769:
32:
950:
The two corrections for dynamic compression ratio affect cylinder pressure in opposite directions, but not in equal strength. An engine with high static compression ratio and late intake valve closure will have a dynamic compression ratio similar to an engine with lower compression but earlier intake
942:
Under ideal (adiabatic) conditions, the ratio of specific heats would be 1.4, but a lower value, generally between 1.2 and 1.3 is used, since the amount of heat lost will vary among engines based on design, size and materials used. For example, if the static compression ratio is 10:1, and the dynamic
223:
engines released since 2012 have compression ratios up to 16:1. The SkyActiv engine achieves this compression ratio with ordinary unleaded gasoline (95 RON in the United
Kingdom) through improved scavenging of exhaust gases (which ensures cylinder temperature is as low as possible before the intake
833:
discussed above — calculated solely based on the cylinder and combustion chamber volumes — does not take into account any gases entering or exiting the cylinder during the compression phase. In most automotive engines, the intake valve closure (which seals the cylinder) takes place during the
349:
engines often run on high-octane petrol and can therefore use higher compression ratios. For example, motorcycle racing engines can use compression ratios as high as 14.7:1, and it is common to find motorcycles with compression ratios above 12.0:1 designed for 95 or higher octane fuel.
747:
Higher loads require lower ratios to increase power, while lower loads need higher ratios to increase efficiency, i.e. to lower fuel consumption. For automotive use this needs to be done as the engine is running in response to the load and driving demands.
265:
engines because port fuel injection causes the air–fuel mixture to be heated together, leading to detonation. Conversely, directly injected engines can run higher boost because heated air will not detonate without a fuel being present.
909:
193:, and higher compression ratios permit the same combustion temperature to be reached with less fuel, while giving a longer expansion cycle, creating more mechanical power output and lowering the exhaust temperature.
284:
use higher compression ratios than petrol engines, because the lack of a spark plug means that the compression ratio must increase the temperature of the air in the cylinder sufficiently to ignite the diesel using
273:(also known as "detonation", "pre-ignition", or "pinging") if lower octane-rated fuel is used. This can reduce efficiency or damage the engine if knock sensors are not present to modify the ignition timing.
475:
205:(gasoline) engines used in passenger cars for the past 20 years, compression ratios have typically been between 8:1 and 12:1. Several production engines have used higher compression ratios, including:
853:(i.e. soon after BDC), and lower with more radical intake camshaft timing (i.e. later after BDC). Regardless, the dynamic compression ratio is always lower than the static compression ratio.
625:
1313:
1066:
859:
396:
740:
Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase
737:
engine is able to adjust the compression ratio while the engine is in operation. The first production engine with a variable compression ratio was introduced in 2019.
929:
717:
566:
536:
507:
509:
is the displacement volume. This is the volume inside the cylinder displaced by the piston from the beginning of the compression stroke to the end of the stroke.
679:
650:
939:
for the combustion gases at the temperatures present (this compensates for the temperature rise caused by compression, as well as heat lost to the cylinder)
185:
A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air–fuel mixture due to its higher
129:
1306:
413:
1881:
1103:
Pacaud, P.; Perrin, H.; Laget, O. (2009). "Cold Start on Diesel Engine: Is Low
Compression Ratio Compatible with Cold Start Requirements?".
719:
it is usually measured directly. This is often done by filling the cylinder with liquid and then measuring the volume of the used liquid.
1299:
995:
1820:
790:
49:
838:, BDC), which can cause some of the gases to be pushed back out through the intake valve. On the other hand, intake port tuning and
816:
575:
115:
1025:
177:
is a more advanced calculation which also takes into account gases entering and exiting the cylinder during the compression phase.
257:. This is due to the turbocharger or supercharger already having compressed the air before it enters the cylinders. Engines using
1023:
96:
68:
1498:
794:
53:
1042:
744:
while under varying loads. Variable compression engines allow the volume above the piston at top dead centre to be changed.
