39:
while the less dense fluids moves towards the centre. The special plates (known as disc stacks) increase the surface settling area which speeds up the separation process. Different stack designs, arrangements and shapes are used for different processes depending on the type of feed present. The concentrated denser solid or liquid is then removed continuously, manually or intermittently, depending on the design of the conical plate centrifuge. This centrifuge is very suitable for clarifying liquids that have small proportion of suspended solids.
252:. The feed enters the bottom of the liquid—filled centrifuge (ensuring air-free for cell separation) and a hollow spindle prevents instant acceleration of the feed, minimising damage to the sensitive cell membrane. The outlet is air-free to reduce foaming. This centrifuge can also be cleaned and sanitised in place (SIP and CIP systems) without major dismantling to ensure the operations remains hygienic.
804:", a horizontally-arranged helical screw that admits sludge, removes solid in a countercurrent fashion while allowing liquids to pass through. The moving shaft consists of a set of helical scrolls which push the solid waste against the flow of incoming sludge. As solid content starts to build up, it will become too heavy and then drops down to a collection bin. A
279:
and there is limited solid capacity. As the liquid discharge in conical plate centrifuge is under high pressure, this eliminates foaming but foaming is present in tubular bowl centrifuges unless special skimming or centripetal pumps are used. Tubular bowl centrifuges are easier to clean and good sludge dewatering as compared to conical plate centrifuge.
217:’ (a material which gives paper its glossy look in certain grades of paper) according to its particle size. The separator for this process needs a design that can withstand abrasion caused by kaolin. Additionally, this centrifuge is also used to remove water, impurities and other metal particles from oils and
896:
Society of
Petroleum Engineer (SPE) has designed a new plate pack with vertical plates made of 360 stainless steel plates held by a plate support sleeve. It is arranged in parallel to the centrifuge axis. An increase in the centrifugal efficiency is obtained based on a computer simulation program ran
795:
Sludge thickening by gravitational settling and dynamic is used to minimize the volume of sludge. Feed with a content of 0.8% solids, can be thickened to a content of 4% solids, which means a fivefold decrease in sludge volume is obtained. This in return helps optimize the following steps by reducing
278:
Both conical plate centrifuge and tubular bowl centrifuge can be used for liquid/liquid and solid/liquid separation. However, the advantage of conical plate centrifuge over tubular bowl centrifuge is that solid discharge is possible in conical plate but recovery of solids in tubular bowl is difficult
80:
per centrifuge, radius of the nozzle’s position and the nozzle diameter. The quality depends on volume of concentrate discharged, and concentration and volume of the liquid fed into the centrifuge. The concentration of the discharge through the nozzle is varied by adjusting the diameter of the nozzle
786:
Conical plate centrifuge produces waste sludge which needs to be treated before it can be disposed. The treatment for sludge is thickening, dewatering, digestion, drying and destruction, which can act as a post treatment to the conical plate centrifugation process. Further elaboration on these post
264:
In olive oil production, high speed separators are extensively used, therefore conical plate centrifuge is highly recommended because it ensures efficient separation with minimal oil heating and oxidation. For cold-pressed lemon oil (etheric oil), it needs a separator specifically designed to handle
359:
Common for biopharmaceutical application, the feed has 2 to 4% v/v (by bulk volume) for mammalian cells. This may increase to 4 to 6% v/v or even higher in the future due to the increase in solids capacity from the upstream processes such as bioreactors. In contrast, the feed has up to 30% v/v bulk
138:
This type of separator is a closed (hermetic) centrifuge; it can be a chamber or conical plate bowl. This centrifuge can accommodate a system with a maximum pressure of 8 bars. The feed and discharge inlet are attached to the rotating bowl. The head of the centrifuge contains a built-in rotary feed
54:
principle. A set of parallel plates with a tilt angle θ with respect to horizontal plane is installed to reduce the distance of the particle settling. The reason for the tilted angle is to allow the settled solids on the plates to slide down by gravitational force so they do not accumulate and clog
320:
The efficiency of solid separation can be increased by applying a relatively moderate G-force of 3000 Gs in a centrifuge processing calcium carbonate (with sizes below 8 and 12 micron). This efficiency is reduced at a higher G-force of around 6000 Gs because the high fluid velocities near the wall
