856:. The "Christian Connection," as was also the case with American Protestant groups such as the Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, split once again into Northern and Southern factions. The Northern group catalyzed the split, as many of its leaders, much like those of the Congregationalists, strongly denounced slavery. The Northerners used the schism as an occasion to legally take denominational form, in 1850. Despite the bitterness of the split, Christians in both sections reunited much sooner than did the other separated groups, forming the General Convention of the Christian Church in 1890.
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673:, declaring instead a more sanguine view of possibilities for the individual and society. Even as this grand shift may have attracted individuals weary of overbearing, harsh harangues from generations of revivalist preachers, numerous others deplored what they felt was an abandonment of the true faith. Such conservatives, especially outside New England, increasingly sought refuge in churches that held to more rigid doctrine, such as the
1023:, a denomination predominantly of German origin and itself a merger of two previously separated traditions, as part of an informal interchurch discussion group in 1937. Douglass' and Press' talks led to the involvement of both bodies in proposals to consider organic union, work that eventually culminated in the Basis of Union in 1943, which both national bodies approved after a five-year period of revising. The Rev. Dr.
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pastor's affiliation and often without the local church's assent. The need to dissolve that failed attempt at inter-denominationalism, which had already taken place among the
Presbyterians, prompted a national gathering of Congregationalists in 1865 at Boston, Massachusetts. This was the first national meeting in more than 200 years, since the 1648 synod that produced the
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churches in North
Carolina. Regional judicatories and national domestic and foreign mission agencies merged quite smoothly, often continuing to use varying terminologies (e.g., "convention," "conference," "association"), depending on custom. On the domestic front, most of the new church planting efforts were concentrated in newly developing areas such as southern
1085:, who had succeeded Horton some years earlier as general minister and president. Hoskins would become, along with E&R President James Wagner, one of the co-presidents of the UCC. The actual consummation of the UCC, however, did not occur until 1961, when a sufficient number of CC congregations voted to approve the denomination's new constitution.
790:. When leaders ignored O'Kelly's protests, he and some sympathizers withdrew from the Methodist Church to form a body originally known as the "Republican Methodist Church." Upon extensive discussion and prayer, O'Kelly began to hold that the name implied a sectarianism that was quite at odds with what he felt were prescriptions from the
883:, emphasizing traditional evangelical themes such as regeneration, acceptance of personal salvation, and the performance of good works of charity. Few if any of their members were inherently predisposed toward polemical attacks upon other traditions, although some pastors and churches would eventually identify with the emerging
951:. It would not be until after the latter concluded that the CC churches would embark on anything like a major church extension program; this was the case, of course, with most U.S. denominations during this period, as their churches often struggled to merely stay open, with little or nothing left over for mission work.
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that formed earlier in 1945. During the forementioned period, its churches were organized nationally into a
General Council, with parallel state conferences, sectional associations, and missionary instrumentalities. Congregations, however, retained their local autonomy and these groups were legally
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Congregationalists constituted about 85-90% of the membership of the new denomination; this caused few if any resentments or conflicts because, by and large, the two groups did not overlap each other geographically, except in parts of New
England, upstate New York, Ohio, and among African-American
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The geographically disparate
Northern and Southern wings of the Christian movement did eventually discover each other, and they formed a convention in 1820. At that time, they agreed on a general list of five (some scholars have claimed six) principles unifying the otherwise diverse congregations.
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began to refute the then-prevalent
Calvinist dogmas within his fellowship. He led some of his followers out of his congregation into a new fellowship founded upon a platform similar to O'Kelly's, with a strong emphasis upon open communion and freedom of conscience. Later in the first decade of the
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in 1948, of which the
Congregational Christian Churches was a charter member. In the U.S., the Congregational Christians made several overtures to other Protestant groups toward federative unions and/or organic mergers in the years before World War II. But the main legacy of those discussions was
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during the first third of the 20th century, and a perceived decline in that period of religious life among
Americans. Congregational leaders pursued close relations with numerous Protestant groups, but one group emerged as a prime candidate for actual organizational union: the Christian Churches.
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While
Puritans were consolidating their domination of religious, political and intellectual life in New England, elsewhere in America, during the period immediately before the American Revolution, many newly arrived settlers became dissatisfied with theology, preaching, liturgy, and ecclesiology
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However, a small but vocal minority of ministers and laymen protested the developments, charging that any merger with a confessional, presbyterial body such as the E&R Church would destroy the heritage and structure of
American Congregationalism. These opponents formed groups that published
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was in effect. Although it was designed by Connecticut Congregationalists and the Presbyterian General Assembly to avoid duplication of effort in evangelizing the frontier regions, this plan resulted in numerous Congregational-founded parishes being annexed to presbyteries, usually through the
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filed suit against the CC moderator, Helen Kenyon, in 1949 to legally stop the merger proceedings; the major legal contention made by the church and the anti-union advocates was that the CC General Council possessed no authority to enter into a merger as a national entity. After some initial
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Theologically, the Christian Churches did not encourage a highly elaborate system of doctrine or Biblical interpretation. Relatively few of their ministers were educated past the elementary grades, a characteristic that persisted well into the early 20th century. Their leanings were toward
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Initially using the word "and" between the words "Congregational" and "Christian," the new denomination decided to combine the predecessor churches' identities into one nationally, while its constituent churches remained free to either retain their original names or adopt the new usage.
