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Due to the limited capacity of the working memory, this type of storage is necessary for memory to properly function. The exact number of chunks that can be present in the working memory is not definite, but ranges from one to three chunks. The recall is not measured in terms of the items that are being remembered, but they chunks that they are put into. This type of memory storage is typically effective, as it has been found that with the appearance of the first item in a chunk, the other items can be immediately recalled. Though errors may occur, it if more common for the errors to occur at the beginning of the chunk than in the middle of the chunk. Chunks can be recalled with long-term or working memory. Simple chunks of information can be recalled without having to go through long term memory, such as the sequence ABABAB, which would use working memory for recollection. More difficult sequences, such as a phone number, would have to be split into chunks and may have to pass through long-term memory to be recalled. The spacing used in phone numbers is a common chunking method, as the grouping in the numbers allows for the digits to be remembered in clusters and not individually.
175:. Baddeley suggested that information stored in short-term memory continuously deteriorates, which can eventually lead to forgetting in the absence of rehearsal. George A. Miller suggested that the capacity of the short-term memory storage is about seven items plus or minus two, also known as the magic number 7, but this number has been shown to be subject to numerous variability, including the size, similarity, and other properties of the chunks. Memory span varies; it is lower for multisyllabic words than for shorter words. In general, the memory span for verbal contents i.e. letters, words, and digits, relies on the duration of time it takes to speak these contents aloud and on the degree of lexicality (relating to the words or the vocabulary of a language distinguished from its grammar and construction) of the contents. Characteristics such as the length of spoken time for each word, known as the word-length effect, or when words are similar to each other lead to fewer words being recalled.
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that were introduced last. Because the short-term store is readily accessible, such items would be recalled before any item stored within long-term store. This recall accessibility also explains the fragile nature of recency effect, which is that the simplest distractors can cause a person to forget the last few items in the list, as the last items would not have had enough time to form any meaningful association within the long-term store. If the information is dropped out of the short-term store by distractors, the probability of the last items being recalled would be expected to be lower than even the pre-recency items in the middle of the list.
191:
for the items in that chunk to be more easily recalled. Other researchers described the items in these chunks as being strongly connected to each other, but not to the other items in other chunks. Each chunk, in their findings, would hold only the items pertaining to that topic, and not have it be relatable to any other chunk or items in that chunk. The menu for a restaurant would display this type of chucking, as the entrée category would not display anything from the dessert category, and the dessert category would not display anything form the entrée category.
225:(Atkinson 1968) suggests that the items stored in short-term memory moves to long-term memory through repeated practice and use. Long-term storage may be similar to learningâthe process by which information that may be needed again is stored for recall on demand. The process of locating this information and bringing it back to working memory is called retrieval. This knowledge that is easily recalled is explicit knowledge, whereas most long-term memory is implicit knowledge and is not readily retrievable. Scientists speculate that the
246:, and serial recall. However, to explain the recall process, the memory model must identify how an encoded memory can reside in the memory storage for a prolonged period until the memory is accessed again, during the recall process; but not all models use the terminology of short-term and long-term memory to explain memory storage; the dual-store theory and a modified version of AtkinsonâShiffrin model of memory (Atkinson 1968) uses both short-and long-term memory storage, but others do not.
330:(autoassociation) the self-association in long-term store, (heteroassociation) the inter-item association in long-term store, and the (context association ) which refers to association between the item and its encoded context. For each item in short-term store, the longer the duration of time an item resides within the short-term store, the greater its association with itself will be with other items that co-reside within short-term store, and with its encoded context.
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the groups were given random positions to remember, De Groot found that all groups performed poorly at the recalling task regardless of the participants knowledge of chess. Further research into chunking greatly impacted the studies of memory development, expertise, and immediate recall. Research into behavioral and imaging studies have also suggested that chunking can be applied to habit learning, motor skills, language processing, and visual perception.
144:. Memory is the process of storing and recalling information that was previously acquired. Storing refers to the process of placing newly acquired information into memory, which is modified in the brain for easier storage. Encoding this information makes the process of retrieval easier for the brain where it can be recalled and brought into conscious thinking. Modern memory psychology differentiates between the two distinct types of memory storage:
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process, parallel-search between every single trace that resides within the ever-growing matrix is required, which also raises doubt on whether such computations can be done in a short amount of time. Such doubts, however, have been challenged by findings of
Gallistel and King who present evidence on the brainâs enormous computational abilities that can be in support of such parallel support.
