876:
permission to approach the rostrum). The presiding officer (often in consultation with the parliamentarian) will first determine if the amendment is germane; or if it changes the original intent of the legislation, it is ruled dilatory. The author of the amendment then moves to amend, and if the presiding officer rules it germane, they read it aloud to the chamber and calls for a one-thirds second (usually by voice vote). If one-third of the chamber concurs to consider the amendment, the presiding officer then calls for a speech in support of the amendment. At most tournaments, the speech introducing or sponsoring the amendment is not guaranteed to its author, and in fact, it is common practice in some areas for a contestant to immediately move the previous question on the amendment. If that happens, it is not debated before the chamber passes or defeats the amendment. If the amendment passes, subsequent debate on the legislation must consider the legislation as amended.
1021:
which host congress competitions include The
Barkley Forum for High Schools at Emory University, The University of Florida Blue Key, Yale, Princeton, the Villiger tournament in Philadelphia, the Glenbrooks tournament in Chicago, the Crestiann Classic in Florida, Pennsbury, Princeton, George Mason, the Minneapple Debate Tournament in Minnesota, Stanford, the California Invitational at UC Berkeley, the Sunvitational in Florida, and Nova Titan Invitational in Florida. In addition, Congress is now one of the official events at the debate Tournament of Champions, hosted by the University of Kentucky. Students who achieve a high level of competitive success at other national tournaments qualify to compete at the TOC, which brings together some of the best congresspersons from across the nation.
440:
which case anyone can give the authorship.) If nobody from the author's school is present, another debater gives a sponsorship speech (sometimes called the first affirmative), which is functionally identical to an authorship. This first speech is followed by a two-minute questioning period. One three-minute speech in opposition (negation) follows it, with another mandatory two minutes of questioning. After these initial speeches, debate alternates in favor and opposition to the legislation with three-minute speeches and one minute of questioning. Within each speech, contestants develop two or three organized, logical arguments supported by credible evidence for why the chamber should vote for or against the given legislation. The general format of a speech is as follows:
540:
the universal rule in all leagues and tournaments is to first recognize those who have not spoken, or those who have spoken least (referred to as "precedence"). Beyond that, the
National Forensic League and common practice have dictated that students also consider who spoke earlier (referred to as "recency"). Before precedence and recency are established, the presiding officer must recognize speakers fairly and equitably. The National Forensic League and many tournaments have (as of 2012) ruled the use of methods that tie the number of questions asked or motions made to speaker recognition, as well as how many times a student has stood, out of order, because they result in competitors simply "playing the game".
477:
speaker to greater depth. This is used to sometimes build arguments that the questioner uses in a later speech, similar to cross-examination in other competitive debate events. At tournaments where this is practiced, the presiding officer is either required or strongly advised to keep a separate questioning priority, to ensure equal opportunity for questioners. Several tournaments have piloted this method since the
National Speech and Debate Association suggested this as a result of discussions with its Congressional Debate Rules and Recommendations Committee in 2009.
855:
a minimum time before the previous question can be moved; others limit how long each legislation may be debated. When debate gets one-sided, or "stale," often a contestant will rise and move the previous question, which requires two-thirds of the chamber concurring. If this motion fails, the presiding officer would rule any immediate subsequent motion to "lay on the table" (requiring a simple majority vote) out of order, since that is an abusive way to circumvent the spirit of the rules to allow the minority a voice before majority rules.
447:: Usually, speeches begin with some sort of attention-getting device, such as a quotation (which could be humorous, shocking, or sad) or statistic. The introduction is tied to the central thesis of the speech, as the speaker urges the chamber to vote in support or opposition. Sometimes, the two or three main lines of argument are previewed to give the audience an idea of where the speech is leading; however, some criticize this practice as a waste of limited time.
504:) as the underpinning for how sessions are conducted, there may be slight variations in how the competition itself is run. Each chamber has a presiding officer (PO) or chair. At the beginning of each session, contestants in the chamber nominate candidates. Usually, each nominee gives a brief candidacy speech introducing themselves and stating their qualifications. Contestants then elect a presiding officer by majority via individual, secret balloting.
