopman, Hilda Judith; Stabler, Edward P (2014).
2812:
A grammar of Mangap-Mbula: an Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea
413:
2869:"Form and function: Optional complementizers reduce causal inferences"
113:(part of speech) that includes those words that can be used to turn a
3855:
3540:
3232:
3212:
2885:
2782:". In Folli, Raffaella; Sevdali, Christina; Truswell, Robert (eds.).
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2193:
1744:
1725:
1683:
1657:
181:
114:
2922:"Manner-of-speaking that-complements as close apposition structures"
3028:
The clausal syntax of German Sign Language: A cartographic approach
2437:
2435:
1944:
when COMPL-1SG-say-TR 3.INDIR.OBJ COMP COMP ABIL-3-help-TR-INCH-1SG
1931:
1905:
1883:
1736:
1711:
1675:
1642:
1223:
1201:
2175:
2169:
2061:
2041:
1958:
1818:
1379:
1363:
386:
2662:
Boye, Kasper; van Lier, Eva; Theilgaard Brink, Eva (2015-09-01).
1260:
690:
3178:
3091:
2051:
1569:(="I say this is something that has happened or is happening.")
291:
3055:
420:
are especially commonly used as complementizers (e.g., English
1923:
1901:
1847:
1835:
1740:
1679:
18:
1909:
631:
where "OP" represents an invisible interrogative known as an
2536:
2507:
2480:
2464:
2462:
2402:
2318:
1927:
1891:
1661:
1303:
Neutral vs. uncertain complementizers in various languages
514:. In those languages, the complementizer is also called the
510:, the form of the complementizer can be related to the verb
317:
287:
2147:
may not require an empty operator in its Spec-CP position.
1919:
443:
Another frequent source of complementizers is the class of
2726:. Mouton Grammar Library. Vol. 7. Walter de Gruyter.
1851:
682:, which expresses uncertainty, in the following example:
447:. It is especially common for a form that otherwise means
2749:
Hofling, Charles Andrew; TesucĂșn, FĂ©lix Fernando (2000).
2196:(both Modern and Ancient), two complementizers co-exist:
1611:(="This is the kind of thing that is always happening.")
1792:
Itzaj Maya can even combine the neutral complementizer,
1271:
867:
The following complementizers are available in English:
781:"The newspaper reported that a new mayor was elected and
526:
Some analyses allow for the possibility of invisible or
2385:
2373:
1418:
1402:
1295:'The woman doubts whether the girl ground the millet.'
237:
2664:"Epistemic complementizers: a cross-linguistic survey"
2577:
2565:
2548:
2134:
Peter claimed that this here could he do much better
1519:
Epistemic meaning of complementizers in Mangap-Mbula
170:
The complementizer is often held to be the syntactic
2867:
Rohde, Hannah; Tyler, Joseph; Carlson, Katy (2017).
964:(John's leaving will take place in the future) with
484:
I would prefer for there to be a table in the corner
3821:
3783:
3745:
3717:
3592:
3539:
3461:
3251:
3186:
3177:
3090:
1074:Closed-class functional categories: Complementizer
209:in which heads normally precede their complements.
1696:NEG ?-1SG.A-know-TR-ITS COMP COMPL-3.A-do-CTS
912:as well as the phonologically null complementizer
2850:(2006). "Complement Clause Types in Israeli". In
2342:
2232:, but they are usually expressed non-manually by
3034:. Berlin: Language Science Press. Archived from
2926:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America
2830:An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory
2216:'place') and/or to the pronominal Proto-Semitic
1239:'The girl told the woman that the goat ate it.'
2697:Complementizer Semantics in European Languages
2519:
2492:
1455:
1439:
3067:
2453:
2441:
1340:
1324:
201:, but it appears at the start of a clause in
8:
2860:Complementation: A Cross-Linguistic Typology
2755:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
2197:
663:
1983:in the higher position in the tree and big
1602:
1588:
1574:
1560:
1546:
1532:
1492:
1476:
742:
734:
672:
3183:
3074:
3060:
3052:
2589:
2537:Boye, van Lier & Theilgaard Brink 2015
2508:Boye, van Lier & Theilgaard Brink 2015
2481:Boye, van Lier & Theilgaard Brink 2015
2468:
2403:Boye, van Lier & Theilgaard Brink 2015
2319:Boye, van Lier & Theilgaard Brink 2015
2306:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1626:
518:, which performs many extended functions.
