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In the United States, using an external RF modulator frees the manufacturer from obtaining FCC approval for each variation of a device. Through the early 1980s, electronics that output a television channel signal were required to meet the same shielding requirements as broadcast television equipment,
753:
The process of modulating RF with the original video signal, and then demodulating the original signal again in the TV, introduces losses including added noise or interference. For these reasons, it is best to use composite connections instead of RF connections if possible for live signals and sample
797:
to have their RF modulator as an external unit, which they had certified by the FCC without mentioning they were planning to sell it with a computer. In Europe, while most countries used the same broadcast standard, there were different modulation standards (PAL-G versus PAL-I, for example), and
1020:
371:. Dot crawl is a defect that results from crosstalk due to the intermodulation of the chrominance and luminance components of the signal. This is usually seen when chrominance is transmitted with high bandwidth, and its spectrum reaches into the band of the luminance frequencies.
562:
The active image area of composite and s-video signals are digitally stored at 720x576i25 PAL and 720x480i29.7 (or 720x488) pixels. This does not represent the whole signal. Hardware typically samples at four times the color subcarrier frequency (4fsc) that includes the
307:
of the horizontal scanning rate, while the color carrier is selected to be an odd multiple of half the horizontal scanning rate; this produces a modulated color signal that consists mainly of harmonic frequencies that fall between the harmonics in the baseband
212:
is typically used for composite video, with the audio being carried on separate additional L/R RCA connectors. In professional settings, or on devices that are too small for an RCA connector, such as a digital camera, other types of connectors can be used.
728:
most television sets no longer have analog television tuners but DVB-T and ATSC digital ones. They therefore cannot accept a signal from an analog modulator. However, composite video has an established market for both devices that convert it to
1016:
443:. With the advent of affordable higher sampling speed analog to digital converters, realtime composite to YUV sampled digital sampling has been possible since the 1980s and raw waveform sampling and software decoding since the 2010s.
356:
518:
In home applications, the composite video signal is typically connected using an RCA connector, normally yellow. It is often accompanied with red and white connectors for right and left audio channels respectively.
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like 4fsc stream that preserves and allows full presentation and inspection of the entire composite signal. This can then be comb-filtered or chroma-decoded to a color image on a standard computer or via
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of the modulated color signal overlaps that of the baseband signal, and separation relies on the fact that frequency components of the baseband signal tend to be near
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signal, rather than both being in separate continuous frequency bands alongside each other in the frequency domain. The signals may be separated using a
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using an external modulator allowed manufacturers to make a single product and easily sell it to different countries by changing the modulator.
1711:
976:
316:. In other words, the combination of luma and chrominance is indeed a frequency-division technique, but it is much more complex than typical
880:
2029:
1966:
467:, information regarding the show title, a set of reference colors that allows TV sets to automatically correct NTSC hue maladjustments,
567:(VBI). Only commercial video capture devices used in broadcast output images with the extra VBI space. Direct sampling with high-speed
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A composite video signal combines, on one wire, the video information required to recreate a color picture, as well as line and
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The combining of component signals to form the composite signal does the same, causing a checkerboard video artifact known as
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color subcarrier alternates on successive lines. In SECAM, no colorburst is used since phase information is irrelevant.
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Composite is no longer the universal standard it once was for consumers after the digital era began phasing out analog
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of a composite video signal, these take advantage of the unseen parts of the signal. Examples of extensions include
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the source FM RF signal for recorded formats. Some video equipment and modern televisions have only RF input.
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burst signal is inverted in phase (180Β° out of phase) from the reference subcarrier. In PAL, the phase of the
339:) as a synchronizing signal and amplitude reference for the chrominance signals. In NTSC composite video, the
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There are three dominant variants of composite video signals, corresponding to the analog color system used (
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916:"Composite Video Connections Explained - Many home theater devices still support composite video inputs"
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Video cables are 75 ohm impedance, low in capacitance. Typical values run from 52 pF/m for an
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1981:
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730:
705:). Sometimes this modulator is built into the product (such as video game consoles, VCRs, or the
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for example store a true composite signal modulated, while consumer videotape formats (including
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363:. Note the distinctive checkerboard pattern on the vertical edges between yellow and blue areas.