104:
The lighter and heavier liquids exit separately through the respective outlets at the top of the centrifuge. Solids, if any, are retained in the bowl of the centrifuge and need to be manually evacuated by stopping the centrifuge and cleaning out the sludge space inside the bowl. The simpler design
376:
The angle of solid discharge is important as it affects the rate of concentrate being discharged. The steeper the cone angle, the greater the G-force produced to clear the solids off the wall of the cone. Furthermore, a steep cone angle helps in the compaction of the concentrate hence preventing
38:
The conical plate centrifuge is used to remove solids (usually impurities) from liquids or to separate two liquid phases from each other by means of an enormously high centrifugal force. The denser solids or liquids which are subjected to these forces move outwards towards the rotating bowl wall
870:
A new semi-hermetic centrifuge was designed so that the feed pressure entering the system can be as low as possible by keeping the outlets open, which reduces the pressure drop across the separator. The stationary paring disc installed at the outlet also allows the process to be operated at low
287:
Both the conical plate centrifuge and chamber bowl centrifuge can be used for liquid/liquid and solid/liquid separation. However, the advantage of conical plate centrifuge over chamber bowl centrifuge is that solid discharge is possible in conical plate. The chamber bowl has a high capacity for
664:
In process design, many of the important decisions are made based on experience and heuristics. There are many factors affecting process design. Furthermore, processes would be modified in accordance to production, market and environmental demands. A heuristic method available to help design
722:
The quantity of nozzles per centrifuge depends on the size of centrifuges, which is typically ranged from 12 to 24 mm. The quantity of nozzles must be selected so as to avoid solid accumulating between adjacent nozzles, which can build into the disk stack and disturb its clarification
260:
In beer brewing, kieselguhr (an off-white powder known as diatomaceous earth) is used to filter water from the alcoholic beverages. The addition of a conical plate centrifuge will reduce the usage of kieselguhr, be more economical and time-efficient, as well as minimise product loss.
182:. It also removes some heavy phase liquid and fine solids to obtain high purity liquid fuel. On the other hand, the centrifuge is also useful for treating water, an oil and gas by product, by removing oil contaminants before discharging back to the sea, as required by law. Moreover,
650:
In a nozzle disc bowl, centrate (solid output) or effluent liquid can be discharged by centripetal pump or paring pump. This is advantageous in reducing the energy of the discharge stream, allows air contact as well as reduces foaming especially when liquid has dissolved protein.
819:
Sludge dewatering can be achieved by electro-osmosis or centrifugation process. Prior to dewatering, the thickened sludge is first conditioned. This is to increase the particle size and break the cohesion between the matter and the water, for better dewatering process.
117:
is discharged intermittently through the nozzles. Another type of self-cleaning centrifuge has a removable chamber bottom. Both methods can be controlled independently or automatically, either time-controlled or depending on quality of discharge through nozzle
690:
Modification of a specific design in accordance to the heuristics (rule of thumb) for a particular process is one of the effective methods to be applied. Possible heuristics that can be used when designing certain parts of the conical plate centrifuge are:
883:
Another recent development to the conical plate centrifuge is in sludge dewatering. With a wide range of design variants available to change particular designs to fit different applications, baffles have been fitted at the solid discharge end of the
897:
beforehand. This is proven experimentally in which oil concentration in the effluent has decreased by about 25%. Further improvement of the plate pack may lead to a decrease of oil effluent concentration of more than 40% and seems feasible.
129:
is set to hydraulically open each nozzle ports, ejecting the sludge. Generally, water is used as the service fluid, acting as a piston to control the nozzle. During sludging, the water is injected to open the nozzle and drained to close it.
799:
Sludge thickening using centrifugal force is amongst the most common process used. There are two types of centrifuge designed for sludge thickening and both methods depends on the same solid-liquid separation principal. The first method is
840:
Sludge drying is necessary to remove remaining water available due to mechanical limitation during sludge dewatering. The thermal drying process is affected by the specific behaviour (depends on the dryness to be reached) of the sludge.