1795:
1191:
75:
1379:
289:. Compression ratios are often between 14:1 and 23:1 for direct injection diesel engines, and between 18:1 and 23:1 for
1975:
1170:
300:, the first such commercial engine from 2013, used adaptive fuel injectors among other techniques to ease cold start.
227:
779:
1970:
1322:
943:
compression ratio is 7.5:1, a useful value for cylinder pressure would be 7.5 Ă— atmospheric pressure, or 13.7
734:
728:
538:
is the clearance volume. This is the volume of the space in the cylinder left at the end of the compression stroke.
254:
152:
82:
798:
783:
42:
1931:
1845:
1790:
1742:
1650:
1926:
1767:
1476:
1249:
1227:
64:
1980:
1701:
1138:
960:
936:
856:
Absolute cylinder pressure is used to calculate the dynamic compression ratio, using the following formula:
839:
353:
Ethanol and methanol can take significantly higher compression ratios than gasoline. Racing engines burning
309:
1523:
842:
can cause a greater amount of gas to be trapped in the cylinder than the static volume would suggest. The
331:
323:
313:
20:
1640:
1481:
1235:
1635:
1407:
286:
234:
296:
At the lower end of 14:1, NOx emissions are reduced at a cost of more difficult cold-start. Mazda's
1785:
1683:
1413:
376:
1706:
1503:
1120:
932:
835:
403:
290:
186:
163:
148:
135:
is determined using the cylinder volume when the piston is at the top and bottom of its travel.
128:
89:
1448:
1399:
1185:
1146:
1112:
1078:
653:
399:
144:
16:
Ratio of the volume of a combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity
1003:
914:
1800:
1757:
1716:
1665:
1630:
1551:
1538:
242:
695:
544:
514:
485:
1911:
1622:
1471:
1428:
1206:
1029:
980:
741:
685:
407:
270:
167:
1777:
1747:
1602:
1369:
755:
is the first commercially available car that uses a variable compression ratio engine.
664:
635:
262:
258:
213:
904:{\displaystyle P_{\text{cylinder}}=P_{\text{atmospheric}}\times {\text{CR}}^{\gamma }}
1964:
1949:
1840:
1833:
1810:
1655:
1587:
1582:
1546:
1463:
1403:
1364:
1354:
752:
656:
370:
335:
327:
281:
210:
1566:
1561:
1528:
1433:
1423:
1359:
1343:
358:
250:
246:
1271:
1944:
1828:
1645:
1597:
1556:
1513:
1443:
768:
190:
31:
1257:
1916:
1876:
1855:
1850:
1752:
1737:
1660:
1592:
1518:
1458:
1389:
944:
346:
1291:
1150:
1116:
1082:
1871:
1612:
1607:
1394:
1374:
162:, calculated based on the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the
158:
A fundamental specification for such engines, it is measured two ways: the
996:"2012 Mazda 3 gets 40-mpg SkyActiv engine option; diesel expected in 2014"
1894:
1890:
1762:
1493:
1418:
1384:
850:
569:
354:
319:
297:
220:
1124:
269:
Higher compression ratios can make gasoline (petrol) engines subject to
1921:
1805:
849:
The dynamic compression ratio is higher with more conservative intake
308:
The compression ratio may be higher in engines running exclusively on
1732:
1711:
1488:
1438:
682:
406:, and the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the
202:
261:
typically run lower boost pressures and/or compression ratios than
127:
1886:
1295:
322:
engines typically use a compression ratio of 6.5 or lower. The
1333:
762:
25:
1173:. 2005-04-18. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007
166:, and the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the
470:{\displaystyle \mathrm {CR} ={\frac {V_{d}+V_{c}}{V_{c}}}}
330:
tractor had a compression ratio of 4.5:1 for operation on
733:
Most engines use a fixed compression ratio, however a
593:
189:. This occurs because internal combustion engines are
1043:"Mazda Engine News: Mazda Sky Gas and Diesel Details"
917:
862:
698:
667:
638:
578:
547:
517:
488:
416:
379:
253:) is used, the compression ratio is often lower than
209:
Cars built from 1955 to 1972 which were designed for
1904:
1864:
1819:
1776:
1725:
1692:
1674:
1621:
1575:
1537:
1457:
1342:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
923:
903:
711:
673:
644:
619:
560:
530:
501:
469:
390:
316:, due to the higher octane rating of these fuels.