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Elwro 800 Junior computer. DIN output carries a composite video signal to an external monitor.
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SMPTE STANDARD for
Television β Composite Analog Video Signal β NTSC for Studio Applications
888:
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to the visible TV image can be transmitted using composite video. Since TV screens hide the
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are commonly used to separate signals and eliminate these artifacts from composite sources.
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554:-foamed dielectric precision video cable to 69 pF/m for a solid PE dielectric cable.
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applications. BNC connectors were also used for composite video connections on early home
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systems like the one used to multiplex analog radio stations on both the AM and FM bands.
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599:. Modified versions of composite such as 960H (960x576) are still in wide use for
296:. Details of the combining process vary between the NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems.
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black and white or color signal, on a single channel, unlike the higher-quality
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avoid this problem as they maintain the component signals physically separate.
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514:; S-video (topmost connector) and composite video (yellow RCA connector below)
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a sampled signal and losslessly reproduces composite video signals using
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thus forcing manufacturers such as Apple to omit an RF modulator, and
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output composite video. This may then be converted to FM RF with an
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that generates the proper carrier (often for channel 3 or 4 in
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home-computers), is an external unit powered by the computer (
614:
536:
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289:
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pulses. The color video signal is a linear combination of the
240:
288:
which carries the color information (C), a combination of
232:
for the standard-definition television signal it conveys.
395:
equipment record a signal in (roughly) composite format:
1047:"CVBS-Decode - Software Defined Composite Video Decoder"
737:
to composite, therefore it has offered opportunities to
411:) and commercial and industrial tape formats (including
539:, often accompanied by either RCA connector or a 5-pin
543:
for audio. The BNC connector, in turn, post dated the
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2017:
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323:A gated and filtered signal derived from the color
247:), but purely monochrome signals can also be used.
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595:and virtually all consumer devices moved to using
733:, as well as devices that convert standards like
359:Enlarged detail from a video source exhibiting
216:Composite video is also known by the initials
2317:
1927:
1248:
1163:
547:connector featured on first-generation VCRs.
8:
39:
649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
201:(two channels) and the even higher-quality
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1233:
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38:
2333:Audio and video interfaces and connectors
669:Learn how and when to remove this message
1682:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
1128:Tutorial covering CVBS format structure.
721:), or with an independent power supply.
603:systems today in consumer use alongside
811:
785:
998:
988:
55:is typically used for composite video.
40:Composite video baseband signal (CVBS)
1712:Direct-broadcast satellite television
1103:from the original on 28 November 2011
1023:from the original on 20 December 2016
335:of each line (excluding lines in the
7:
1040:
1038:
863:"Understanding Analog Video Signals"
647:adding citations to reliable sources
1602:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
1132:Marshall Brain (26 November 2006).
914:Silva, Robert (11 September 2020).
27:Baseband analog video signal format
1126:Maxim - Apr 8, 2002 - Video Basics
1077:from the original on 18 March 2017
1019:. US Patent and Trademark Office.
938:"Understanding Video Comb Filters"
25:
558:Digital sampling and modern usage
415:) use modified composite signals
619:
182:format that typically carries a
45:
1597:Quadrature amplitude modulation
1097:"LC-1 Audio Cable Design Notes"
527:are often used in professional
318:frequency-division multiplexing
270:composite video signal (analog)
226:Color, Video, Blanking and Sync
222:Composite Video Baseband Signal
1761:Television channel frequencies
575:has allowed projects like the
259:Composite video signal graphic
228:, or is simply referred to as
51:On consumer products a yellow
1:
1732:Digital television transition
1561:Multichannel television sound
820:"Definition: composite video"
726:digital television transition
1804:Field strength in free space
1505:Horizontal blanking interval
471:(WSS) for switching between
333:horizontal blanking interval
1702:Superheterodyne transmitter
881:"TUTORIAL 734 Video Basics"
2708:
1943:Audio and video connectors
1540:Vertical blanking interval
565:vertical blanking interval
457:vertical blanking interval
205:(three or more channels).