380:Taro-TOP Hanako-and marry-PST-COMP say-PST
2937:
2902:
2884:
2792:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683239.003.0019
2131:Peter pÄstod han gÞre __1 meget bedre]]
740:also expresses epistemic uncertainty, so
362:
349:
336:
323:
298:
268:
245:
218:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2354:
2294:
1947:âAnd I asked her if she could help me.â
1860:3-know COMP 3.PRO 3-crime to-3-true-ABST
1517:
1301:
1072:
981:
973:
652:
439:C can develop from an interrogative word
32:This article includes a list of general
2601:
2330:
2275:
1863:âHe knows that it is his crime truly.â
1177:(a Nilotic language spoken in Uganda):
377:Taro-wa Hanako-to kekkonsi-ta-to it-ta.
2832:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2426:
2414:
968:(we are unsure when John is leaving).
2613:
2386:Sportiche, Koopman & Stabler 2014
2374:Sportiche, Koopman & Stabler 2014
2282:
2228:Some manual complementizers exist in
1015:she wins the game, she can date John.
850:Selectional restrictions imposed by C
535:He hopes you go ahead with the speech
7:
2690:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2578:Nyvad, Christensen & Vikner 2017
2566:Nyvad, Christensen & Vikner 2017
2549:Nyvad, Christensen & Vikner 2017
1956:is realised as ungrammatical.
1757:NEG 1SG.A-know COMP COMPL-3.A-do-CTS
1288:woman 3SG.consider.HAB consider.GER
383:'Taro said that he married Hanako.'
2198:
1987:in the lower position in the tree.
978:Adapted from Sportiche et al., 2014
863:Propositions vs. indirect questions
2862:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
197:in which other heads follow their
133:may be called a complementizer in
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2955:Ishihara, Yuki (September 2021).
2075:Vi kender de lingvister ⊠]]].
1541:(="I don't want this to happen")
1145:Complementizers frequently carry
905:In contrast, the complementizers
478:With non-finite clauses, English
3012:. The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton.
1699:âI didnât know that he did it.â
835:
823:
811:
582:I read in the paper <how>
474:C can develop from a preposition
149:. The standard abbreviation for
23:
2343:Rohde, Tyler & Carlson 2017
1963:Adapted from Nyvad et al., 2017
728:'I think (that) he will come.'
408:C can develop from a determiner
2920:de Cuba, Carlos (2018-03-03).
2809:Bugenhagen, Robert D. (1991).
854:As a syntactic head, C always
1:
3010:American Sign Language Syntax
2680:10.1016/j.langsci.2015.04.001
1760:âI donât know if he did it.â
1595:'presupposed non-factuality'
2250:X-bar theory#Structure of S'
2176:
2170:
1380:
1364:
565:you go ahead with the speech
544:you go ahead with the speech
468:it's going to be cold today.
433:it's going to be cold today.
2968:Japanese/Korean Linguistics
1776:can be defined in terms of
1768:can be defined in terms of
1419:
1403:
1232:girl 3SG.say.BEN.PFV woman
922:or non-interrogative" CPs.
312:
282:
259:
232:
3966:
3909:Syntaxâsemantics interface
3008:Liddell, Scott K. (1980).
2520:Hofling & TesucĂșn 2000
2493:Hofling & TesucĂșn 2000
2202:, which is related to the
1561:
490:in this sentence is not a
2705:10.1515/9783110416619-007
2454:Nordström & Boye 2016
2442:Nordström & Boye 2016
1941:Kaâ t-inw-aâal-aj tiâij .
1581:'presupposed factuality'
1314:Uncertain complementizer
1292:girl 3SG.grind.PFV millet
955:Finite vs. non-finite TPs
870:that, for, if, whether, â
498:C can develop from a verb
455:is roughly equivalent to
3329:Exceptional case-marking
2722:Noonan, Michael (1992).
1823:Adapted from Boye (2015)
1798:, with the non-neutral,
1555:(="I think like this.")
774:) Wilma was dating Fred.
765:) Wilma was dating Fred.
412:Across world languages,
129:. For example, the word
3945:Grammatical marker type
2856:Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
1954:Complementizer Stacking
1915:
1897:
1879:
1871:
1842:
1831:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:Complementizer stacking
1732:
1717:
1707:
1671:
1648:
1638:
1627:
1603:
1589:
1575:
1547:
1533:
1311:Neutral complementizer
1277:
1266:
1252:
1244:
1215:
1207:
1189:
1181:
1067:to win the game or not.