84:
1003:
their main purpose is to serve as a reference on parliamentary procedure in case there is confusion or a dispute the presiding officer cannot resolve. Unless either the presiding officer makes (or fails to correct) a major error in procedure or else the debate gets bogged down the parliamentarian will generally not intervene in the proceedings unless asked by someone in the chamber.
186:
43:
245:
346:. Before the event, each school submits mock legislation to each tournament. After the legislation has been compiled, it is distributed to each participating team. Each team attempts to research as many topics as possible, with each participant choosing to stand in affirmation or negation of the legislation being debated.
1011:
The first high school
Congress was held in 1938 by the National Forensic League. Like other forms of debate, it emphasizes clash of ideas, and consideration of questions of policy (bills) and value (resolutions). It operates like a forensic speech event with sectioning of multiple entries per section
476:
The debate rules also provides for direct questioning, if the standing rules of the organization allow for it, where the speaker and questioner can engage in direct dialogue without moderation from the chair. This is done in 30- or 60-second blocks of time, allowing the questioner to engage the floor
459:: The speaker often restates his 2 or 3 contentions and returns to the attention-getting device from the introduction to give the speech thematic unity. Alternatively, conclusions can consist of merely 1 or 2 sentences, such as "For these reasons you must pass/defeat this bill/resolution/legislation."
1020:
In the past decade, Congressional Debate has spread widely across the debate community. The first major tournament outside of NFL and NCFL nationals to hold
Congressional Debate was the Harvard University Tournament traditionally held near President's Day weekend in February. Other major tournaments
863:
After the previous question has been moved, the presiding officer calls for a vote on the legislation, and after counting votes, announces whether the ayes or noes have it, and the motion carries or is defeated. Note that "yay" and "nay" are archaic modes of voting expression that are no longer used
854:
Only one main motion is in order at any given time. If the chamber wishes to change to another legislation while another is still being considered, the chamber must end debate (which could include pausing debate by laying on the table) before changing to the desired item. Some tournaments establish
543:
Often, coaches will instruct students who preside to call on contestants for early speeches that they do not know, and/or who are less experienced. Additionally, since debate becomes more complex after more arguments have been introduced, later speakers bear a higher burden for clash and refutation.
418:
Rounds usually begin with a method for determining which bills will be debated and in which order, referred to as the docket. This most commonly happens with a nominated docket at the tournament, although some areas have a system of informal caucusing or highly organized committees, which convene to
539:
The presiding officer always calls for an author or sponsor for the first legislation in order, and the author always gets first right of refusal. When a session starts, there usually are not predetermined methods for selecting contestants for their first speech. Once speakers have been recognized,
507:
The presiding officer's job is to facilitate fair, balanced, and efficient debate during the session in which they have been elected, primarily through recognition of speakers and questioners (see section below). At the end of many tournaments students in the chamber vote on which presiding officer
468:
Questioning, traditionally, has been the standard set by the debate rules. One speaker at a time has an opportunity to ask one question at a time, moderated by the presiding officer. Typically, questions attempt to expose faults in the speech given. Sometimes speakers upholding the same side as the
875:
Amendments are an important tool that can add nuance and perspective to debate on a particular issue, even though they are not practiced as often as they once were. To amend, a student will submit the amendment in writing to the head table (often rising to a point of personal privilege and seeking
833:
The term "main motion" refers to the primary question before the assembly; in
Congressional Debate, this is the legislation as presented on the agenda, so it is never necessary for a contestant to specifically move the main motion. Main motions can be changed or affected by a variety of subsidiary
439:
Congressional Debate speeches last up to three minutes (with a 10-second grace period). The first speech on each legislation, known as the "authorship", goes to the person who wrote the legislation, or from the same school of the author. (However, many tournaments use legislation from the NSDA, in
943:
The presiding officer always is taken into consideration for recognition in the chamber by judges (usually through ranking at the end of the session), and some tournaments have both the scorers and parliamentarian evaluate the presiding officer, while others just have one or the other do so. The
1002:
In addition to judges who score speeches, most tournaments have a parliamentarian in each chamber. Unlike scorers, who generally rotate each session, the parliamentarian remains in one chamber for all sessions (preliminary, semifinal or final). The parliamentarian's role is a fairly passive one;
556:
The
National Forensic League's Table of Parliamentary Motions is in use by almost every organization that conducts Congressional Debate competition, including the National Catholic Forensic League. The motions are similar, if not usually identical to those used in Congress with a few exceptions,
354:
Unlike other debate events, students drive the topics for discussion by drafting their own legislation for submission to tournaments. The bills and resolutions must be national in scope, and must either fall within jurisdiction for lawmaking by the United States
Congress as a bill, or express a
1024:
The nomenclature of "congressional debate" is also the result of a shift in recent times toward a more debate-oriented category. In the past, the category focused more on simulating the
Congress through oratory skills, hence the name "student congress." The trend is to strike a balance between
547:
In some areas, before precedence and recency are established, priority cards are distributed or numbers are designated to each student, giving the presiding officer a clear and objective directive as to whom to recognize. This has been criticized by longtime
National Forensic League Congress
483:
While some student questioners feel the need to ask if the speaker yields, this is unnecessary under procedure, because the standing rules of the organizations and tournaments provide specific parameters for questioning periods that already establish when questioning begins.
