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suggestibility. When forced to recall confabulated events, children are less likely to remember that they had previously confabulated these situations, and they are more likely than their adult counterparts to come to remember these confabulations as real events that transpired. Research suggests that this inability to distinguish between past confabulatory and real events is centered on developmental differences in source monitoring. Due to underdeveloped encoding and critical reasoning skills, children's ability to distinguish real memories from false memories may be impaired. It may also be that younger children lack the meta-memory processes required to remember confabulated versus non-confabulated events. Children's meta-memory processes may also be influenced by expectancies or biases, in that they believe that highly plausible false scenarios are not confabulated. However, when knowingly being tested for accuracy, children are more likely to respond, "I don't know" at a rate comparable to adults for unanswerable questions than they are to confabulate. Ultimately, misinformation effects can be minimized by tailoring individual interviews to the specific developmental stage, often based on age, of the participant.
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the role of unconscious processes in confabulation. Some researchers suggest that unconscious emotional and motivational processes are potentially just as important as cognitive and memory problems. Finally, they raise the question of where to draw the line between the pathological and the nonpathological. Delusion-like beliefs and confabulation-like fabrications are commonly seen in healthy individuals. What are the important differences between patients with similar etiology who do and do not confabulate? Since the line between pathological and nonpathological is likely blurry, should we take a more dimensional approach to confabulation? Research suggests that confabulation occurs along a continuum of implausibility, bizarreness, content, conviction, preoccupation, and distress, and impact on daily life.
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confabulate in situations in which they are presented false information by another person, as opposed to when they self-generate these falsehoods. Further, people are more likely to accept false information as true when they are interviewed at a later time (after the event in question) than those who are interviewed immediately or soon after the event. Affirmative feedback for confabulated responses is also shown to increase the confabulator's confidence in their response. For instance, in culprit identification, if a witness falsely identifies a member of a line-up, he will be more confident in his identification if the interviewer provides affirmative feedback. This effect of confirmatory feedback appears to last over time, as witnesses will even remember the confabulated information months later.
402:(TBI) can also result in confabulation. Research has shown that patients with damage to the inferior medial frontal lobe confabulate significantly more than patients with damage to the posterior area and healthy controls. This suggests that this region is key in producing confabulatory responses, and that memory deficit is important but not necessary in confabulation. Additionally, research suggests that confabulation can be seen in patients with frontal lobe syndrome, which involves an insult to the frontal lobe as a result of disease or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Finally, rupture of the anterior or posterior communicating artery, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and encephalitis are also possible causes of confabulation.
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spot which are often fantastic and become increasingly elaborate with questioning. Unlike patients with
Korsakoff's and Alzheimer's, patients with schizophrenia are more likely to confabulate when prompted with questions regarding their semantic memories, as opposed to episodic memory prompting. In addition, confabulation does not appear to be related to any memory deficit in schizophrenic patients. This is contrary to most forms of confabulation. Also, confabulations made by schizophrenic patients often do not involve the creation of new information, but instead involve an attempt by the patient to reconstruct actual details of a past event.
321:. Generally, gist retrieval supports false memory, while verbatim retrieval suppresses it. Developmental variability is the topic of Principle 4. As a child develops into an adult, there is obvious improvement in the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of both verbatim and gist memory. However, during late adulthood, there will be a decline in these abilities. Finally, Principle 5 explains that verbatim and gist processing cause vivid remembering. Fuzzy-trace Theory, governed by these 5 principles, has proved useful in explaining false memory and generating new predictions about it.
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preventing the retrieval of information and the evaluation of its output. Furthermore, researchers argue that confabulation is a disorder resulting from failed "reality monitoring/source monitoring" (i.e. deciding whether a memory is based on an actual event or whether it is imagined). Some neuropsychologists suggest that errors in retrieval of information from long-term memory that are made by normal subjects involve different components of control processes than errors made by confabulators.
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disease. Alzheimer's patients demonstrate comparable abilities to encode information as healthy elderly adults, suggesting that impairments in encoding are not associated with confabulation. However, as seen in
Korsakoff's patients, confabulation in Alzheimer's patients is higher when prompted with questions investigating episodic memory. Researchers suggest this is due to damage in the posterior cortical regions of the brain, which is a symptom characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
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that support the different cognitive processes necessary for normal source monitoring. They also proposed the idea of developing a standard neuropsychological test battery able to discriminate between the different types of confabulations. And there is a considerable amount of debate regarding the best approach to organizing and combining neuro-imaging, pharmacological, and cognitive/behavioral approaches to understand confabulation.
313:, or FTT, is a concept more commonly applied to the explanation of judgement decisions. According to this theory, memories are encoded generally (gist), as well as specifically (verbatim). Thus, a confabulation could result from recalling the incorrect verbatim memory or from being able to recall the gist portion, but not the verbatim portion, of a memory.
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occurs when an individual cannot place events properly in time. The monitoring and strategic retrieval account theories argue that confabulation arises when individuals cannot recall memories correctly or monitor them after retrieval. The executive control and fuzzy-trace theories also attempt to explain why confabulation happens.
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507:(SMT) reduced delusional confabulations. Furthermore, improvements were maintained at a three-month follow-up and were found to generalize to everyday settings. Although this treatment seems promising, more rigorous research is necessary to determine the efficacy of SMT in the general confabulation population.