29:
1515:Nominal analogue blanking
1186:
1067:"Elwro 800 Junior - MCbx"
284:(Y) of the picture and a
139:
124:
116:
108:
100:
89:
76:
63:
44:
2270:List of video connectors
1134:"Composite Video Signal"
969:10.5594/SMPTE.ST170.2004
920:Lifewire Tech for Humans
764:List of video connectors
579:CVBS-Decode to create a
109:NTSC, PAL or SECAM video
30:Not to be confused with
2692:Composite video formats
2677:Analog video connectors
1999:Speaker spring terminal
1834:Television interference
1707:Television receive-only
963:. 2004. pp. 1β21.
683:videocassette recorders
117:1 plus grounding shield
2354:PC System Design Guide
1756:Microwave transmission
1722:Terrestrial television
1717:Television transmitter
1677:Intermediate frequency
1470:Chrominance subcarrier
1045:Munday, Harry (2021).
891:. 2002. Archived from
681:Some devices, such as
588:played back to a TV.
515:
496:
479:display formats, etc.
451:A number of so-called
364:
337:vertical sync interval
327:, called the burst or
286:chrominance subcarrier
271:
260:
82:General specifications
64:Analog video connector
18:Composite video signal
2682:Television technology
1628:Broadcast transmitter
502:
490:
427:videocassette format
358:
276:frame synchronization
266:
258:
180:baseband analog video
1870:Zero reference pulse
1855:Field strength meter
1592:Frequency modulation
1500:Horizontal scan rate
1099:. Blue Jeans Cable.
643:improve this section
573:time base correction
483:Connectors and cable
469:widescreen signaling
423:). The professional
419:(generally known as
1809:Noise (electronics)
1672:Intercarrier method
1632:Transmitter station
1267:broadcasting topics
1017:"US Patent 4323915"
822:. computer language
769:NTSC color encoding
745:for newer devices.
731:channel 3/4 outputs
687:video game consoles
523:and higher quality
351:Composite artifacts
41:
1697:Split sound system
1647:Differential phase
774:PAL color encoding
743:composite monitors
529:television studios
516:
497:
365:
331:, is added to the
301:frequency spectrum
272:
261:
69:Production history
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2591:
2590:
2456:
2455:
2299:
2298:
1909:
1908:
1824:Radiation pattern
1642:Differential gain
1264:Analog television
1230:
1229:
1221:
1214:
978:978-1-61482-335-3
945:Sencore Tech Tips
842:"the cable bible"
795:Texas Instruments
749:Demodulation loss
679:
678:
671:
465:closed captioning
429:digitally storing
251:Signal components
173:
172:
16:(Redirected from
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2600:
2465:
2344:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2303:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1751:Frequency offset
1692:Residual carrier
1637:Cavity amplifier
1535:Television lines
1257:
1250:
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1234:
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1071:oldcomputer.info
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986:
981:. Archived from
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905:
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902:
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889:Maxim Integrated
885:Maxim Integrated
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701:, channel 36 in
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623:
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435:encoding of the
401:type C videotape
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93:
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21:
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2596:Video and audio
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2335:
2330:
2300:
2295:
2279:General-purpose
2274:
2258:
2175:Audio and video
2170:
2076:Composite video
2071:Component YPbPr
2049:
2013:
1945:
1940:
1910:
1905:
1874:
1850:Distortionmeter
1838:
1775:
1736:
1667:Frequency mixer
1623:Antenna (radio)
1606:
1580:
1549:
1490:Composite video
1434:
1383:
1269:
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1231:
1226:
1206:Component video
1196:Composite video
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1080:
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1024:
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987:
985:on 8 June 2018.
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947:. No. 201.