1012:
and comparative ranking and rating by points (as opposed to pairing just two entries and wins/losses). Since 2000, the event has been growing nationwide, added by several states as State Tournament event, and added to numerous large invitational tournaments.
375:
Students attending each tournament are divided up into sections of 10-30 (usually 15–20, the NSDA recommendation is 18). These individual rooms are called chambers, and sometimes labeled as a "House", or "Senate," depending on the region and the tournament.
469:
current speaker will ask a "friendly question," seeking agreement, although in some regions, this is discouraged. Questions, and their respective answers, are to be short and to the point, as delays will unfairly cut into other speakers' questioning time.
472:
Rules do not allow for "prefacing," where students formulate a statement or argument as part of their question; rather, they must simply ask a question, and only a question, however this rule may not be present at some tournaments.
409:
While larger tournaments may have preliminary rounds that precede elimination rounds (semifinals, finals, etc.), smaller tournaments may not have elimination rounds and may recognize and award students in individual chambers.
366:
with all participating schools. Contestants from each school research and prepare arguments both in favor and against each legislation in the docket before arriving at the tournament. It is important that this happens.
1328:
419:
review legislation that has been subdivided by the tournament to address a specific topic area, such as is done in the National Catholic Forensic League. A common committee structure includes: "
501:
1022:
327:(NCFL) and many state associations and national invitational tournaments offer Congressional Debate as an event. Each organization and tournament offers its own rules, although the
453:: Two or three arguments for or against the legislation. Each contention is explained in the speaker's own words and supported by evidence from reputable and relevant sources.
975:: fairly and efficiently recognizes speakers and questioners, maintains appropriate speaker precedence and recency, and avoids "activity," "longest standing/standing time."
355:
specific position and/or recommendation for further action outside of Congress' jurisdiction as a resolution. A popular type of resolution is to propose amendments to the
716:* Widely recognized to be an unnecessary motion. The rule in Congress states that the floor is opened by the presiding officer, not by a motion coming from the chamber.
331:
has championed standardization since 2007, when it began to ask its districts to use one of a number of procedures for qualification to its National Tournament.
480:
Some leagues and tournaments still use a protocol where the balanced of unused speaking time is reserved for questioning, rather than having a specific period.
391:
1107:
619:
Pauses debate on a bill. Some states typically return to vote on all tabled items before the conclusion of a tournament, but there is no rule requiring this.
497:
1251:
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The presiding officer never should call for motions; rather, contestants should rise and say "motion," and then that they move a specific motion.
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Holistically rank the judge's eight most preferred contestants, considering the presiding officer for inclusion or exclusion among those eight.
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While judging a speech is clearly, to a certain extent, subjective, there are certain key standards that distinguish effectiveness:
379:
During each phase of a tournament (preliminary and elimination), there is at least one round, often referred to as a "session." The
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Adjourn (ends debate on the pending item and any items left on the table; any item not passed automatically fails without a vote)
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These motions are allowed at some Congressional Debate tournaments, depending on the region and the style of debate:
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including the one-thirds second required to amend a motion or legislation, to prevent abuse of that protocol.