32:
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Semon (1923). A single memory is distributed to multiple attributes, or features, so that each attribute represents one aspect of the memory being encoded. Such a vector of values is then added into the memory array or a matrix, composed of different traces or vectors of memory. Therefore, every time a new memory is encoded, such memory is converted to a vector or a trace, composed of
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and elaborate rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal consists of constantly repeating the word or phrase of words to remember. Remembering a phone number is one of the best examples of this. Maintenance rehearsal is mainly used for the short-term ability to recall information. Elaborate rehearsal involves the association of old with new information.
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Because the memory matrix is constantly growing with new traces being added in, one would have to perform a parallel search through all the traces present within the memory matrix to calculate the similarity, whose result can be used to perform either associative recognition, or with probabilistic choice rule, used to perform a cued recall.
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matrix of multiple traces hypothesis and the neural network model is that while new memory indicates extension of the existing matrix for the multiple traces hypothesis, weight matrix of the neural network model does not extend; rather, the weight is said to be updated with introduction of new association between neurons.
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The weight matrix of
Hopfield Net, that stores the memory, closely resembles the one used in weight matrix proposed by Anderson. Again, when new association is introduced, the weight matrix is said to be âupdatedâ to accommodate the introduction of new memory; it is stored until the matrix is cued by
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The multi-trace model had two key limitations: one, notion of the presence of ever-growing matrix in human memory sounds implausible; and two, computational searches for similarity against millions of traces that would be present in memory matrix to calculate similarity sounds far beyond the scope of
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While it has been claimed that human memory seems to be capable of storing a great amount of information, to the extent that some had thought an infinite amount, the presence of such ever-growing matrix within human memory sounds implausible. In addition, the model suggests that to perform the recall
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is the process by which information is retained in short-term memory by conscious repetition of the word, phrase or number. If information has sufficient meaning to the person or if it is repeated enough, it can be encoded into long-term memory. There are two types of rehearsal: maintenance rehearsal
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Anderson shows that combination of
Hebbian learning rule and McCullochâPitts dynamical rule allow network to generate a weight matrix that can store associations between different memory patterns â such matrix is the form of memory storage for the neural network model. Major differences between the
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Psychologist and master chess player
Adriaan de Groot supported the theory of chunking through his experiment on chess positions and different levels of expertise. When presented positions of pieces from chess tournament games, the experts were more accurate at recalling the positions. However, when
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Chunking was introduced by George A. Miller who suggested that this way of organizing and processing information allows for a more effective retention of material from the environment. Miller developed the idea that chunking was a collection of similar items and when that chunk was named, it allowed
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As items co-reside in the short-term store, their associations are constantly being updated in the long-term store matrix. The strength of association between two items depends on the amount of time the two memory items spend together within the short-term store, known as the contiguity effect. Two
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is the process of grouping pieces of information together into âchunksâ. This allows for the brain to collect more information at a given time by reducing it to more-specific groups. With the processes of chunking, the external environment is linked to the internal cognitive processes of the brain.
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is involved in the creation of long-term memory. It is unclear where long-term memory is stored, although there is evidence depicting long-term memory is stored in various parts of the nervous system. Long-term memory is permanent. Memory can be recalled, which, according to the dual-store memory
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of recall experiments is when the last few items in a list are recalled exceptionally well over other items, and can be explained by the short-term store. When the study of a given list of memory has been finished, what resides in the short-term store in the end is likely to be the last few items
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First developed by
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), and refined by others, including Raajimakers and Shiffrin, the dual-store memory search model, now referred to as SAM or search of associative memory model, remains as one of the most influential computational models of memory. The model uses both
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As the
Andersonâs weight matrix between neurons will only retrieve the approximation of the target item when cued, modified version of the model was sought in order to be able to recall the exact target memory when cued. The Hopfield Net is currently the simplest and most popular neural network
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The multi-trace distributed memory model suggests that the memories that are being encoded are converted to vectors of values, with each scalar quantity of a vector representing a different attribute of the item to be encoded. Such notion was first suggested by early theories of Hooke (1969) and
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The dual-store SAM model also utilizes memory storage, which itself can be classified as a type of long-term storage: the semantic matrix. The long-term store in SAM represents the episodic memory, which only deals with new associations that were formed during the study of an experimental list;
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Once memory traces corresponding to specific memory are stored in the matrix, to retrieve the memory for the recall process one must cue the memory matrix with a specific probe, which would be used to calculate the similarity between the test vector and the vectors stored in the memory matrix.