100:
A manual-cleaning centrifuge have a ‘solid bowl’ (also known as solid retaining bowl). It is applicable in industrial separation processes wherein the primary objective is to separate two liquid phases with minimal or no solids.
861:
High separation efficiency of a centrifuge is the result of the combination of centrifugal force and built in pack plate usually a conical disc plate. Therefore, new development usually emphasize on these two areas.
739:
Solid-liquid mixture leaving a three-phase reactor is separated using a conical plate centrifuge. The solid is sent to the solids separation system whereas the liquid is sent to the liquid separation system.
205:. Oil additives is used to improve fuel performances, and in order to remove as much contaminants as possible, this type of centrifuge is used to separate excess fine solids such as metal salts and lime.
490:
329:
Typically the spacing between adjacent disk ranges from 0.32 to 1 mm. This depends on the application and feed to be processed as well as feed concentration as shown in the examples below.
703:
The space between discs is at intervals of 0.4 to 0.75 mm, the exact space is determined by the liquid to be processed and its compatibility to the solids to be separated from the liquid.
762:
For high speed separation and highly corrosive suspension process, high-strength stainless steel (such as duplex and higher-grade duplex) is used for the bowl and accessories construction.
288:
solids but there is no solid discharge. Bowl cooling is possible for both conical plate centrifuge and chamber bowl centrifuge. However, cleaning is easier as well as better sludge
321:
can flush out the settled coarser particles into the light phase reducing the retention time for particle separation. However this depends on the size of the processed solids.
828:
The objective of digestion is to reduce sludge quantity, increase sludge dryness and stabilization of sludge. Furthermore, it provides valuation in green energy by producing
609:
551:
308:
A typical angle of 35 to 50° (with respect to vertical axis) of the disk is used in the centrifuge with 50 to 200 numbers of disks. This in turns provide a centrifugal
125:
through the outlet. Separated solids, or sludge, are accumulated in the conical space adjacent to the nozzle. Once full (without exceeding the area of the plates), a
88:
in the feed lines to prevent coarse solid impurities clogging the nozzles. Generally, the diameter of the holes of the pre-treatment filter is about 10% smaller than
640:
580:
522:
410:
368:
The feed may contain dissolved solids consisting of valuable protein product and other soluble contaminants that requires removal in downstream purification.
68:
This type of centrifuge removes solid matter from liquid feed from the plates. A centrifugal pump creates a pressure to discharge the clear liquid from the
960:
719:
The size range of nozzle is between 0.5 mm diameter openings (for small centrifuges) to 3.2 mm diameter openings (for larger centrifuges).
265:
the delicate nature and value of the oil. A hermetic centrifuge is best for this purpose because it can prevent product contamination and losses.
682:
Douglas’ method is suitable for modelling a conical plate centrifugal process as it breaks down a complicated design problem into simple piece.
668:
Douglas methodology uses a three level hierarchical systematic procedure where heuristics can be applied. The three level process designs are:
1199:
121:
Depending on the design, the feed enters through the top or bottom inlet. Once clarified on the conical plates, product is discharged under
1024:
385:
For a centrifuge with intermittent discharge mode, determining the discharge frequency is essential to maximize productivity. The time,
186:
of oil and water can be further treated to produce more oil by separating oil, water and impurities using the conical plate centrifuge.
1365:
1007:
888:. The bowl becomes almost full of solids rather than having a shallow layer at the bowl periphery and the solid discharge is drier.
1082:
1076:
1370:
417:
237:
As an equipment that is easily sterilised and fully contained, the conical plate centrifuge is an excellent choice for producing
1189:
765:
For liquid that contains highly abrasive fine particulates, areas which are prone to wear and tear need to be protected by
1054:
726:
The minimum allowable nozzle size is at least two times bigger than the diameter of the biggest particle to be discharged.
1330:
146:
Liquid feed that cannot withstand impact at inlet, where the solid particles require a ‘delicate touch’ (e.g. protein).
642:, frequency discharge can be approximated. By monitoring the turbidity of centrate, further fine-tuning can be made.