494:) that are highly familiar to them. The stories recalled are encoded for errors that could be classified as distortions in memory. Distortions could include falsifying true story elements or including details from a completely different story. Errors such as these would be indicative of confabulations.
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However, not all accounts are so embedded in the neurocognitive aspects of confabulation. Some attribute confabulation to epistemic accounts. In 2009, theories underlying the causation and mechanisms for confabulation were criticized for their focus on neural processes, which are somewhat unclear, as
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and confabulation. More recently, a monitoring account for delusion, applied to confabulation, proposed both the inclusion of conscious and unconscious processing. The claim was that by encompassing the notion of both processes, spontaneous versus provoked confabulations could be better explained. In
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Numerous theories have been developed to explain confabulation. Neuropsychological theories suggest that cognitive dysfunction causes the distortion. Self-identity theories posit that people confabulate to preserve themselves. The temporality theory believes that confabulation
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In a recent review article, another group of researchers contemplate issues concerning the distinctions between delusions and confabulation. They question whether delusions and confabulation should be considered distinct or overlapping disorders and, if overlapping, to what degree? They also discuss
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On rare occasions, confabulation can also be seen in normal subjects. It is currently unclear how completely healthy individuals produce confabulations. It is possible that these individuals are in the process of developing some type of organic condition that is causing their confabulation symptoms.
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is a psychological disorder in which confabulation is sometimes observed. Although confabulation is usually coherent in its presentation, confabulations of schizophrenic patients are often delusional. Researchers have noted that these patients tend to make up delusions on the
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other words, there are two ways to confabulate. One is the unconscious, spontaneous way in which a memory goes through no logical, explanatory processing. The other is the conscious, provoked way in which a memory is recalled intentionally by the individual to explain something confusing or unusual.
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Supporters of the strategic retrieval account suggest that confabulations occur when an individual cannot actively monitor a memory for truthfulness after its retrieval. An individual recalls a memory, but there is some deficit after recall that interferes with the person establishing its falseness.
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Theories of confabulation range in emphasis. Some theories propose that confabulations represent a way for memory disabled people to maintain their self-identity. Other theories use neurocognitive links to explain the process of confabulation. Still other theories frame confabulation around the more
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Confabulation can occur with nervous system injuries or illnesses, including
Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and traumatic brain injury. It is believed that the right frontal lobe of the brain is damaged, causing false memories. Children are especially susceptible to forced
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Treatment for confabulation is somewhat dependent on the cause or source, if identifiable. For example, treatment of
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome involves large doses of vitamin B in order to reverse the thiamine deficiency. If there is no known physiological cause, more general cognitive techniques
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Confabulations can also be researched by using continuous recognition tasks. These tasks are often used in conjunction with confidence ratings. Generally, in a recognition task, participants are rapidly presented with pictures. Some of these pictures are shown once; others are shown multiple times.
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Along a similar notion are the theories of reality and source monitoring theories. In these theories, confabulation occurs when individuals incorrectly attribute memories as reality, or incorrectly attribute memories to a certain source. Thus, an individual might claim an imagined event happened in
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Although significant gains have been made in the understanding of confabulation in recent years, there is still much to be learned. One group of researchers in particular has laid out several important questions for future study. They suggest more information is needed regarding the neural systems
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is a condition with both neurological and psychological components. It is a form of dementia associated with severe frontal lobe dysfunction. Confabulation in individuals with
Alzheimer's is often more spontaneous than it is in other conditions, especially in the advanced stages of the
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The most popular theories of confabulation come from the field of neuropsychology or cognitive neuroscience. Research suggests that confabulation is associated with dysfunction of cognitive processes that control the retrieval from long-term memory. Frontal lobe damage often disrupts this process,
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Confabulation occurs when individuals mistakenly recall false information, without intending to deceive. Brain damage, dementia, and anticholinergic toxidrome can cause this distortion. Two types of confabulation exist: provoked and spontaneous, with two distinctions: verbal and behavioral. Verbal
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While some recent literature has suggested that older adults may be more susceptible than their younger counterparts to have false memories, the majority of research on forced confabulation centers around children. Children are particularly susceptible to forced confabulations based on their high
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Confabulation is believed to be a result of damage to the right frontal lobe of the brain. In particular, damage can be localized to the ventromedial frontal lobes and other structures fed by the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), including the basal forebrain, septum, fornix, cingulate gyrus,
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FTT uses a set of five principles to explain false-memory phenomena. Principle 1 suggests that subjects store verbatim information and gist information parallel to one another. Both forms of storage involve the surface content of an experience. Principle 2 shares factors of retrieval of gist and
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is implicated in the phenomenon of confabulation. People who confabulate present with incorrect memories ranging from subtle inaccuracies to surreal fabrications, and may include confusion or distortion in the temporal framing (timing, sequence or duration) of memories. In general, they are very
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distinguished two subtypes of confabulation, one of which he called simple confabulation, caused partly by errors in the temporal ordering of real events. The other variety he called fantastic confabulation, which was bizarre and patently impossible statements not rooted in true memory. Simple