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Thus, the two types of memory storage, short- and long-term stores, are used in the SAM model. In the recall process, items residing in short-term memory store will be recalled first, followed by items residing in long-term store, where the probability of being recalled is proportional to the
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Furthermore, the primacy effect, an effect seen in memory recall paradigm, reveals that the first few items in a list have a greater chance of being recalled over others in the STS, while older items have a greater chance of dropping out of STS. The item that managed to stay in the STS for an
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in a neural network form a complex network with other neurons, forming a highly interconnected network; each neuron is characterized by the activation value, and the connection between two neurons is characterized by the weight value. Interaction between each neuron is characterized by the
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When an item is first encoded, it is introduced into the short-term store. While the item stays in the short-term store, vector representations in long-term store go through a variety of associations. Items introduced in short-term store go through three different types of association:
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pre-existing associations between items of the list, then, need to be represented on different matrix, the semantic matrix. The semantic matrix remains as another source of information that is not modified by episodic associations that are formed during the exam.
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The size of the short-term store is defined by a parameter, r. As an item is introduced into the short-term store, and if the short-term store has already been occupied by a maximum number of items, the item will probably drop out of the short-term storage.
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extended amount of time would have formed a stronger autoassociation, heteroassociation and context association than others, ultimately leading to greater associative strength and a higher chance of being recalled.
152:. Several models of memory have been proposed over the past century, some of them suggesting different relationships between short- and long-term memory to account for different ways of storing memory.
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In contrast to the short-term memory, long-term memory refers to the ability to hold information for a prolonged time and is possibly the most complex component of the human memory system. The
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Using the weight matrix and learning/dynamic rule, neurons cued with one value can retrieve the different value that is ideally a close approximation of the desired target memory vector.
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strength of the association present within the long-term store. Another memory storage, the semantic matrix, is used to explain the semantic effect associated with memory recall.
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Yamaguchi, M., Randle, J.M., Wilson, T.L., & Logan, G.D. (2017). Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Memory chunking improves retrieval of prior typing episodes.
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representing variety of attributes, which is then added to pre-existing and ever-growing memory matrix, composed of multiple tracesâhence the name of the model.
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model is the ideal model in this case, as it overcomes the limitations posed by the multi-trace model and maintains the useful features of the model as well.
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short-term memory, termed short-term store (STS), and long-term memory, termed long-term store (LTS) or episodic matrix, in its mechanism.
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611:"Relationship between measures of working memory capacity and the time course of short-term memory retrieval and interference resolution"
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McCullochâPitts dynamical rule, and change of weight and connections between neurons resulting from learning is represented by the
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items that are contiguous have greater associative strength and are often recalled together from long-term storage.
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
800:Fonollosa, J.; Neftci, E.; Rabinovich, M. (2015).
1098:"The effects of List Length on Short-Term Memory"
679:Thalmann, M.; Souza, A. S.; Oberauer, K. (2018).
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1102:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
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609:Oztekin, I.; McElree, B. (2010).
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1698:Misinformation effect
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65:"Storage" memory
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50:improve this article
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1966:Involuntary memory
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2281:
2280:
2245:
2244:
2232:Cosmos Rossellius
2080:Marcia K. Johnson
1951:Exosomatic memory
1936:Context-dependent
1926:Absent-mindedness
1809:Memory conformity
1787:Collective memory
1688:Memory conformity
1625:Memory inhibition
1544:
1543:
1536:Tip of the tongue
1180:Essence of Memory
399:(15): 3837â3838.
257:scalar quantities
167:Short-term memory
161:Short-term memory
146:short-term memory
126:
125:
118:
100:
2637:
2314:Mental processes
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2212:Jonathan Hancock
2165:Robert Stickgold
2135:Richard Shiffrin
2090:Elizabeth Loftus
2030:
1946:Childhood memory
1753:Research methods
1635:Repressed memory
1610:Forgetting curve
1598:transient global
1469:Autobiographical
1379:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1209:
1153:
1152:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1022:(8): 2554â2558.
1007:
1001:
1000:
991:(1â2): 137â160.
980:
974:
973:
937:
931:
930:
922:
916:
915:
895:
889:
888:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
849:
839:
829:
812:(11): e1004592.