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895:on 14 July 2018
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724:Because of the
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533:post-production
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176:Composite video
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2368:Balanced audio
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1967:D-subminiature
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1571:Sound-in-Syncs
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1120:External links
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999:|journal=
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867:Analog Devices
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691:home computers
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521:BNC connectors
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2263:Visual charts
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2066:Component RGB
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2020:
2018:Digital audio
2016:
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1545:White clipper
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1495:Frame (video)
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1388:Color systems
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1201:S-Video (Y/C)
1199:
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699:North America
696:
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688:
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673:
670:
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652:
648:
644:
638:
637:
633:
628:This section
626:
622:
617:
616:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
582:
578:
574:
571:and software
570:
566:
557:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:DIN connector
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:coaxial cable
522:
513:
509:
505:
501:
494:
489:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
444:
442:
441:magnetic tape
438:
437:analog signal
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
362:
357:
350:
348:
345:4.43 MHz
341:3.58 MHz
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
269:
265:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
211:
210:RCA connector
206:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
145:
135:
130:
127:
126:RCA connector
120:
112:
104:
96:
85:
80:
72:
67:
59:
54:
53:RCA connector
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2672:Video signal
2642:connectors:
2628:connectors:
2614:connectors:
2579:connectors:
2566:Digital and
2548:connectors:
2532:
2525:connectors:
2511:connectors:
2497:connectors:
2492:
2479:connectors:
2428:connectors:
2402:connectors:
2376:6.53 mm
2372:connectors:
2358:connectors:
2075:
1962:Binding post
1950:Analog audio
1896:Hanover bars
1687:Pre-emphasis
1611:Transmission
1576:Zweikanalton
1489:
1480:Color killer
1405:Clear-Vision
1195:
1191:RF connector
1179:Analog video
1137:. Retrieved
1105:. Retrieved
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1050:
1025:. Retrieved
1011:
983:the original
959:
953:
944:
932:
919:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
884:
875:
857:
845:. Retrieved
836:
824:. Retrieved
814:
788:
752:
723:
711:Commodore 64
695:RF modulator
680:
665:
656:
641:Please help
629:
593:CRT displays
590:
561:
549:
517:
491:Rear of the
452:
450:
420:
393:analog video
390:
373:Comb filters
366:
322:
298:
279:
273:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
207:
175:
174:
106:Video signal
36:
2687:Repurposing
2630:DisplayPort
2624:DisplayPort
2581:DVI-I/DVI-D
2362:3.5 mm
2286:Thunderbolt
2217:DisplayPort
2187:Belling-Lee
1957:Banana plug
1865:VIT signals
1860:Vectorscope
1799:Earth bulge
1781:Propagation
1744:& bands
1742:Frequencies
1525:Raster scan
1465:Chrominance
1455:Black level
1450:front porch
715:TRS-80 CoCo
659:August 2023