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Support for the temporality account suggests that confabulations occur when an individual is unable to place events properly in time. Thus, an individual might correctly state an action they performed, but say they did it yesterday, when they did it weeks ago. In the Memory, Consciousness, and
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Different memory tests, including recognition tasks and free recall tasks, can be used to study confabulation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the distortion. Ongoing research aims to develop a standard test battery to discern between different types of confabulations, distinguish
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by using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott lists. Participants listen to audio recordings of several lists of words centered around a theme, known as the critical word. The participants are later asked to recall the words on their list. If the participant recalls the critical word, which was never
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Spontaneous confabulations, due to their involuntary nature, cannot be manipulated in a laboratory setting. However, provoked confabulations can be researched in various theoretical contexts. The mechanisms found to underlie provoked confabulations can be applied to spontaneous confabulation
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Confabulation of events or situations may lead to an eventual acceptance of the confabulated information as true. For instance, people who knowingly lie about a situation may eventually come to believe that their lies are truthful with time. In an interview setting, people are more likely to
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There is evidence to support different cognitive mechanisms for provoked and spontaneous confabulation. One study suggested that spontaneous confabulation may be a result of an amnesic patient's inability to distinguish the chronological order of events in their memory. In contrast, provoked
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Still others propose that all types of false memories, including confabulation, fit into a general memory and executive function model. In 2007, a framework for confabulation was proposed that stated confabulation is the result of two things: Problems with executive control and problems with
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characterized by excessive alcohol consumption and a nutritional thiamine deficiency. Confabulation is one salient symptom of this syndrome. A study on confabulation in
Korsakoff's patients found that they are subject to provoked confabulation when prompted with questions pertaining to
378:, and when prompted with questions where the appropriate response would be "I don't know." This suggests that confabulation in these patients is "domain-specific." Korsakoff's patients who confabulate are more likely than healthy adults to falsely recognize
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It is not uncommon, however, for the general population to display some very mild symptoms of provoked confabulations. Subtle distortions and intrusions in memory are commonly produced by normal subjects when they remember something poorly.
170:(or primary) confabulations do not occur in response to a cue and seem to be involuntary. They are relatively rare, more common in cases of dementia, and may result from the interaction between frontal lobe pathology and organic amnesia.
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as there is no intent to deceive and the person is unaware the information is false. Although individuals can present blatantly false information, confabulation can also seem to be coherent, internally consistent, and relatively normal.
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Participants press a key if they have seen the picture previously. Following a period of time, participants repeat the task. More errors on the second task, versus the first, are indicative of confusion, representing false memories.
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evaluation. In the executive control deficit, the incorrect memory is retrieved from the brain. In the evaluative deficit, the memory will be accepted as a truth due to an inability to distinguish a belief from an actual memory.
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confabulation may result from damage to memory systems in the medial temporal lobe. Fantastic confabulations reveal a dysfunction of the
Supervisory System, which is believed to be a function of the frontal cortex.
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Johnson, M.K. (1991). Reality monitoring: Evidence from confabulation in organic brain disease patients. In G.P. Prigatano & D.L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury. pp. 176–97. New York:
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well as their emphasis on the negativity of false remembering. Researchers proposed that an epistemic account of confabulation would be more encompassing of both the advantages and disadvantages of the process.
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Lorente-Rovira, E; Pomarol-Clotet, E; McCarthy, R. A.; Berrios, G. E.; McKenna, P. J. (2007). "Confabulation in schizophrenia and its relationship to clinical and neuropsychological features of the disorder".
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Kessels RP, Kortrijk HE, Wester AJ, Nys GM. Confabulation behavior and false memories in
Korsakoff's syndrome: role of source memory and executive functioning. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Apr; 62(2)
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consisting of the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world. It is generally associated with certain types of brain damage (especially
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Roebers, Claudia; Fernandez, Olivia (2002). "The
Effects of Accuracy Motivation on Children's and Adults' Event Recall, Suggestibility, and Their Answers to Unanswerable Questions".
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Zaragoza, M. S.; Payment, K. E.; Ackil, J. K.; Drivdahl, S. B.; Beck, M. (2001). "Interviewing
Witnesses: Forced Confabulation and Confirmatory Feedback Increase False Memories".
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statements, false information, and the patient's unawareness of the distortion are all associated with this phenomenon. Personality structure also plays a role in confabulation.
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Ghetti, Simona; Alexander, Kristen Weede (2004). ""If It Happened, I Would Remember It": Strategic Use of Event Memorability in the Rejection of False Autobiographical Events".
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Norman, D.A., & Shallice, T. (1980). Attention to action. Willed and automatic control of behavior. University of California San Diego CHIP Report 99. Later published as:
164:(momentary, or secondary) confabulations represent a normal response to a faulty memory, are common in both amnesia and dementia, and can become apparent during memory tests.
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Pezdek, Kathy; Lam, Shirley T.; Sperry, Kathryn (2009). "Forced confabulation more strongly influences event memory if suggestions are other-generated than self-generated".
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Shapiro, Lauren R.; Purdy, Telisa L. (2005). "Suggestibility and source monitoring errors: blame the interview style, interviewer consistency, and the child's personality".
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Shapiro, Lauren R.; Blackford, Cheryl; Chen, Chiung-Fen (2005). "Eyewitness memory for a simulated misdemeanor crime: the role of age and temperament in suggestibility".