402:and combustion chamber when the piston is at the
361:often have a compression ratio of 14:1 to 16:1.
19:For compression ratio in data compression, see
1077:. Bonnier Corporation: 166–172. January 1949.
620:{\displaystyle V_{d}={\tfrac {\pi }{4}}b^{2}s}
216:, which allowed compression ratios up to 13:1.
1307:
8:
410:. It is therefore calculated by the formula
797:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1314:
1300:
1292:
916:
895:
890:
880:
867:
861:
817:Learn how and when to remove this message
703:
697:
666:
637:
608:
592:
583:
577:
552:
546:
522:
516:
493:
487:
459:
448:
435:
428:
417:
415:
398:) is the ratio between the volume of the
380:
378:
224:stroke), in addition to direct injection.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1380:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
971:
143:is the ratio between the volume of the
1238:from the original on 7 September 2009.
1183:
1272:"Cam Timing vs. Compression Analysis"
237:also has a compression ratio of 14:1.
155:at their maximum and minimum values.
7:
1105:SAE International Journal of Engines
947:(relative to atmospheric pressure).
795:adding citations to reliable sources
54:adding citations to reliable sources
230:has a compression ratio up to 14:1.
723:Variable compression ratio engines
421:
418:
384:
381:
14:
1041:Vanderwerp, Dave (August 2010).
767:
692:Because of the complex shape of
373:, the static compression ratio (
30:
1482:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1228:"Calculated Compression Ratios"
1139:"Difference Engine: Born again"
41:needs additional citations for
834:compression phase (i.e. after
312:(LPG or "propane autogas") or
1:
1250:"Variable Compression Engine"
391:{\displaystyle \mathrm {CR} }
1002:. 2011-04-22. Archived from
846:accounts for these factors.
255:naturally aspirated engines
228:Toyota Dynamic Force engine
1997:
1323:Internal combustion engine
735:variable compression ratio
729:Variable compression ratio
726:
153:internal combustion engine
18:
1940:
1791:Diesel particulate filter
1743:Idle air control actuator
1684:Engine control unit (ECU)
1329:
1205:Encyclopædia Britannica,
1190:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
979:Encyclopædia Britannica,
844:dynamic compression ratio
759:Dynamic compression ratio
181:Effect and typical ratios
175:dynamic compression ratio
1856:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1768:Throttle position sensor
1477:Overhead camshaft layout
1171:"Tractor Vaporising Oil"
831:static compression ratio
568:can be estimated by the
160:static compression ratio
133:Static compression ratio
1395:Core plug (freeze plug)
1028:March 12, 2012, at the
961:Mean effective pressure
937:ratio of specific heats
924:{\displaystyle \gamma }
310:liquefied petroleum gas
925:
905:
713:
675:
646:
621:
562:
532:
503:
471:
392:
332:tractor vaporising oil
324:petrol-paraffin engine
314:compressed natural gas
136:
21:Data compression ratio
926:
906:
714:
712:{\displaystyle V_{c}}
676:
647:
622:
563:
561:{\displaystyle V_{d}}
533:
531:{\displaystyle V_{c}}
504:
502:{\displaystyle V_{d}}
472:
393:
131:
1636:Compression ignition
915:
860:
791:improve this section
696:
665:
636:
576:
545:
515:
486:
414:
404:bottom of its stroke
377:
365:Mathematical formula
287:compression ignition
235:Ferrari 458 Speciale
164:bottom of its stroke
50:improve this article
1786:Catalytic converter
1067:"High Compression!"
338:between 55 and 70.