849:
In sludge destruction, all the organic matter present in the sludge is destroyed and during destruction, vapour and
194:
961:
http://www.alfalaval.com/industries/food-dairy-beverages/food/Documents/PCHS00022%20Disc%20Stack%20Centrifuges.pdf
700:
Good rigidity is required, which can be achieved by large number of conical discs with appropriate wall thickness.
339:
Mammalian cell broth: A disk spacing of 0.32 mm can be used at low feed solids with concentration of 3 – 4%.
675:
2. A detailed process design (P&ID) that provides mass and energy flow as well as equipment specifications.
1118:
Continuous Ultra-Fine
Classification in a Disc Stack Nozzle Centrifuge - Effects of G-forces and Disc Geometry
343:
As a rule of thumb, the ratio of the bowl outer diameter to the bowl height must be approximately equal to 1.
76:
continuously, as shown in Figure 2. The quantity of concentrate depends on speed of bowl rotation, number of
105:
does not have the hydraulic mechanism for sludge ejection thereby eliminating the need for operating water.
1218:
Rajagopal, S.; Douglas, N. (1992). "A Hierarchical
Procedure for the Conceptual Design of Solids Process".
51:
801:
1360:
35:
that has a series of conical discs which provides a parallel configuration of centrifugation spaces.
1083:
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/SeparationsMechanical/Centrifuges/Centrifuges.html
336:
E. coli and lysate: At lower feed solids, a tighter spacing of 0.5 mm is the most suitable.
587:
529:
1195:
1003:
1336:
1227:
1125:
995:
618:
558:
500:
388:
333:
Yeast processing: Yeast with 30% by volume of solids requires an open spacing of 1 mm.
229:
and hydraulics. This treatment is reliable in extending the service life of the equipment.
113:
Lighter and heavier liquid exit separately through the top of the centrifuge, while the
1037:
999:
222:
1129:
672:
1. Focuses on process flow diagram that includes the characteristic size calculations.
1354:
1231:
871:
pressure. Another advantage of this design is it produces low noise level due to the
665:
separation process (conical plate centrifuge) is called
Douglas (1988) methodology.
309:
1335:. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
990:
Leung, W. (2007). "Disc
Centrifuge in Centrifugal Separations in Biotechnology".
850:
226:
202:
179:
811:
Centrifuge design depends mostly on solid throughput criteria and solids flux.
300:
The following process characteristics are required in a disk stack centrifuge:
1332:
New Plate Pack Design Leads to
Increased Separation Efficiency of A Centrifuge
805:
289:
242:
218:
69:
32:
1098:
R.G, Harrison; et al. (2003). "Bioseparations
Science and Engineering".
832:. The condition for digestion depends on the quantity and nature of sludge.
615:
An initial guess of is implemented otherwise calculated and from calculated
190:
85:
1303:
Alfa Laval. "High-Capacity Disc Stack
Centrifuge For Biodiesel Production".
1248:
Shanthini, R. (2013). "Downstream
Processing (Recovery and Purification)".
885:
777:
material is also needed for process involving liquid with abrasive fines.
766:
238:
198:
183:
122:
377:
discharge issues, resulting in more concentrate solid being discharged.
774:
249:
248:
Hermetic cell culture centrifuge is used to harvest cell cultures from
77:
73:
1340:
872:
829:
770:
214:
213:
In paper coating, the conical plate centrifuge cleans and sorts the ‘
201:
or water to convert oils from raw materials (such as rape seed) into
126:
114:
89:
292:
in chamber bowl centrifuge as compared to conical plate centrifuge.
152:
Liquid feed that emits gas or evaporates (e.g. beers and cold wort)
175:
171:
167:
1188:
Leung, Wallace Woon-Fong (16 August 2007). "Disc
Centrifuge".
709:
For slow filtering slurries, sedimenting centrifuges are used.
412:, to fill up the disk centrifuge is given by the expression:
1270:
Degremont. "Sludge Digestion Generated by Water Treatment".
706:
For medium rate filtering, discs-type centrifuges are used.