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confabulation may be a compensatory mechanism, in which the patient tries to make up for their memory deficiency by attempting to demonstrate competency in recollection.
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Scoboria, Alan; Mazzoni, Giuliana; Kirsch, Irving (2008). ""Don't know" responding to answerable and unanswerable questions during misleading and hypnotic interviews".
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Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie; Memon, Amina; Logie, Robert (2004). "Post-identification feedback, confidence and recollections of witnessing conditions in child witnesses".
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Homewood, J; Bond, N. W. (1999). "Thiamin deficiency and Korsakoff's syndrome: Failure to find memory impairments following nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy".
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2548:"A Case of Probable Korsakoff's Syndrome: A Syndrome of Frontal Lobe and Diencephalic Structural Pathogenesis and a Comparison with Medial Temporal Lobe Dementias"
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Lorente-Rovira, E; Santos-Gómez, J. L.; Moro, M; Villagrán, J. M.; McKenna, P. J. (1 November 2010). "Confabulation in schizophrenia: A neuropsychological study".
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confabulation as they are highly impressionable. Feedback can increase confidence in false memories. In rare cases, confabulation occurs in ordinary individuals.
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Ackil, Jennifer K.; Zaragoza, Maria S. (1 November 1998). "Memorial consequences of forced confabulation: Age differences in susceptibility to false memories".
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Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-Trace Theory and False Memory. Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley–Blackwell), 11(5), 164–69.
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1974. The description and classification of psychiatric symptoms: An instruction manual for the PSE and catego system. London: Cambridge University Press.
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Ghetti, Simona; Castelli, Paola; Lyons, Kristen E. (2010). "Knowing about not remembering: developmental dissociations in lack-of-memory monitoring".
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Bortolotti, Lisa; Cox, Rochelle E. (1 December 2009). "'Faultless' ignorance: Strengths and limitations of epistemic definitions of confabulation".
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Dalla Barba, Gianfranco; Boissé, Marie-Françoise (2010). "Temporal consciousness and confabulation: Is the medial temporal lobe "temporal"?".
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delusions from confabulations, understand the role of unconscious processes, and identify pathological and nonpathological confabulations.
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Melnyk, Laura; Bruck, Maggie (2004). "Timing moderates the effects of repeated suggestive interviewing on children's eyewitness memory".
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Holliday, Robyn E.; Albon, Amanda J. (2004). "Minimising misinformation effects in young children with cognitive interview mnemonics".
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Confabulations can also be detected using a free recall task, such as a self-narrative task. Participants are asked to recall stories (
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mechanisms. The basic premise of researching confabulation comprises finding errors and distortions in memory tests of an individual.
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Can include autobiographical and non-personal information, such as historical facts, fairy-tales, or other aspects of semantic memory.
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Irle, E; Wowra, B; Kunert, H. J.; Hampl, J; Kunze, S (1992). "Memory disturbances following anterior communicating artery rupture".
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Metcalf, Kasey; Langdon, Robyn; Coltheart, Max (1 February 2007). "Models of confabulation: A critical review and a new framework".
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explicitly stated in the list, it is considered a confabulation. Participants often have a false memory for the critical word.
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Moscovitch M. 1995. "Confabulation". In (Eds. Schacter D.L., Coyle J.T., Fischbach G.D., Mesulum M.M. & Sullivan L.G.),
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Brainerd, C. J.; Reyna, V. F.; Ceci, S. J. (2008). "Developmental reversals in false memory: A review of data and theory".
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The patient is unaware of the accounts' distortions or inappropriateness, and is not concerned when errors are pointed out.
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Cooper, Janine M.; Shanks, Michael F.; Venneri, Annalena (11 May 2006). "Provoked confabulations in Alzheimer's disease".
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Pickel, Kerri (2004). "When a lie becomes the truth: The effects of self-generated misinformation on eyewitness memory".
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Baddeley, Alan; Wilson, Barbara (1986). "Amnesia, autobiographical memory, and confabulation". In Rubin, David C. (ed.).
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Dayus, B.; Van Den Broek, M.D. (2000). "Treatment of stable delusional confabulations using self-monitoring training".
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Moscovitch M.; Melo B. (1997). "Strategic retrieval and the frontal lobes: evidence from confabulation and amnesia".
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The account is usually drawn from the patient's memory of actual experiences, including past and current thoughts.
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Papagno, C; Baddeley, A (1997). "Confabulation in a dysexecutive patient: Implications for models of retrieval".
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Confabulations are often symptoms of various syndromes and psychopathologies in the adult population, including
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Langdon, R.; Turner, M (2010), "Delusion and confabulation: Overlapping or distinct distortions in reality?",
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Glowinski, Remy; Payman, Vahid; Frencham, Kate (2008). "Confabulation: a spontaneous and fantastic review".
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Norman, Donald A.; Shallice, Tim (1986). "Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior".
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Alexander, M. P.; Freedman, M (1984). "Amnesia after anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture".
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Temporality Theory, confabulation occurs because of a deficit in temporal consciousness or awareness.
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and are indicative of a complicated and intricate process that can be led astray at any point during
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This article is about the memory error in humans. In everyday speech, "confabulation" may refer to a
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Turner, Martha; Coltheart, Max (2010). "Confabulation and delusion: A common monitoring framework".