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had joined the Christian Connection. This group gave the movement a geographical complexion that entailed pockets of strength in New England, upstate New York, southeastern Virginia, central and eastern North Carolina, western Georgia, eastern Alabama, southwestern
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Christian congregations formed a convention of their own in the 1890s. This convention existed until 1950, well after the Congregational Christian merger; that year it joined the Convention of the South, heretofore composed of Congregational churches founded by the
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approximately 1.4 million members, about 60 percent of the total number of members in the new denomination. In order to attend to necessary legal business continuing from years past, the General Council remained incorporated until 1984, when it finally dissolved.
1077:. Eighty-eight (88) percent of the delegates approved the motion to unite with the Evangelical and Reformed Church, and the latter body's General Synod approved by an even wider margin. This set the stage for the Uniting General Synod, which took place in
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victories in lower courts, a New York state Court of Appeals declined jurisdiction and judged in favor of Ms. Kenyon and the CC Churches in 1953. With this defeat, the anti-merger forces turned instead toward forming a new denomination, which became the
979:). Abroad, many CC missionary efforts shifted their emphases toward medical and social services, particularly after many of the churches Congregationalists had founded in earlier decades had formed autonomous bodies of their own.
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during the 17th century. Many American historians have viewed their semi-democratic practices as laying the foundation for the representative nature of the U.S. political tradition. Although they were originally strongly
578:, a region strongly influenced by migrants from New England and New York. By the turn of the 20th century, the churches had begun to attract worshippers from outside their original base constituency of English-speaking
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These ethical convictions would propel the Congregational churches into the forefront of social reform movements during the next 150 years or so. Most notable of these was strong support for the abolition of
720:. Following the Great Awakening, many of the liberalized congregations would eventually depart the Congregational fellowship in 1825 to form the American Unitarian Association; this body is now known as the
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After the 1931 merger, relatively few practices and customs changed drastically within either of the uniting traditions, largely because its members, like most Americans, were overwhelmed by, first, the
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reputed by some historians to have been the first general-interest religious periodical in the U.S. The movement progressed throughout New England, especially within those two states, as well as
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of the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century had also left indelible marks upon the churches. Some churches openly embraced revivalism at the time, while others, particularly in the
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prohibiting churches from identifying with mere human opinions. Thus, he and others arrived at the notion that their churches should bear simply the name of "Christian."
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528:, established academies, colleges, and churches for the freedpeople; six of the colleges are still in existence. Later generations became involved in causes such as
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One distinguishing trait of the new fellowship, aside from its unusually tolerant attitude regarding subscription to ancient doctrines, was its bold enthusiasm for
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had accepted their peculiar vocation in U.S. religious life, maintaining a broadly orthodox faith while cultivating a passion for freedom, equality, and justice.
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The final vote on participation by the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches in the UCC merger took place at the 1956 General Council, meeting in
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1061:, and southern California. Some years before that, motivated by different concerns, chiefly doctrine, a group of evangelical-leaning congregations formed the
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However, in different parts of the country, several preachers led dissenting movements against the leadership of some of those churches. In the 1790s,
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Meanwhile, despite the cherished commitments to independence and freedom, Congregationalists increasingly began to espouse the main aims of the
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men broke, some would say irrevocably, with the older pessimistic views of human nature espoused by classical Congregationalist divines such as
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By the time that the Congregationalists had approached Christian leaders about possible union, some disaffected adherents of the wing of
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In the midst of this political involvement, Congregationalists held firmly to the notion that each local church was ruled directly by
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On the homefront, Congregationalism became primarily a grouping found among townspeople and affluent urban residents of New England,
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dean, had become the CC general minister and president by this point, and became the prime figure in the CC union efforts.
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within American (and world) Protestantism. This movement had gathered much energy from the rise of totalitarian regimes in
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555:. Each thus constituted a spiritual republic unto itself, needing no authorization from outside ecclesiastical forces.
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Many Southern/O'Kelly Christians owned slaves, some of whom formed churches of their own in that tradition after the
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This was not the first time American Congregationalism had been shaken to its foundations by theological change; the
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825:. Adherents of the Congregational "Standing Order" treated the new churches in a generally hostile fashion.