1057:Mary will win the game.
1048:allows either or TP:
743:
735:
711:
700:
686:
673:
528:"empty" complementizers
53:more precise citations.
3135:Initial-stress-derived
3025:Bross, Fabian (2020).
2939:10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4320
2821:10.25911/5d723a51866ce
2230:American Sign Language
2224:American Sign Language
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1964:
1824:
1567:'asserted factuality'
1493:
1477:
1456:
1440:
1341:
1325:
1005:she will win the game.
987:
979:
940:it is raining outside.
931:it is raining outside.
900:it is raining outside.
887:form CPs that express
756:, etc) resist C-drop:
754:whisper, mutter, groan
664:
494:under this analysis.)
392:
297:
267:
243:
217:
3646:Inclusive / Exclusive
3018:10.1515/9783112418260
2957:"Root Complementizer
2784:Syntax and its Limits
2732:10.1515/9783110850512
2639:10.1515/tlr-2017-0008
2627:The Linguistic Review
1962:
1822:
1782:justificatory support
1693:Maâ t-inw-ojel-t-aj .
1036:Kate to win the game.
985:
977:
653:epistemically neutral
598:The man <whom>
522:Empty complementizers
502:In many languages of
390:
101:glossing abbreviation
3935:Syntactic categories
2162:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
2156:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
2151:In various languages
1229:ÉČĂĄkĂŽ ĂĄokobbÉȘÌ dĂĄkĂŽ .
492:prepositional phrase
464:I read in the paper
429:I read in the paper
3526:Relative subsective
3419:Regular / Irregular
3264:Andative / Venitive
3100:Abstract / Concrete
2848:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
2522:, p. 495, 506.
2495:, p. 496, 495.
2429:, p. 220, 227.
2238:Conditional clauses
1778:degree of certainty
1520:
1304:
1141:Epistemic selection
1093:Complementizer (C)
1075:
966:John wants to leave
761:Barney whispered *(
622:The man <OP>
610:The man <OP>
445:interrogative words
111:functional category
3085:and their features
3083:Lexical categories
2981:Linguistic Inquiry
2752:Itzaj Maya grammar
2724:A grammar of Lango
2568:, p. 463-464.
2444:, p. 131â174.
2357:, p. 391â408.
2333:, p. 32â1â13.
2234:facial expressions
1965:
1825:
1770:information source
1527:Epistemic meaning
1518:
1302:
1164:John doesn't know
1155:John doesn't know
1073:
988:
980:
889:indirect questions
791:there was a riot."
482:in sentences like
402:grammaticalization
393:
205:languages such as
89:generative grammar
3922:
3921:
3727:Casally modulated
3632:Formal / Informal
3521:Pure intersective
3471:Anti-intersective
3457:
3456:
3404:Preterite-present
2762:978-1-60781-218-0
2668:Language Sciences
1615:
1614:
1609:'habitual event'
1509:
1508:
1285:dĂĄkĂŽ pĂĄrĂŽ apĂĄrĂą .
1138:
1137:
1085:English examples
949:it to be raining.
732:Here, the marker
570:Where the symbol
79:
78:
71:
3957:
3501:Non-intersective
3184:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3042:
3041:on Nov 25, 2022.
3040:
3033:
3021:
3004:
2975:
2965:
2951:
2941:
2916:
2906:
2888:
2886:10.5334/gjgl.134
2863:
2843:
2824:
2815:(Ph.D. thesis).
2805:
2774:
2745:
2718:
2691:
2658:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2592:, p. 79â81.
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2255:Dependent clause
2201:
2200:
2179:
2173:
2063:
2053:
2043:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1853:
1849:
1837:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1630:
1606:
1592:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1550:
1536:
1521:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1305:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1236:goat 3SG.eat.PFV
1225:
1221:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1126:interrogative C
1076:
1027:requires a TP:
990:Complementizers
839:
827:
815:
746:
738:
725:NOM.1SG 1SG-say
717:
706:
696:
692:
676:
667:
373:
360:
347:
334:
319:
309:
293:
289:
279:
256:
239:
229:
108:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3940:Parts of speech
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3817:
3779:
3741:
3713:
3641:Gender-specific
3588:
3535:
3453:
3339:Germanic strong
3247:
3173:
3086:
3080:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3007:
2978:
2963:
2954:
2919:
2873:Glossa (London)
2866:
2846:
2840:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2777:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2721:
2715:
2694:
2661:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2590:Zuckermann 2006
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2469:Bugenhagen 1991
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:, p. 1â17.