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31:
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Modifies a pending motion or the pending bill/resolution; filled-out slip must be passed to P.O. in advance
1062:
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The same contestants stay in one chamber, until the tournament advances to the next level of elimination.
847:
Recess (pauses debate for the specified duration of the recess, debate resumes automatically on return)
508:
was the best, and some tournaments have a separate means for judge recognition of presiding officers.
548:
Coordinator Harold Keller for entirely removing the dynamism of the activity from students' hands.
339:
1298:
141:
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633:
To call the "previous question" ends debate on a bill and states the main motion to vote on it
1293:
1229:
950:
928:: extemporaneous speaking vs. reciting a manuscript, seriousness of purpose, style and poise.
387:
Ten minutes of time allocated for each student (average is three hours for 18-20 contestants)
777:
Majority (after motion is stated by chair), no vote required if motion has not been stated.
363:
343:
1155:
1111:
910:: advances debate rather than repeats previously stated ideas; refutes opposing arguments.
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1128:
884:
Judges either serve as a scorers or parliamentarians. Scorers judge individual sessions.
396:
New seating chart (necessary accommodations for students with special needs may be made)
1039:
420:
27:
American high school debate organization, based on debate principles of the US Congress
207:
30:
This article is about the scholastic event. For debates within actual congresses, see
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605:
Re-opens debate on tabled legislation, which may or may not have already been debated
316:
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17:
647:
The time of the recess (e.g. "for ten minutes" or "until 11:30") must be specified
402:
New legislation that has not been debated in a previous session at that tournament
695:
2/3 majority to call the previous question to end debate, then majority to pass.
891:
Evaluate the presiding officer, awarding speaker points (usually on a 1-6 scale)
312:
83:
568:
The following motions are used at almost all Congressional Debate tournaments:
888:
Evaluate individual speeches, awarding speaker points (usually on a 1-6 scale)
844:
Lay on the Table (pauses debate until a motion to take from the table passes).
785:
To take an action against rules (such as adding another minute of questioning)
1174:. United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Archived from
424:
1303:
1203:. United States House of Representatives Committee on Rules. Archived from
981:: maintains decorum of delegates, and willing to rule motions out of order.
1148:
675:
To correct a parliamentary error, ask a question, or clarify a procedure
362:
Tournaments may review legislation submitted before sharing the overall
841:
Previous question (ends debate and moves to voting on the legislation).
1087:
334:
In Congressional Debate, high school students emulate members of the
1204:
799:
Allows chamber to overrule the PO's ruling on a prior point of order
867:
It is commonplace for students to move a recess following voting.
934:: how well the debater defends her/his position and claims made.
987:: fosters a respectful, professional, and collegial atmosphere.
238:
179:
77:
36:
837:
The following motions end debate on the pending main motion:
219:
211:
1105:
National Catholic Forensic League Student Congress Manual
1082:
1080:
993:: overall use of language, avoiding unnecessary verbiage.
524:
timing speeches (often done with an audible gavel signal)
502:
Procedures of the United States House of Representatives
215:
1283:
1252:"Our History: Speech, Debate: National Forensic League"
771:
To change or take back a motion that has not yet passed
262:
203:
743:
Used to verify a voice vote or vote by show-of-hands.
511:
The most common duties of the presiding officer are:
492:
While all Congressional Debate competition rely upon
1329:
Educational organizations based in the United States
518:
recognizing contestants to ask questions of speakers
763:No (demand by a single member requires a re-count)
672:
To rise to a point of order/parliamentary procedure
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
944:following key standards distinguish effectiveness:
527:conducting votes on motions, including legislation
774:Yes, only if chair has already stated the motion
922:: cites credible sources, connecting to claims.
359:, which requires action by state legislatures.
1299:Congressional Debate from Uncensored Forensics
810:To extend questioning time (by a stated time)*
338:by debating pieces of legislation, including
8:
969:: clearly explains protocols and procedures.