259:port fuel-injection
65:"Compression ratio"
1976:Engineering ratios
1912:Knocking / pinging
1504:Combustion chamber
1276:victorylibrary.com
921:
901:
836:bottom dead centre
709:
671:
642:
617:
602:
558:
528:
499:
467:
388:
342:Motorsport engines
291:indirect injection
187:thermal efficiency
149:combustion chamber
137:
1971:Engine technology
1958:
1957:
1927:Stratified charge
1694:Electrical system
1676:Engine management
1509:Compression ratio
1449:Starter ring gear
1348:rotating assembly
1260:on 11 March 2005.
1208:Compression ratio
982:Compression ratio
893:
883:
870:
827:
826:
819:
674:{\displaystyle s}
645:{\displaystyle b}
601:
465:
408:top of its stroke
168:top of its stroke
141:compression ratio
126:
125:
118:
100:
1988:
1801:Exhaust manifold
1666:Spark plug wires
1552:Boost controller
1539:Forced induction
1316:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1256:. Archived from
1246:
1240:
1239:
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1217:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1181:
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1129:
1128:
1100:
1094:
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1057:
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1053:
1038:
1032:
1021:
1015:
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1012:
1011:
992:
986:
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976:
930:
928:
927:
922:
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900:
899:
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891:
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881:
872:
871:
868:
822:
815:
811:
808:
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771:
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680:
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476:
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463:
454:
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452:
440:
439:
429:
424:
397:
395:
394:
389:
387:
293:diesel engines.
243:forced induction
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1936:
1932:Top dead centre
1900:
1860:
1815:
1772:
1721:
1695:
1688:
1677:
1670:
1617:
1571:
1533:
1489:Tappet / lifter
1472:Flathead layout
1462:
1453:
1347:
1338:
1325:
1320:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1248:
1247:
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1226:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1182:
1176:
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1169:
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1071:Popular Science
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1030:Wayback Machine
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1007:
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989:
978:
977:
973:
969:
957:
951:valve closure.
913:
912:
889:
876:
863:
858:
857:
851:camshaft timing
823:
812:
806:
803:
788:
772:
761:
742:fuel efficiency
731:
725:
699:
694:
693:
663:
662:
634:
633:
604:
579:
574:
573:
570:cylinder volume
548:
543:
542:
518:
513:
512:
489:
484:
483:
455:
444:
431:
430:
412:
411:
375:
374:
367:
344:
326:version of the
306:
279:
271:engine knocking
263:direct injected
214:leaded gasoline
199:
183:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1981:Piston engines
1978:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
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1908:
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1884:
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1868:
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1823:
1821:Cooling system
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
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1780:
1778:Exhaust system
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1773:
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1760:
1755:
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1748:Inlet manifold
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1627:
1625:
1619:
1618:
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1610:
1605:
1603:Fuel injection
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
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1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
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1526:
1521:
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1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
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1474:
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1455:
1454:
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1451:
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1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Connecting rod
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1340:
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1232:SQ Engineering
1219:
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1162:
1145:. 2013-07-08.
1130:
1111:(1): 831–849.