2401:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2307:Bugenhagen 1991
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2246:
2226:
2190:
2158:
2153:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1972:] ("little cP")
1949:
1939:
1913:
1895:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1840:
1829:
1790:
1762:
1752:
1730:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1669:
1649:t-inw-ojel-t-aj
1646:
1636:
1625:and Itzaj Maya
1610:
1596:
1582:
1568:
1554:
1540:
1524:Complementizer
1503:
1500:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1297:
1283:
1275:
1264:
1250:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1205:
1187:
1143:
1131:â
, if, whether}
1042:Complementizer
1021:Complementizer
962:John will leave
957:
865:
852:
847:
846:
845:
844:
843:
840:
832:
831:
828:
820:
819:
816:
794:complementizer
730:
720:
709:
698:
615:
603:
587:
575:
563:
524:
500:
476:
441:
410:
398:
385:
321:
295:
265:
241:
189:languages like
180:complementizer
168:
166:C as head of CP
163:
137:sentences like
104:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3885:
3883:Procedure word
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:Complementizer
3838:
3837:
3836:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:Gender-neutral
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Bound variable
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Ambitransitive
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3022:
3005:
2987:(2): 277â325.
2976:
2952:
2917:
2864:
2852:R. M. W. Dixon
2844:
2838:
2825:
2806:
2800:
2775:
2761:
2746:
2740:
2719:
2713:
2699:. De Gruyter.
2692:
2659:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2580:, p. 453.
2570:
2553:
2551:, p. 451.
2541:
2524:
2512:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2471:, p. 226.
2458:
2446:
2431:
2419:
2417:, p. 220.
2407:
2390:
2378:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2309:, p. 270.
2299:
2287:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2225:
2222:
2189:
2186:
2166:modern Aramaic
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1914:
1896:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1841:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1789:
1786:
1754:Maâ inw-ojel .
1731:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1670:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1507:
1506:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1276:
1265:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1214:
1206:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1168:Mary is there.
1161:
1159:Mary is there.
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1040:
1039:
1019:
1018:
1011:Mary believes
1008:
956:
953:
952:
951:
942:
933:
903:
902:
864:
861:
851:
848:
841:
834:
833:
829:
822:
821:
817:
810:
809:
808:
807:
806:
777:
776:
767:
710:
699:
685:
684:
629:
628:
619:
613:
607:
601:
591:
590:
585:
573:
568:
567:
561:
547:
546:
537:
523:
520:
499:
496:
475:
472:
471:
470:
440:
437:
436:
435:
409:
406:
397:
394:
372:
369:
366:
359:
356:
353:
346:
343:
340:
333:
330:
327:
308:
305:
302:
296:
283:kekkonsi-ta-to
278:
275:
272:
266:
255:
252:
249:
242:
228:
225:
222:
216:
215:
167:
164:
162:
159:
151:complementizer
139:Mary believes
97:complementiser
93:complementizer
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
16:Part of speech
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3962:
3951:
3950:Subordinators
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Interrogative
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Interrogative
3763:
3761:
3760:Demonstrative
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3709:Prepositional
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Strong / Weak
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Interrogative
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Demonstrative
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Prepositional
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Interrogative
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Demonstrative
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Germanic weak
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Frequentative
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Autocausative
3272:
3270:
3269:Anticausative
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Transgressive
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2839:9781118470480
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2801:9780199683239
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2741:9783110129922
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2714:9783110416619
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:, p. 15.
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2388:, p. 96.
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:Bjorkman 2013
2351:
2348:
2345:, p. 53.
2344:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2321:, p. 13.
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:Ishihara 2021
2291:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1917:
1912:
1899:
1894:
1881:
1880:t-inw-aâal-aj
1876:
1873:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1673:
1668:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1534:kokena be / â
1531:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1111:non-finite C
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:Sub-category
1081:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1063:Mary wonders
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:John wonders
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
996:require TP:
995:
994:
984:
976:
972:
969:
967:
963:
954:
950:
948:
945:John prefers
943:
941:
939:
934:
932:
930:
925:
924:
923:
921:
918:, introduce "
917:
916:
911:
909:
901:
899:
896:John wonders
894:
893:
892:
890:
886:
885:
880:
879:
874:
872:
871:
862:
860:
857:
849:
838:
826:
814:
805:
801:
799:
798:
792:
789:
787:
782:
775:
773:
770:Barney said (
768:
766:
764:
759:
758:
757:
755:
749:
747:
745:
739:
737:
729:
726:
723:
719:
713:
708:
702:
697:
688:
683:
681:
677:
675:
668:
666:
661:and Danish's
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:
643:
641:
636:
634:
627:
626:ate my lunch!