577:open-source
508:Voodoo Rush
421:color-under
314:comb filter
141:1 volt
90:Maximum of
2666:Categories
2461:Video only
2425:, AES/EBU
2340:Audio only
2081:D-Terminal
1989:Audio jack
1794:Distortion
1727:Transposer
1662:Dummy load
1618:Amplifiers
1585:Modulation
1475:Colorburst
1446:Back porch
1107:21 January
806:References
611:Modulators
605:fpv drones
506:Intense3D
504:Intergraph
453:extensions
447:Extensions
417:FM encoded
397:LaserDiscs
391:Most home
329:colorburst
325:subcarrier
294:saturation
195:interlaced
132:Electrical
2646:connector
2632:connector
2618:connector
2544:Component
2533:Composite
2527:RCA jacks
2521:Component
2493:Composite
2442:, optical
2412:, optical
2406:, coaxial
2137:Micro-DVI
1972:Euroblock
1901:Sparklies
1886:Dot crawl
1879:Artifacts
1819:Path loss
1814:Null fill
1789:Beam tilt
1530:Safe area
1181:standards
1001:ignored (
991:cite book
739:repurpose
630:does not
387:Recording
369:dot crawl
361:dot crawl
305:harmonics
281:luminance
208:A yellow
122:Connector
92:50 m
77:1954β1956
2554:Mini-DIN
2513:Mini-DIN
2499:RCA jack
2430:RCA jack
2404:RCA jack
2239:Minijack
2233:superMHL
2192:CCJ/EIAJ
2164:Mini-VGA
2125:Mini-DVI
2101:Mini-DIN
1982:Mini-DIN
1891:Ghosting
1652:Diplexer
1520:Overscan
1485:Color TV
1378:System F
1374:System E
1370:819-line
1364:System N
1360:System L
1356:System K
1352:System I
1348:System H
1344:System G
1340:System D
1336:System C
1332:System B
1328:625-line
1322:System M
1318:525-line
1313:455-line
1308:441-line
1302:System A
1298:405-line
1293:375-line
1288:343-line
1283:180-line
1101:Archived
1075:Archived
1021:Archived
924:Lifewire
758:See also
719:TI-99/4A
685:(VCRs),
461:teletext
230:SD video
192:625 line
98:External
74:Designed
2638:HDBaseT
2603:Digital
2540:S-Video
2507:S-Video
2440:TOSLINK
2410:TOSLINK
2391:Digital
2244:P&D
2207:HDBaseT
2149:S-Video
2040:TOSLINK
2004:Speakon
1843:Testing
1425:PALplus
1275:Systems
899:14 July
651:removed
636:sources
439:on the
413:U-matic
409:Betamax
377:S-Video
199:S-Video
2568:analog
2552:using
2542:, and
2501:yellow
2468:Analog
2398:S/PDIF
2347:Analog
2202:Type F
2108:DMS-59
2086:DB13W3
2035:S/PDIF
1400:NTSC-J
1052:GitHub
1027:12 May
975:
847:23 May
826:23 May
741:older
703:Europe
689:, and
545:PL-259
512:TV-out
493:Polish
243:, and
178:is an
169:ground
166:sheath
155:center
147:Pinout
137:Signal
87:Length
2556:9 pin
2515:4 pin
2486:DVI-A
2481:DB-15
2254:SCART
2054:Video
2030:D-sub
1566:NICAM
1554:Sound
1439:Video
1430:SECAM
1420:PAL-S
1415:PAL-M
1212:YPbPr
1139:1 May
1081:5 May
941:(PDF)
780:Notes
713:, or
707:Atari
510:with
245:SECAM
163:Pin 2
158:video
152:Pin 1
2644:8P8C
2616:HDMI
2610:HDMI
2550:VIVO
2423:AES3
2249:PDMI
2212:HDMI
2127:Π±ΠΡ
ΠΊ
1829:Skew
1510:Luma
1448:and
1395:NTSC
1141:2020
1109:2012
1083:2018
1029:2014
1003:help
973:ISBN
901:2018
849:2019
828:2019
634:any
632:cite
601:CCTV
597:HDMI
569:ADCs
552:HDPE
537:VCRs
531:and
477:16:9
475:and
407:and
399:and
379:and
310:luma
299:The
292:and
268:NTSC
237:NTSC
220:for
218:CVBS
114:Pins
61:Type
2575:DVI
2529:Γ 3
2475:VGA
2446:BNC
2435:XLR
2416:BNC
2380:XLR
2374:TRS
2360:TRS
2291:USB
2229:MHL
2222:mDP
2197:EVC
2182:ADC
2159:VGA
2154:UDI
2144:RCA
2120:DVI
2113:LFH
2096:DIN
2091:DFP
2061:BNC
2045:XLR
2025:BNC
2009:XLR
1994:RCA
1977:DIN
1771:VHF
1766:UHF
1410:PAL
1219:RGB
965:doi
735:VGA
645:by
586:DAC
581:D-2
473:4:3
433:PCM
425:D-2
405:VHS
290:hue
241:PAL
224:or
190:or
188:525
184:405
101:Yes
2668::
1376:,
1362:,
1358:,
1354:,
1350:,
1346:,
1342:,
1338:,
1334:,
1073:.
1069:.
1049:.
1037:^
995::
993:}}
989:{{
971:.
943:.
922:.
918:.
887:.
883:.
865:.
709:,
607:.
463:,
239:,
186:,
2325:e
2318:t
2311:v
2235:)
2231:(
1935:e
1928:t
1921:v
1630:/
1380:)
1372:(
1366:)
1330:(
1324:)
1320:(
1304:)
1300:(
1256:e
1249:t
1242:v
1171:e
1164:t
1157:v
1143:.
1111:.
1085:.
1055:.
1031:.
1005:)
967::
926:.
903:.
869:.
851:.
830:.
672:)
666:(
661:)
657:(
653:.
639:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