813:To continue asking questions of the speaker
692:1/3 second triggers debate on the amendment
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1059:"2015 MPA Speech and Debate Championships"
825:This requires a suspension of the rules.*
498:Standing Rules of the United States Senate
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
658:To rise to a point of personal privilege
1050:
1035:Competitive debate in the United States
521:recognizing contestants to move motions
197:instructions, advice, or how-to content
1294:Congress Resources from Denver East HS
381:National Speech and Debate Association
329:National Speech and Debate Association
321:National Speech and Debate Association
1149:http://www.nationalforensicleague.org
1025:eloquent speech and reasoned debate.
564:Frequently Used Parliamentary Motions
7:
106:adding citations to reliable sources
1304:Congressional Debate Wiki on reddit
496:as practiced in Congress (i.e. the
311:) is a competitive interscholastic
206:so that it is more encyclopedic or
1125:"Congressional Debate - Presiding"
25:
1284:National Catholic Forensic League
796:To appeal a decision of the chair
754:To call for division of the house
325:National Catholic Forensic League
265:and remove advice or instruction.
52:This article has multiple issues.
1289:Congressional Debate – Resources
488:Procedure and Presiding Officers
243:
184:
82:
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703:Made at the end of a tournament
399:Resetting of precedence/recency
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1168:"Debate – Rules of the Senate"
768:To modify or withdraw a motion
1:
939:Evaluating Presiding Officers
735:Fraction of Chamber Required
630:To call the previous question
602:To take a bill from the table
591:Also called the "main motion"
588:To open the floor for debate*
583:Fraction of Chamber Required
383:defines a session as having:
530:keeping order in the chamber
864:in parliamentary parlance.
757:Used to verify a voice vote
722:
570:
1345:
740:To demand a roll call vote
661:To make a personal request
616:To lay a bill on the table
357:United States Constitution
29:
1201:rules.house.gov/resources
916:: cohesively links ideas.
1279:National Forensic League
1092:congressionaldebate.org
967:Parliamentary Procedure
494:parliamentary procedure
32:parliamentary procedure
1088:"Congressional Debate"
914:Organization and Unity
908:Originality of Thought
336:United States Congress
117:"Congressional Debate"
371:Chambers and Sessions
1172:www.rules.senate.gov
1114:, 1996 Edition, pg 6
782:To suspend the rules
515:recognizing speakers
315:debate event in the
301:Congressional Debate
263:rewrite this article
102:improve this article
18:Congressional debate
1226:"Judging Standards"
947:"Judging Standards"
899:Evaluating Speeches
535:Speaker Recognition
204:rewrite the content
1232:on August 13, 2011
1154:2013-10-01 at the
1110:2010-09-26 at the
1065:. February 7, 2015
953:on August 13, 2011
920:Evidence and Logic
681:Decision of chair
667:Decision of chair
414:Setting the Agenda
309:Legislative Debate
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261:Please help
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100:Please help
95:verification
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1197:"Resources"
973:Recognition
932:Questioning
829:Main Motion
464:Questioning
451:Contentions
350:Legislation
344:resolutions
313:high school
212:Wikiversity
1313:Categories
1262:2013-03-22
1211:2016-01-03
1182:2016-01-03
1135:2013-03-22
1046:References
871:Amendments
700:To adjourn
457:Conclusion
220:Wikivoyage
128:newspapers
57:improve it
1236:March 22,
957:March 22,
834:motions.
805:Majority
709:Majority
653:Majority
644:To recess
625:Majority
611:Majority
597:Majority
425:Economics
216:Wikibooks
195:contains
63:talk page
1319:Debating
1152:Archived
1108:Archived
1029:See also
985:Demeanor
926:Delivery
686:To amend
435:Speeches
427:," and "
323:(NSDA),
1069:May 17,
1007:History
979:Control
880:Judging
552:Motions
500:or the
142:scholar
859:Voting
726:Motion
574:Motion
364:docket
319:. The
210:it to
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729:Notes
577:Notes
340:bills
218:, or
149:JSTOR
135:books
1238:2013
1071:2019
959:2013
819:2/3
791:2/3
749:1/5
639:2/3
423:", "
342:and
208:move
121:news
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594:Yes
431:."
104:by
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