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Brainerd, C.J.; Reyna, V.F. (1 November 1998). "Fuzzy-Trace Theory and Children's False Memories".
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reality, or that a friend told him/her about an event he/she actually heard about on television.
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Polage, Danielle C. (2004). "Fabrication deflation? The mixed effects of lying on memory".
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Most known cases of confabulation are symptomatic of brain damage or dementias, such as
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confident about their recollections, even when challenged with contradictory evidence.
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The patient's personality structure may play a role in their readiness to confabulate.
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Burgess, P. W.; Shallice, T (1996). "Confabulation and the control of recollection".
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Turner, Martha S.; Cipolotti, Lisa; Yousry, Tarek A.; Shallice, Tim (1 June 2008).
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1515:"Confabulation versus experimentally induced false memories in Korsakoff patients"
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Baddeley, A; Wilson, B (1988). "Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome".
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2223:
503:
may be used to treat confabulation. A case study published in 2000 showed that
231:
familiar concept of delusion. Other researchers frame confabulation within the
3638:
3501:
3068:
2678:
2326:
2272:
Schnider, Armin; von Däniken, Christine; Gutbrod, Klemens (19 February 1996).
1889:
1876:
Dalla Barba G (1993). "Confabulation: knowledge and recollective experience".
1665:
1622:
1380:
1310:
1014:
968:
868:
572:
2396:
1706:
1530:
297:
Recent models of confabulation have attempted to build upon the link between
2874:
2600:
2477:
1353:
1241:
814:
771:
754:
236:
123:
17:
2686:
2643:
2573:
2532:
2485:
2334:
2231:
2169:
2134:
2010:
1733:
1683:
1630:
1573:
1538:
1440:
1388:
1318:
1114:
1060:
1022:
976:
938:
929:
912:
876:
780:
739:
681:
Matthews, Paul M.; McClelland, James L. (2010). Nalbantian, Suzanne (ed.).
200:
Typically verbal statements but can also be non-verbal gestures or actions.
2781:
2763:
2299:
2099:
1967:
1959:
1924:
1819:
1776:
1481:
1249:
1193:
1068:
996:
994:
832:
122:). Additionally confabulation often occurs in people with anticholinergic
3363:
1916:
913:"Mechanisms of spontaneous confabulations: a strategic retrieval account"
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
612:
298:
115:
103:
62:
54:
2802:
1001:
Kopelman, Michael D. (2010). "Varieties of confabulation and delusion".
382:
words, suggesting that false recognition is a "confabulatory behavior."
3076:
1707:"Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system"
1674:
653:
Memory Loss & the Brain: Newsletter of the Memory Disorders Project
1854:
753:
Kopelman, M. D.; Thomson, A. D.; Guerrini, I; Marshall, E. J. (2009).
2450:
2423:
2064:
2037:
187:
confabulations- occur when an individual acts on their false memories
2622:
Johnson, M; Raye, C. L. (1998). "False memories and confabulation".
2369:
2258:
755:"The Korsakoff Syndrome: Clinical Aspects, Psychology and Treatment"
317:
verbatim traces. Principle 3 is based on dual-opponent processes in
950:
948:
595:
411:
cingulum, anterior hypothalamus, and head of the caudate nucleus.
716:. pp. 226–51. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2752:
The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science
1340:
Kopelman, Michael D. (1 May 1999). "Varieties of False Memory".
602:
2816:
2812:
683:
The memory process: neuroscientific and humanistic perspectives
365:
is a neurological disorder typically characterized by years of
95:
2717:
Brain Fiction: Self-deception and the riddle of confabulation
209:
Both the premise and the details of the account can be false.
145:
of a memory. This type of confabulation is commonly seen in
2274:"The mechanisms of spontaneous and provoked confabulations"
1841:
Baddeley, Alan (1996). "Exploring the Central Executive".
1143:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–52.
196:
Confabulation is associated with several characteristics:
27:
Recall of fabricated, misinterpreted or distorted memories
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
633:
Berrios G E (1998) Confabulations: A Conceptual History.
126:
when interrogated about bizarre or irrational behaviour.
1654:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
181:
confabulations- spoken false memories, most common type
129:
Confabulated memories of all types most often occur in
1088:
1086:
1042:
1040:
464:
Confabulations can be detected in the context of the
2792:
339:
Associated neurological and psychological conditions
157:
Two types of confabulation are often distinguished:
3723:
3692:
3551:
3544:
3437:
3409:
3341:
3298:
3270:
3230:
3172:
3067:
2973:
2948:
2900:
2893:
2850:
2796:
2745:
803:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
218:There is no hidden motivation behind the account.
957:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1454:Dalla Barba G.; Cipolotti L.; Denes G. (1990).
1134:
1132:
65:. While still an area of ongoing research, the
2828:
8:
1843:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
792:
790:
708:
706:
704:
702:
2959:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
2212:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
655:. Rutgers University-Newark. Archived from
635:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
3548:
2897:
2835:
2821:
2813:
2793:
1223:
1221:
424:Provoked versus spontaneous confabulations
2758:(1), New York: Perennial Library: 130–1,
2563:
2289:
1673:
1471:
928:
822:
770:
206:The account can be fantastic or coherent.