625:
620:
618:
617:ate my lunch!
616:
608:
606:
605:ate my lunch!
604:
596:
595:
594:
589:
588:
580:
579:
578:
576:
566:
564:
556:
555:
554:
552:
545:
543:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
469:
467:
462:
461:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
434:
432:
427:
426:
425:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
395:
389:
384:
381:
378:
375:
370:
367:
364:
357:
354:
351:
344:
341:
338:
331:
328:
325:
320:
314:
311:
306:
303:
300:
294:
284:
281:
276:
273:
270:
264:
261:
258:
253:
250:
247:
240:
234:
231:
226:
223:
220:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:
177:
173:
165:
161:Category of C
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:it is raining
142:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3897:Pro-sentence
3871:Onomatopoeia
3861:Interjection
3840:
3834:Measure word
3617:Distributive
3511:Postpositive
3491:Intersective
3444:Unaccusative
3389:Performative
3359:Intransitive
3319:Ditransitive
3145:Noun adjunct
3047:
3036:the original
3027:
3009:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2961:in Japanese"
2958:
2929:
2925:
2876:
2872:
2859:
2829:
2811:
2783:
2779:
2751:
2723:
2696:
2671:
2667:
2630:
2626:
2609:
2602:Liddell 1980
2597:
2585:
2573:
2544:
2539:, p. 9.
2515:
2510:, p. 3.
2488:
2476:
2456:, p. 8.
2449:
2422:
2410:
2381:
2350:
2338:
2331:de Cuba 2018
2326:
2314:
2302:
2297:, p. 1.
2290:
2278:
2227:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2191:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:] ("big CP")
1966:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1918:
1900:
1882:
1874:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1735:
1720:
1710:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1674:
1651:
1641:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1510:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1255:
1247:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1218:
1210:
1192:
1184:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1130:
1115:
1099:
1069:(infinitive)
1064:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1038:(infinitive)
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:Mary wishes
1000:
992:
991:
989:
970:
965:
961:
958:
946:
944:
937:
936:John thinks
935:
928:
927:John thinks
926:
914:
913:
907:
906:
904:
898:whether / if
897:
895:
883:
882:
877:
876:
875:
869:
868:
866:
853:
802:
796:
795:
790:
785:
783:
780:
778:
771:
769:
762:
760:
753:
750:
741:
733:
731:
727:
724:
721:
714:
703:
689:
671:
662:
657:
656:
647:
646:
644:
637:
630:
623:
621:
611:
609:
599:
597:
592:
583:
581:
571:
569:
559:
557:
550:
548:
541:
539:
534:
525:
515:
511:
501:
487:
483:
479:
477:
465:
463:
456:
452:
448:
442:
430:
428:
421:
411:
399:
396:Sources of C
382:
379:
376:
322:
315:
285:
262:
235:
211:
203:head-initial
179:
175:
169:
154:
150:
147:conjunctions
140:
138:
130:
105:
96:
92:
87:(especially
82:
80:
65:
56:
37:
3846:Conjunction
3612:Disjunctive
3549:Conjunctive
3496:Nominalized
3399:Predicative
3243:Verbal noun
3194:Attributive
2427:Noonan 1992
2415:Noonan 1992
2265:That-clause
2204:relativizer
2182:relativizer
1501:if, whether
1464:if, whether
1427:if, whether
1359:Neo-Aramaic
1088:Number (n)
1032:Mary hopes
920:declarative
722:Nio aη-so .
640:determiners
504:West Africa
418:determiners
199:complements
85:linguistics
51:introducing
3929:Categories
3914:Yes and no
3829:Classifier
3813:Possessive
3775:Quantifier
3770:Possessive
3747:Determiner
3719:Adposition
3691:Resumptive
3676:Reciprocal
3671:Possessive
3651:Indefinite
3579:Pronominal
3531:Subsective
3506:Possessive
3476:Collateral
3449:Unergative
3439:Transitive
3354:Inchoative
3349:Impersonal
3289:Catenative
3228:Participle
3223:Infinitive
3155:Relational
3125:Collective
3105:Adjectival
2614:Bross 2020
2283:Sells 1995
2271:References
2168:language,
2141:som at der
2022:lingvister
1548:(ta)kembei
1259:.consider.