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pamphlets and attempted to persuade churches to reject the proposed merger. An anti-merger congregation in
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Theologically, during the 19th century the Congregationalists shifted gradually from adherence to orthodox
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viewpoints in opposition to the intensified Calvinism espoused by such preachers as Edwards and
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The Shaping of the United Church of Christ: An Essay in the History of American Christianity,
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524:, numerous pastors and female schoolteacher missionaries, working under the auspices of the
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836:. That later movement produced several larger groups that continue to operate today: the
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Congregationalist losses to Presbyterianism increased greatly in the decades in which the
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Louis H. Gunnemann; Charles Shelby Rooks, ed. Cleveland: United Church Press, 1999.
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1015:' Pilgrim Congregational Church, met with the Rev. Dr. Samuel Press, president of
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church and thus unduly control the ministry, particularly through the practice of
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in the 1920s and 1930s. These developments and others led to the founding of the
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The unity did not survive engrossing controversies over slavery and the ensuing
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653:-educated pastors in and around the time of the Civil War. Led by the likes of
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863:. Centered in central and eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia,
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from 1931 through 1957. On the latter date, most of its churches joined the
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649:) toward a decidedly more liberal orientation, facilitated by a group of
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Williston Walker; Douglas Horton, foreword. Boston, Pilgrim Press, 1960.
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90: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
934:. Defiance continues to relate to the United Church of Christ today.
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National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States
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National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States
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A History of Black Congregational Christian Churches of the South,
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582:. Immigrant groups that formed Congregational churches included
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The Living Theological Heritage of the United Church of Christ,
782:, would approximate the powers of the recently disestablished
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Congregational denominations established in the 20th century
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Elsabeth Slaughter Hilke, ed.; Thomas E. Dipko, postscript;
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in 1931 by the merger of two American bodies that practiced
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inherited from Europe. Many of these people had turned to
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National Association of Congregational Christian Churches
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National Association of Congregational Christian Churches
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area, reacted negatively to the developments by adopting
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National Association of Congregational Christian Churches
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National Association of Congregational Christian Churches
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Lumber River Conference of the Holiness Methodist Church
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J. Taylor Stanley. New York, United Church Press, 1978.
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pastor began publishing a newspaper for the movement,
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in the 18th century, eventually, by the 19th century,
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The Shaping of American Congregationalism: 1620-1957,
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General Council of Congregational Christian Churches
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1003:what became the United Church of Christ in 1957.
986:adventures, especially those growing out of the "
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626:-immigrant group located primarily in and around
1544:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference
1063:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference
967:, and suburbs of major Midwestern cities (e.g.,
426:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference
350:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference
189:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
911:, with dispersed congregations in parts of the
1205:The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism,
918:The Christians founded schools such as Ohio's
476:fleeing religious persecution in their native
1485:Pentecostal Holiness Church of North Carolina
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488:theological and political perspective within
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1771:United Church of Christ predecessor churches
1221:, series ed. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 2001.
1776:Christian organizations established in 1931
1159:Constitution of the United Church of Christ
450:General Convention of the Christian Church.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1396:
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1131:The Shaping of the United Church of Christ
1290:History of Methodism in the United States
842:Christian churches and churches of Christ
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1011:The Rev. Dr. Truman Douglass, pastor of
1623:Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection
1615:Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee
1421:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
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693:, a confession of faith similar to the
551:and preached to those convicted by the
472:Established by settlers in present-day
1607:Bible Methodist Connection of Churches
1501:Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association
838:Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
797:Several hundred miles to the north in
468:Congregationalism in the United States
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16:U.S. Protestant Christian denomination
1088:The CC Churches brought into the new
832:in outlook, and influenced the later
740:The Christian Churches ("Connection")
386:Congregational and Christian Churches
7:
1654:Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
1429:Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada
801:, a Baptist preacher by the name of
88:adding citations to reliable sources
1662:New Congregational Methodist Church
834:Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement
99:"Congregational Christian Churches"
1413:African Methodist Episcopal Church
722:Unitarian Universalist Association
408:denomination that operated in the
14:
1635:Methodist Episcopal Church, South
1536:Congregational Christian Churches
1177:. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1992.
429:separate from the congregations.
399:Congregational Christian Churches
253:Congregational Christian Churches
34:This article has multiple issues.
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1019:in that city, a seminary of the
442:congregational church governance
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1646:Congregational Methodist Church
1461:Christ's Sanctified Holy Church
1135:. United Church Press. p.
1021:Evangelical and Reformed Church
870:American Missionary Association
620:Evangelical Protestant Churches
526:American Missionary Association
414:Evangelical and Reformed Church
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1781:Former Christian denominations
1701:Reformed Free Methodist Church
1035:"Continuing Congregationalism"
994:" inter-church initiatives in
641:concepts and teachings (e.g.,
1:
1591:Fire-Baptized Holiness Church
1318:Lovely Lane Methodist Church
1127:Gunnemann, Louis H. (1977).