2747:"The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat"
1049:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
2720:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press,
685:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
626:
558:Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
40:Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
3843:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
1566:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.029
1513:Damme, Ilse; d'Ydewalle, GĂ©ry (2010).
676:
674:
174:Another distinction is that between:
34:. For confabulation in machines, see
7:
2552:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
2185:Journal of Cognition and Development
728:Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova
94:Confabulation is distinguished from
2546:Spiegel, D. R.; Lim, K. J. (2011).
2385:Legal and Criminological Psychology
726:Sivolap IuP Damulin IV (2013). "".
293:In the context of delusion theories
275:Strategic retrieval account theory
25:
3240:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
2589:Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
2507:Howe, Mark L.; Cicchetti, Dante;
1266:Consciousness and Self-Regulation
466:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
3785:
3773:
2525:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00748.x
2162:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00692.x
2127:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00908.x
649:"The truth about confabulation"
647:Pendick, Daniel (Summer 2000).
538:Confabulation (neural networks)
36:Confabulation (neural networks)
3450:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3323:Memory and social interactions
460:Deese–Roediger–McDermott lists
1:
3838:Barriers to critical thinking
2636:10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01152-8
1812:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70731-7
1473:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80302-4
1433:10.1016/s0741-8329(99)00027-0
1186:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00028-6
59:anterior communicating artery
3159:Retrieval-induced forgetting
2624:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2439:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2412:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2358:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2247:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2053:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2026:Applied Cognitive Psychology
1769:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90031-0
1726:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.01.002
1594:Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E.,
1149:10.1017/CBO9780511558313.020
1107:10.1016/j.concog.2009.08.011
911:Gilboa, A. (13 April 2006).
799:"Two types of confabulation"
433:Confidence in false memories
2092:10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1358
2003:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.343
1274:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1
1095:Consciousness and Cognition
363:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
243:Neuropsychological theories
114:(a common manifestation of
112:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
3859:
3497:Levels of Processing model
3422:World Memory Championships
3255:Lost in the mall technique
3102:dissociative (psychogenic)
2224:10.1037/1076-898X.14.3.255
2197:10.1207/S15327647JCD3,4-03
1519:Journal of Neuropsychology
61:) or a specific subset of
29:
3818:Health effects of alcohol
3768:
2679:10.1080/13546800903519095
2667:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
2327:10.1080/09658210244000072
1890:10.1080/02643299308253454
1878:Cognitive Neuropsychology
1666:10.1017/S1355617710000718
1623:10.1017/S0033291707000566
1381:10.1080/13546800903441902
1369:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
1342:Cognitive Neuropsychology
1311:10.1080/13546800902758017
1299:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
1015:10.1080/13546800902732830
1003:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
969:10.1080/00048670802415335
869:10.1080/02643290600694901
857:Cognitive Neuropsychology
584:Not to be confused with:
415:Developmental differences
406:Location of brain lesions
3535:The Seven Sins of Memory
3480:Intermediate-term memory
3285:Indirect tests of memory
3262:Recovered-memory therapy
3212:Misattribution of memory
2397:10.1348/135532508X344773
2291:10.1093/brain/119.4.1365
2080:Developmental Psychology
1531:10.1348/174866409X478231
797:Kopelman, M. D. (1987).
505:Self-Monitoring Training
284:Executive control theory
3222:Source-monitoring error
2601:10.1080/096020100411998
2478:10.1111/1467-9280.00388
1354:10.1080/026432999380762
1242:10.1080/096582196388906
1141:Autobiographical Memory
815:10.1136/jnnp.50.11.1482
451:Diagnosis and treatment
131:autobiographical memory
3629:George Armitage Miller
3589:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1991:Psychological Bulletin
1611:Psychological Medicine
1061:10.1006/jecp.1998.2464
759:Alcohol and Alcoholism
400:Traumatic brain injury
357:traumatic brain injury
3792:Philosophy portal
3780:Psychology portal
3644:Henry L. Roediger III
3245:False memory syndrome
3217:Misinformation effect
3197:Imagination inflation
2764:10.1192/bjp.166.1.130
2466:Psychological Science
2115:Developmental Science
1960:10.1002/ana.410310503
772:10.1093/alcalc/agn118
568:Misinformation effect
442:Among normal subjects
118:deficiency caused by
3149:Motivated forgetting
1917:10.1212/wnl.34.6.752
930:10.1093/brain/awl093
367:alcohol use disorder
345:Korsakoff's syndrome
147:Korsakoff's syndrome
120:alcohol use disorder
3659:Arthur P. Shimamura
3559:Richard C. Atkinson
3376:Effects of exercise
3250:Memory implantation
3134:Interference theory
3050:Selective retention
3030:Meaningful learning
1948:Annals of Neurology
1757:Brain and Cognition
386:Alzheimer's disease
349:Alzheimer's disease
108:Alzheimer's disease
3756:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3579:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3485:Involuntary memory
3386:Memory improvement
3371:Effects of alcohol
3333:Transactive memory
3311:Politics of memory
3280:Exceptional memory
587:Scams (swindles):
578:Rosy retrospection
311:Fuzzy-trace theory
306:Fuzzy-trace theory
257:Temporality theory
233:fuzzy-trace theory
192:Signs and symptoms
3800:
3799:
3764:
3763:
3751:Cosmos Rossellius
3599:Marcia K. Johnson
3470:Exosomatic memory
3455:Context-dependent
3445:Absent-mindedness
3328:Memory conformity
3306:Collective memory
3207:Memory conformity
3144:Memory inhibition
3063:
3062:
3055:Tip of the tongue
2810:
2809:
2773:978-0-06-097079-6
2727:978-0-262-08338-6
2712:Hirstein, William
2513:Child Development
2150:Child Development
1855:10.1080/713755608
1560:(10): 1697–1707.