797:
784:
783:
773:
741:
728:
727:
685:
676:
665:
658:
649:
648:
638:
627:10.1037/a0018029
606:
600:
599:
555:
534:
533:
499:
490:
484:
483:
465:
433:
427:
426:
416:
384:
277:Hopfield network
217:Long-term memory
211:Long-term memory
150:long-term memory
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2542:
2509:
2417:
2396:Problem solving
2381:Decision-making
2315:
2312:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2241:
2222:Dominic O'Brien
2200:
2169:
2150:Susumu Tonegawa
2130:Daniel Schacter
2105:Eleanor Maguire
2095:Geoffrey Loftus
2050:Stephen J. Ceci
2045:Robert A. Bjork
2021:
1940:state-dependent
1914:
1886:
1818:
1799:Cultural memory
1775:
1771:Memory disorder
1747:
1707:
1649:
1540:
1450:
1425:
1370:
1327:
1322:
1269:Wayback Machine
1230:
1220:
1198:
1177:
1162:
1160:Further reading
1157:
1156:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1009:
1008:
1004:
982:
981:
977:
939:
938:
934:
924:
923:
919:
897:
896:
892:
882:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
853:
799:
798:
787:
743:
742:
731:
683:
678:
677:
668:
659:
652:
608:
607:
603:
557:
556:
537:
497:
492:
491:
487:
435:
434:
430:
386:
385:
381:
376:
368:Semantic memory
364:
323:
279:
273:
252:
236:
219:
213:
201:
181:
169:
163:
158:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Mental fatigue
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Paul R. McHugh
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Ivan Izquierdo
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:Hindsight bias
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:Memory erasure
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:post-traumatic
1575:
1570:
1565:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Personal-event
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1446:Working memory
1443:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1416:Motor learning
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1332:Basic concepts
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1232:|journal=
1196:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1135:(2): 299â324.
1119:
1108:(3): 303â311.
1088:
1061:
1002:
975:
948:(2): 179â190.
932:
917:
906:(4): 115â133.
890:
875:
863:
851:
785:
729:
666:
650:
601:
566:(6): 236â243.
535:
485:
428:
378:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
363:
360:
347:recency effect
322:
319:
284:neural network
275:Main article:
272:
269:
251:
248:
235:
232:
215:Main article:
212:
209:
200:
197:
180:
177:
173:working memory
165:Main article:
162:
159:
157:
154:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Consolidation
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Consciousness
2369:
2367:
2366:Comprehension
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2196:Clive Wearing
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Endel Tulving
2158:
2156:
2155:Anne Treisman
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Brenda Milner
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:James McGaugh
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Sigmund Freud
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:retrospective
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Muscle memory
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:Art of memory
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Memory biases
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Confabulation
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1655:Memory errors
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:post-hypnotic
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Rote learning
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Hyperthymesia
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Active recall
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Consolidation
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1197:9780444531643
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1077:(2): 98â134.
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
921:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
891:
886:
879:
876:
873:
867:
864:
861:
855:
852:
847:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
794:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
738:
736:
734:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
621:(2): 383â97.
620:
616:
612:
605:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
489:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
459:
455:
451:
448:(2): 343â35.
447:
443:
439:
432:
429:
424:
420:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
380:
373:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
320:
318:
314:
312:
306:
303:
299:
297:
292:
287:
285:
278:
270:
268:
264:
260:
258:
249:
247:
245:
241:
240:memory models
233:
231:
228:
224:
218:
210:
208:
205:
198:
196:
192:
188:
185:
178:
176:
174:
168:
160:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: â
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
19:
2532:
2227:Ben Pridmore
2145:Larry Squire
2055:Susan Clancy
2014:
1898:Memory sport
1823:Other topics
1713:False memory
1668:Cryptomnesia
1645:Weapon focus
1605:Decay theory
1366:Neuroanatomy
1343:
1325:Human memory
1179:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1019:
1015:
1005:
988:
984:
978:
945:
941:
935:
926:
920:
903:
899:
893:
884:
878:
866:
854:
809:
805:
753:
749:
694:(1): 37â55.
691:
687:
664:, 1432-1447.
661:
618:
614:
604:
563:
559:
508:(4): 362â5.
505:
501:
488:
445:
441:
431:
396:
392:
382:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
307:
304:
300:
288:
280:
265:
261:
253:
237:
220:
202:
193:
189:
182:
170:
133:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
18:data storage
2413:Prospection
2386:Imagination
2349:Forecasting
2329:Association
2085:Eric Kandel
2033:Researchers
2005:Prospective
1956:Free recall
1910:Shas Pollak
1563:anterograde
1479:Declarative
244:free recall
227:hippocampus
2594:Mental set
2473:Peripheral
2423:Perception
2406:strategies
2120:Lynn Nadel
1998:intertrial
1983:Metamemory
1971:flashbacks
1891:In society
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1550:Forgetting
1521:Procedural
1431:Short-term
1401:Eyewitness
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374:References
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2569:Intention
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2488:Harmonics
2441:RGB model
2391:Intuition
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2321:Cognition
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1568:childhood
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2609:Volition
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423:18400882
362:See also
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1993:Priming
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1383:Sensory
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1207:2657600
1149:9577240
1056:6953413
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837:4652905
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522:5956080
472:8022966
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2630:Memory
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2448:Depth
2436:Color
2205:Other
1877:Sleep
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1375:Types
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