508:South Asia
263:Hanako-and
187:head-final
34:references
3904:Prop-word
3866:Ideophone
3793:Discourse
3732:Inflected
3681:Reflexive
3656:Intensive
3463:Adjective
3434:Stretched
3424:Separable
3414:Reflexive
3309:Denominal
3304:Defective
3284:Captative
3279:Auxiliary
3218:Gerundive
3208:Nonfinite
3130:Countable
2993:0024-3892
2948:2473-8689
2895:2397-1835
2771:812924896
2688:0388-0001
2655:171704958
2647:0167-6318
2025:linguists
1857:Uy-ojel .
1576:ta(u) / â
1436:Estonian
1398:Bulgarian
1308:Language
1270:consider.
1147:epistemic
1100:{â
, that}
1096:finite C
1079:Category
1017:(present)
908:for, that
558:He hopes
540:He hopes
516:quotative
488:for there
260:Hanako-to
117:into the
59:July 2019
3893:Pro-verb
3888:Pro-form
3785:Particle
3737:Stranded
3686:Relative
3666:Personal
3584:Relative
3569:Locative
3559:Genitive
3384:Negative
3314:Deponent
3294:Compound
2913:28804781
2858:(eds.).
2674:: 1â17.
2260:ECM verb
2244:See also
2211:Akkadian
1718:inw-ojel
1190:ĂĄokobbÉȘÌ
1059:(future)
1007:(future)
993:if, that
633:operator
549:Because
414:pronouns
195:Japanese
127:sentence
3878:Preverb
3755:Article
3701:Subject
3594:Pronoun
3429:Stative
3394:Phrasal
3369:Lexical
3324:Dynamic
3299:Copular
3199:Converb
3115:Animacy
3001:4178898
2904:5552188
2209:( <
2127:bedre]]
1832:Uy-ojel
1553:'like'
1539:'lest'
1320:Faroese
1116:â
, for}
1065:whether
1055:whether
1045:whether
884:whether
856:selects
233:Taro-wa
207:English
135:English
119:subject
109:) is a
47:improve
3856:Coverb
3851:Copula
3705:Object
3622:Donkey
3541:Adverb
3516:Proper
3481:Common
3364:Labile
3233:Supine
3213:Gerund
3204:Finite
3169:Verbal
3160:Strong
3150:Proper
2999:
2991:
2946:
2911:
2901:
2893:
2836:
2798:
2769:
2759:
2738:
2711:
2686:
2653:
2645:
2194:Hebrew
2188:Hebrew
2094:pÄstod
2085:(3) b.
2033:
2006:kender
1994:(3) a.
1926:-help-
1868:(2) b.
1850:-true-
1828:(2) a.
1704:(1) b.
1660:-know-
1635:(1) a.
1473:Irish
1281:millet
1104:n = 5
718:-come]
313:it-ta.
286:marry-
191:Korean
182:phrase
123:object
115:clause
36:, but
3822:Other
3803:Modal
3627:Dummy
3379:Modal
3374:Light
3252:Types
3187:Forms
3110:Agent
3039:(PDF)
3032:(PDF)
2997:JSTOR
2964:(PDF)
2932:(1).
2879:(1).
2651:S2CID
2633:(3).
2214:ashru
2207:asher
2122:meget
2089:Peter
2060:that.
2050:that.
2040:that.
1906:INDIR
1898:tiâij
1890:-say-
1884:COMPL
1838:-know
1737:COMPL
1728:-know
1676:COMPL
1513:Mbula
1267:apĂĄrĂą
1248:woman
1222:.eat.
1211:woman
1196:.say.
1175:Lango
701:aη-so
680:Mbula
361:ăăăăš
236:Taro-
178:(for
125:of a
91:), a
3808:Noun
3554:Flat
3409:Pure
3179:Verb
3164:Weak
3140:Mass
3120:Bare
3092:Noun
2989:ISSN
2944:ISSN
2909:PMID
2891:ISSN
2834:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2767:OCLC
2757:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2709:ISBN
2684:ISSN
2643:ISSN
2174:(or
2164:, a
2112:gĂžre
2071:book
2068:]]].