618:, during the 1890s, and the
432:The body came into being in
1717:Evangelical Wesleyan Church
1599:Missionary Methodist Church
1517:Republican Methodist Church
1437:Methodist Protestant Church
932:Franklinton, North Carolina
887:movement in later decades.
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1256:Methodist Episcopal Church
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416:in a merger to become the
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1678:Southern Methodist Church
1670:People's Methodist Church
1572:Wesleyan Methodist Church
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1017:Eden Theological Seminary
1000:World Council of Churches
861:Emancipation Proclamation
547:, as testified to in the
484:were identified with the
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1453:Church of God (Holiness)
813:Herald of Gospel Liberty
628:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
608:Congregational Methodist
574:; roughly speaking, the
566:region, portions of the
520:In the aftermath of the
175:This article includes a
1583:Church of Daniel's Band
1560:United Church of Christ
1477:Pilgrim Holiness Church
1405:Evangelical Association
1374:United Methodist Church
1029:Harvard Divinity School
938:Early post-merger years
806:19th century, he and a
482:Congregational churches
418:United Church of Christ
367:United Church of Christ
204:more precise citations.
1709:United Holiness Church
1469:Church of the Nazarene
1367:Methodist Church (USA)
1353:Second Great Awakening
699:Westminster Confession
576:Northern United States
1690:Free Methodist Church
1297:First Great Awakening
1219:Barbara Brown Zikmund
1215:Growing Toward Unity,
926:and North Carolina's
420:. Others created the
1528:Christian Connection
1332:Christmas Conference
1304:Articles of Religion
1109:Christian Connection
892:Restoration Movement
828:Both movements were
746:Christian Connection
336:Christian Connection
84:improve this article
1381:Mainline Protestant
755:faiths such as the
729:ecumenical movement
317:Seattle, Washington
279:Mainline Protestant
1186:2013-09-19 at the
900:Alexander Campbell
846:Churches of Christ
691:Cambridge Platform
522:American Civil War
502:Congregationalists
177:list of references
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774:and southeastern
718:George Whitefield
647:limited atonement
514:African-Americans
462:Congregationalism
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568:Great Plains
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545:Jesus Christ
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267:Abbreviation
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210:October 2009
207:
196:Please help
188:
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140:October 2009
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82:Please help
77:verification
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36:Please help
33:
1392:Derivatives
1339:Thomas Coke
1065:, in 1948.
1053:, parts of
1027:, a former
977:Minneapolis
881:Wesleyanism
803:Abner Jones
622:in 1925, a
564:Great Lakes
553:Holy Spirit
490:Anglo-Saxon
474:New England
363:Merged into
344:Separations
275:Orientation
202:introducing
1765:Categories
1213:volume 6,
1146:0829813454
1115:References
984:ecumenical
957:California
878:revivalist
844:, and the
788:itinerancy
757:Methodists
753:revivalist
570:, and the
536:, and the
530:temperance
438:Washington
403:Protestant
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1283:Methodism
1055:Wisconsin
1013:St. Louis
854:Civil War
604:Hawaiians
498:Calvinist
457:Heritages
406:Christian
324:Merger of
45:talk page
1748:Category
1184:Archived
1097:See also
1059:Illinois
1051:Michigan
1042:Brooklyn
784:Anglican
776:Virginia
761:Baptists
759:and the
714:Arminian
677:and the
675:Baptists
639:Reformed
600:Japanese
448:and the
289:Reformed
285:Theology
1263:History
1166:Sources
990:" and "
973:Detroit
969:Chicago
965:Florida
961:Arizona
909:Indiana
894:led by
799:Vermont
616:Georgia
612:Alabama
596:Chinese
516:in the
510:slavery
486:Puritan
478:England
434:Seattle
373:Defunct
198:improve
124:scholar
1740:
1719:(1963)
1711:(1955)
1703:(1932)
1693:(1860)
1680:(1940)
1672:(1938)
1664:(1881)
1656:(1870)
1648:(1852)
1638:(1844)
1625:(1968)
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1609:(1967)
1601:(1913)
1593:(1896)
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1562:(1957)
1554:(1955)
1546:(1948)
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1520:(1792)
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1487:(1897)
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1471:(1895)
1463:(1892)
1455:(1883)
1447:(1864)
1439:(1828)
1431:(1828)
1423:(1821)
1415:(1816)
1407:(1800)
1143:
840:, the
733:Europe
710:Boston
661:, the
624:German
602:, and
588:Swedes
562:, the
512:among
480:, the
444:, the
401:was a
311:Origin
300:Polity
126:
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819:Maine
549:Bible
314:1931
183:, or
131:JSTOR
117:books
1141:ISBN
1057:and
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410:U.S.
397:The
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291:and
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270:CCC
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