1283:978-1-4757-0631-4
1268:. pp. 1–18.
734:(6 Pt 2): 20–26.
714:Memory Distortion
692:978-0-262-01457-1
659:on 3 January 2013
591:Confidence tricks
482:Free recall tasks
473:Recognition tasks
266:Monitoring theory
16:(Redirected from
3850:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3731:Jonathan Hancock
3684:Robert Stickgold
3654:Richard Shiffrin
3609:Elizabeth Loftus
3549:
3465:Childhood memory
3272:Research methods
3154:Repressed memory
3129:Forgetting curve
3117:transient global
2988:Autobiographical
2898:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2794:
2784:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2698:
2697:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:10.1002/acp.1037
2434:
2428:
2427:
2424:10.1002/acp.1013
2407:
2401:
2400:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2065:10.1002/acp.1089
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:10.1002/acp.1093
2021:
2015:
2014:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1554:Neuropsychologia
1549:
1543:
1542:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1475:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1348:(3–5): 197–214.
1337:
1331:
1330:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1174:Neuropsychologia
1169:
1163:
1162:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1044:
1035:
1034:
998:
989:
988:
952:
943:
942:
932:
923:(6): 1399–1414.
908:
889:
888:
852:
837:
836:
826:
794:
785:
784:
774:
750:
744:
743:
723:
717:
710:
697:
696:
678:
669:
668:
666:
664:
644:
638:
631:
492:autobiographical
325:Epistemic theory
21:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3760:
3741:Dominic O'Brien
3719:
3688:
3669:Susumu Tonegawa
3649:Daniel Schacter
3624:Eleanor Maguire
3614:Geoffrey Loftus
3569:Stephen J. Ceci
3564:Robert A. Bjork
3540:
3459:state-dependent
3433:
3405:
3337:
3318:Cultural memory
3294:
3290:Memory disorder
3266:
3226:
3168:
3059:
2969:
2944:
2889:
2846:
2841:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2791:
2774:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2710:
2707:
2705:Further reading
2702:
2701:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2509:Toth, Sheree L.
2506:
2505:
2501:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2382:
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2377:
2370:10.1002/acp.995
2355:
2354:
2350:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2259:10.1002/acp.973
2244:
2243:
2239:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1840:
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1835:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1617:(10): 1403–12.
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1375:(1–3): 346–76.
1366:
1365:
1361:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1305:(1–3): 95–117.
1296:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1000:
999:
992:
954:
953:
946:
910:
909:
892:
854:
853:
840:
809:(11): 1482–87.
796:
795:
788:
752:
751:
747:
725:
724:
720:
711:
700:
693:
680:
679:
672:
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628:
623:
526:
513:
500:
484:
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453:
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426:
417:
408:
376:semantic memory
372:episodic memory
341:
336:
327:
308:
295:
286:
277:
268:
259:
245:
228:
194:
155:
92:
67:basal forebrain
45:In psychology,
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3856:
3854:
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3805:
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3782:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Paul R. McHugh
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
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3656:
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3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Ivan Izquierdo
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3441:
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3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
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3366:
3361:
3351:
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3338:
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3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:Hindsight bias
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Memory erasure
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:post-traumatic
3094:
3089:
3084:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Personal-event
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2965:Working memory
2962:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2935:Motor learning
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2851:Basic concepts
2848:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:Classification
2790:
2789:External links
2787:
2786:
2785:
2772:
2738:
2726:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2657:
2614:
2579:
2538:
2519:(5): 1402–17.
2499:
2456:
2429:
2402:
2375:
2348:
2305:
2284:(4): 1365–75.
2264:
2237:
2202:
2175:
2140:
2105:
2086:(6): 1358–72.
2070:
2043:
2032:(4): 489–506.
2016:
1981:
1938:
1895:
1868:
1833:
1790:
1747:
1697:
1660:(6): 1018–26.
1644:
1600:
1587:
1544:
1505:
1495:
1446:
1411:
1402:
1359:
1332:
1289:
1282:
1255:
1236:(4): 359–411.
1217:
1207:
1180:(7): 1017–34.
1164:
1157:
1128:
1082:
1036:
1009:(1–3): 14–37.
990:
963:(11): 932–40.
944:
890:
838:
786:
745:
718:
698:
691:
670:
639:
625:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
599:
598:
593:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
563:Hindsight bias
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:Compare with:
525:
522:
512:
509:
499:
496:
483:
480:
474:
471:
461:
458:
452:
449:
443:
440:
434:
431:
425:
422:
416:
413:
407:
404:
340:
337:
335:
332:
326:
323:
307:
304:
294:
291:
285:
282:
276:
273:
267:
264:
258:
255:
244:
241:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
193:
190:
189:
188:
182:
172:
171:
165:
154:
151:
91:
88:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3855:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Memory biases
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3715:Clive Wearing
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Endel Tulving
3677:
3675:
3674:Anne Treisman
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Brenda Milner
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:James McGaugh
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Sigmund Freud
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:retrospective
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Muscle memory
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:Art of memory
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Memory biases
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Confabulation
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3174:Memory errors
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:post-hypnotic
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Rote learning
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Hyperthymesia
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Active recall
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Consolidation
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2742:Sacks, Oliver
2739:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:(4): 137–45.