2052:COMP
2009:know
1932:INCH
1920:ABIL
1875:when
1852:ABST
1766:that
1747:-do-
1686:-do-
1623:that
1590:tabe
1485:that
1448:that
1420:dali
1411:that
1372:that
1333:that
1290:COMP
1253:pĂĄrĂŽ
1245:dĂĄkĂŽ
1234:COMP
1208:dĂĄkĂŽ
1185:girl
1182:ÉČĂĄkĂŽ
1166:that
1003:that
938:that
881:and
797:that
786:that
772:that
763:that
707:-say
658:that
624:that
551:that
542:that
506:and
457:that
449:what
431:that
422:that
416:and
355:ăăŁăă
316:say-
292:COMP
280:ăăăăš
274:ăăŁăă
172:head
141:that
131:that
106:comp
3014:doi
2959:tte
2934:doi
2899:PMC
2881:doi
2817:doi
2788:doi
2780:and
2728:doi
2701:doi
2676:doi
2635:doi
2218:dhu
2192:In
2177:qat
2171:kat
2160:In
2117:__1
2107:han
2062:REL
2042:REL
2017:the
1936:1SG
1910:OBJ
1888:1SG
1872:Kaâ
1846:to-
1813:waj
1801:waj
1749:CTS
1722:1SG
1712:NEG
1708:Maâ
1688:CTS
1666:ITS
1654:1SG
1643:NEG
1639:Maâ
1628:kej
1457:kas
1365:qed
1272:GER
1261:HAB
1257:3SG
1224:PFV
1220:3SG
1202:PFV
1198:BEN
1194:3SG
1034:for
1024:for
947:for
716:3SG
705:1SG
695:1SG
691:NOM
687:Nio
678:in
512:say
480:for
466:how
453:how
424:).
342:ăŻăȘă
335:㯠ă
329:ăăă
318:PST
288:PST
251:ăŻăȘă
238:TOP
224:ăăă
193:or
153:is
121:or
95:or
83:In
3931::
3895:/
3707:/
3703:/
3639:/
3206:/
3162:/
2995:.
2985:26
2983:.
2972:28
2970:.
2966:.
2942:.
2928:.
2924:.
2907:.
2897:.
2889:.
2875:.
2871:.
2854:;
2794:.
2786:.
2765:.
2734:.
2707:.
2682:.
2672:51
2670:.
2666:.
2649:.
2641:.
2631:34
2629:.
2556:^
2527:^
2500:^
2461:^
2434:^
2393:^
2362:^
2236:.
2199:Ś©Ö¶
2145:om
2014:de
2001:We
1998:Vi
1928:TR
1892:TR
1816::
1807:ke
1795:ke
1784:.
1774:if
1662:TR
1652:?-
1604:ki
1494:an
1478:go
1441:et
1404:ce
1388:if
1381:in
1349:if
1342:um
1326:at
1157:if
1013:if
891::
878:If
873:.
744:be
736:ko
674:be
665:at
642:.
635:.
459:.
404:.
374:ăŁă
350:ç”ć©
348:ăš
337:è±ć
324:ć€Șé
310:ăŁă
269:ç”ć©
246:è±ć
219:ć€Șé
176:CP
157:.
103::
3075:e
3068:t
3061:v
3020:.
3016::
3003:.
2974:.
2950:.
2936::
2930:3
2915:.
2883::
2877:2
2842:.
2823:.
2819::
2804:.
2790::
2773:.
2744:.
2730::
2717:.
2703::
2678::
2657:.
2637::
2616:.
2604:.
2376:.
2285:.
2030:âŠ
1985:V
1981:v
1934:-
1930:-
1924:3
1922:-
1916:.
1908:.
1904:.
1902:3
1886:-
1848:3
1843:.
1836:3
1745:A
1743:.
1741:3
1739:-
1733:.
1726:A
1724:.
1684:A
1682:.
1680:3
1678:-
1672:.
1664:-
1658:A
1656:.
1562:â
1504:'
1498:'
1488:'
1482:'
1467:'
1461:'
1451:'
1445:'
1430:'
1424:'
1414:'
1408:'
1391:'
1385:'
1375:'
1369:'
1352:'
1346:'
1336:'
1330:'
1278:.
1216:.
1200:.
1129:{
1114:{
929:â
915:â
910:,
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363:èš
358:)
352:(
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332:)
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299:èš
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257:ăš
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244:ă
230:ăŻ
227:)
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