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1047:Car and Driver
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935:value for the
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807:September 2022
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727:Main article:
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282:Diesel engines
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277:Diesel engines
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198:
197:Petrol engines
195:
182:
179:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1834:Water cooling
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1811:Oxygen sensor
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1726:Intake system
1724:
1718:
1717:Starter motor
1715:
1713:
1710:
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1700:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1681:
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1657:
1656:Ignition coil
1654:
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1649:
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1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
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1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Petrol engine
1586:
1584:
1583:Diesel engine
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Blowoff valve
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
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1470:
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1464:Cylinder head
1460:
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1381:
1378:
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1356:
1355:Balance shaft
1353:
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1259:
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1254:fs.isy.liu.se
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1198:
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1187:
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1148:
1144:
1143:The Economist
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1080:
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1027:
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1020:
1017:
1006:on 2012-02-29
1005:
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845:
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837:
832:
821:
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796:
792:
786:
785:
781:
776:This section
774:
770:
765:
764:
758:
756:
754:
753:Infiniti QX50
749:
745:
743:
738:
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481:
480:
477:
460:
456:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
425:
409:
405:
401:
372:
371:piston engine
364:
362:
360:
356:
351:
348:
341:
339:
337:
336:octane rating
333:
329:
328:Ferguson TE20
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
303:
301:
299:
294:
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288:
283:
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117:
109:
98:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1841:Electric fan
1641:Coil-on-plug
1567:Turbocharger
1562:Supercharger
1508:
1434:Main bearing
1424:Firing order
1414:Displacement
1360:Block heater
1344:Engine block
1332:Part of the
1331:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1258:the original
1253:
1244:
1231:
1222:
1212:, retrieved
1207:
1200:
1175:. Retrieved
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1074:
1070:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1036:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
999:
990:
981:
974:
949:
941:
855:
848:
843:
830:
828:
813:
804:
789:Please help
777:
750:
746:
739:
732:
691:
628:
541:
478:
368:
359:ethanol fuel
352:
345:
318:
307:
295:
280:
268:
251:supercharger
247:turbocharger
240:
200:
191:heat engines
184:
174:
172:
159:
157:
140:
138:
132:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1865:Lubrication
1829:Air cooling
1646:Distributor
1598:Fuel filter
1576:Fuel system
1557:Intercooler
1524:Timing belt
1514:Head gasket
1444:Piston ring
882:atmospheric
304:Other fuels
219:Some Mazda
211:high-octane
1965:Categories
1917:Power band
1877:Oil filter
1851:Thermostat
1796:EGT sensor
1758:MAF sensor
1753:MAP sensor
1738:Air filter
1702:Alternator
1661:Spark plug
1593:Carburetor
1519:Rocker arm
1459:Valvetrain
1390:Crankshaft
1334:Automobile
1214:2009-07-21
1177:2014-08-10
1156:2019-05-02
1052:2012-05-29
1010:2012-05-29
967:References
933:polytropic
840:scavenging
659:(diameter)
347:Motorsport
298:Skyactiv-D
76:newspapers
1651:Glow plug
1613:Fuel tank
1608:Fuel pump
1375:Crankcase
1151:0013-0613
1117:1946-3936
1083:0161-7370
919:γ
897:γ
887:×
778:does not
751:The 2019
596:π
572:formula:
233:The 2014
106:July 2019
1950:Category
1895:Dry sump
1891:Wet sump
1882:Oil pump
1846:Radiator
1763:Throttle
1623:Ignition
1494:Camshaft
1419:Flywheel
1400:Cylinder
1385:Crankpin
1236:Archived
1186:cite web
1125:26308324
1026:Archived
1000:Autoweek
955:See also
869:cylinder
654:cylinder
400:cylinder
355:methanol
334:with an
320:Kerosene
245:(e.g. a
221:SkyActiv
145:cylinder
1922:Redline
1806:Muffler
1707:Battery
1631:Magneto
1281:14 July
1088:14 July
799:removed
784:sources
681:is the
652:is the
90:scholar
1945:Portal
1733:Airbox
1712:Dynamo
1439:Piston
1429:Stroke
1408:layout
1336:series
1149:
1123:
1115:
1081:
911:where
688:length
686:stroke
683:piston
629:where
479:where
203:petrol
151:in an
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1905:Other
1529:Valve
1499:Chest
1121:JSTOR
931:is a
369:In a
241:When
97:JSTOR
83:books
1887:Sump
1404:bank
1365:Bore
1283:2019
1192:link
1147:ISSN
1113:ISSN
1090:2019
1079:ISSN
829:The
782:any
780:cite
657:bore
357:and
173:The
147:and
139:The
69:news
1872:Oil
1461:and
1346:and
1075:154
945:bar
793:by
249:or
201:In
52:by
1967::
1893:,
1406:,
1274:.
1252:.
1234:.
1230:.
1188:}}
1184:{{
1141:.
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998:.
892:CR
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1301:v
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814:(
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787:.
705:c
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599:4
590:=
585:d
581:V
554:d
550:V
524:c
520:V
495:d
491:V
461:c
457:V
450:c
446:V
442:+
437:d
433:V
426:=
422:R
419:C
385:R
382:C
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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