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:(4): 415–27.
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:(6): 473–77.
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2445:(7): 901–12.
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2418:(5): 613–31.
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2391:(2): 241–52.
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2364:(4): 455–65.
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2253:(3): 263–81.
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:(3): 255–65.
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2191:(4): 415–43.
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:(2): 542–61.
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:(4): 611–21.
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2059:(3): 267–89.
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:(3): 343–82.
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:(5): 473–80.
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:(6): 752–57.
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:(4): 743–52.
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:(2): 212–30.
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:(6): 637–48.
1719:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:Sartorius, N.
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:(2): 211–30.
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1466:(4): 525–34.
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1158:9780511558313
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:(4): 952–65.
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:(2): 81–129.
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
949:
945:
940:
936:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
765:(2): 148–54.
764:
760:
756:
749:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
715:
709:
707:
705:
703:
699:
694:
688:
684:
677:
675:
671:
658:
654:
650:
643:
640:
637:. 7: 225-241.
636:
630:
627:
620:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
585:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:Hallucination
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
527:
523:
521:
517:
510:
508:
506:
497:
495:
493:
489:
481:
479:
472:
470:
467:
459:
457:
450:
448:
441:
439:
432:
430:
423:
421:
414:
412:
405:
403:
401:
397:
394:
393:Schizophrenia
390:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
358:
354:
353:schizophrenia
350:
346:
338:
333:
331:
324:
322:
320:
314:
312:
305:
303:
300:
292:
290:
283:
281:
274:
272:
265:
263:
256:
254:
251:
242:
240:
238:
234:
225:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
197:
191:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
175:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
158:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
97:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:confabulation
41:
37:
33:
19:
3746:Ben Pridmore
3664:Larry Squire
3574:Susan Clancy
3533:
3417:Memory sport
3342:Other topics
3232:False memory
3187:Cryptomnesia
3181:
3164:Weapon focus
3124:Decay theory
2885:Neuroanatomy
2844:Human memory
2755:
2751:
2731:, retrieved
2716:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2558:(6): 15–19.
2555:
2551:
2541:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2321:(1): 14–26.
2318:
2314:
2308:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2029:
2025:
2019:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1590:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1427:(1): 75–84.
1424:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1265:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1210:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1140:
1098:
1094:
1052:
1048:
1006:
1002:
960:
956:
920:
916:
863:(1): 23–47.
860:
856:
806:
802:
762:
758:
748:
731:
727:
721:
713:
682:
661:. Retrieved
657:the original
652:
642:
634:
629:
548:False memory
543:Cryptomnesia
518:
514:
501:
485:
476:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
418:
409:
398:
391:
384:
361:
342:
334:Presentation
328:
319:false memory
315:
309:
296:
287:
278:
269:
260:
246:
229:
195:
184:
178:
173:
167:
161:
156:
153:Distinctions
128:
101:
93:
84:
80:
76:
72:
51:memory error
46:
44:
32:conversation
18:Confabulated
3604:Eric Kandel
3552:Researchers
3524:Prospective
3475:Free recall
3429:Shas Pollak
3082:anterograde
2998:Declarative
2673:(1): 1–13,
1884:(1): 1–20.
1849:(1): 5–28.
1675:10234/88477
608:Gaslighting
533:Anosognosia
168:Spontaneous
90:Description
3807:Categories
3639:Lynn Nadel
3517:intertrial
3502:Metamemory
3490:flashbacks
3410:In society
3107:retrograde
3069:Forgetting
3040:Procedural
2950:Short-term
2920:Eyewitness
621:References
573:Revelation
380:distractor
239:accounts.
185:Behavioral
3828:Ignorance
3391:Nutrition
3299:In groups
3112:selective
3087:childhood
3015:Flashbulb
2975:Long-term
2875:Attention
2609:145657555
1905:Neurology
1397:205768903
498:Treatment
250:Kraepelin
237:epistemic
124:toxidrome
63:dementias
3693:Patients
3364:mnemonic
3359:chunking
3025:Implicit
3008:Semantic
3003:Episodic
2993:Explicit
2858:Encoding
2744:(1985),
2733:21 March
2714:(2005),
2695:35177831
2687:20043251
2652:10033853
2644:21227110
2574:21779537
2533:15369522
2494:11951759
2486:11760134
2343:21383980
2335:15098618
2232:18808279
2170:15056205
2135:20590725
2011:18444700
1976:42233017
1933:34357231
1863:54633639
1785:26954876
1742:17414598
1734:18472034
1692:23194952
1684:20630120
1639:32121170
1631:17506924
1582:41292107
1574:16697019
1539:19930792
1441:10487391
1389:20043250
1327:42447646
1319:19750399
1202:33862514
1123:35121072
1115:19773185
1077:12290995
1031:19764950
1023:19753493
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