485:{\displaystyle t_{d}={v_{s}\eta _{d} \over Q_{f}\Phi _{f}}}
1314:
Sutherland (June 2009). "What's New with Centrifuges?".
1146:
Walas, S. (1990). "Heuristics in chemical engineering".
351:
There are two types of feed solids for this centrifuge:
621:
590:
561:
532:
503:
420:
391:
269:
Advantages and limitations over competitive processes
1116:
Wang, Y.; et al. (2003). "China Particuology".
1025:"Liquid-liquid separation in disc-stack centrifuges"
875:-damped assembly, jacketed frame and an outer bowl.
1023:van der Linden, Johannes Petrus (5 February 1987).
752:
Solids are permitted in the mother liquor (sludge).
1055:"Alfa Laval Adds Hermetic Cell Culture Centrifuge"
736:Liquids with small proportion of suspended solids.
634:
603:
574:
545:
516:
484:
404:
189:Disc stack centrifuge is also useful in producing
143:Liquid feed that cannot have a decreasing pressure
1079:. Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering Equipment.
1038:Types and applicability of industrial centrifuges
678:3. Mechanical design (construction of equipment).
139:and discharge pumps. It is extremely useful for:
686:Possible heuristics for conical plate centrifuge
1226:(Department of Chemical Engineering): 675–689.
166:Conical plate centrifuge can be used to remove
1164:Chen, C. "Heuristics for Process Synthesis".
957:"Alfa Laval-Disc Stack Separator Technology".
8:
55:the channel formed between adjacent plates.
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1243:
1241:
796:the size of structure and operating costs.
1283:
1281:
1288:"Centrifugal Sludge Thickening Process".
1213:
1211:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1166:Department of Chemical Engineering Taiwan
660:Heuristic methods for designing a process
626:
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473:
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396:
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312:G in the range between 5000 and 15000 g.
992:Centrifugal Separations in Biotechnology
1191:Centrifugal Separation in Biotechnology
1159:
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1111:
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985:
983:
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977:
975:
973:
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906:
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1139:
1070:
1068:
1048:
1046:
749:Low moisture content in the wet cakes.
1093:
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952:
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926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
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773:-based alloys. Sealing using special
283:Chamber bowl or solid bowl centrifuge
197:. The centrifuge separates fuel from
7:
1316:Filtration and Separation Technology
1220:Computers & Chemical Engineering
524:is the volume of solid hold-up in L,
245:in sterile and hygienic conditions.
221:used for dynamic processes, such as
1329:Plat, R.; W. Van Den Broek (1991).
935:. UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology.
81:and initial volume of liquid feed.
592:
470:
50:The centrifuge works by using the
14:
149:Liquid feed which easily oxidises
72:. The solid is extracted through
1000:10.1016/B978-185617477-0/50004-5
933:Filters and Filtration Handbook
1:
1130:10.1016/S1672-2515(07)60111-0
1232:10.1016/0098-1354(92)80016-3
611:is the feed volume in L/min.
553:is the discharge efficiency,
296:Main process characteristics
1053:Alfa Laval (26 July 2010).
1387:
1075:Catalano, S.; et al.
808:illustrates this process.
782:Production of waste stream
582:is the feed rate in L/min,
195:alternative energy sources
96:Manual-cleaning centrifuge
959:(online available :
604:{\displaystyle \Phi _{f}}
546:{\displaystyle \eta _{d}}
1366:Liquid-liquid separation
757:Material of construction
372:Cone angle for discharge
174:and solids to condition
109:Self-cleaning centrifuge
21:conical plate centrifuge
1371:Liquid-solid separation
1100:Oxford University Press
274:Tubular bowl centrifuge
84:Pre-treatment includes
1081:(Online available at:
1027:. College van Dekanen.
931:Dickenson, C. (1994).
636:
605:
576:
547:
518:
486:
406:
193:, as an initiative to
64:Nozzle-type centrifuge
52:inclined plate settler
1148:Butterworth heinemann
1059:Manufacturing chemist
802:solid bowl centrifuge
637:
635:{\displaystyle t_{d}}
606:
577:
575:{\displaystyle Q_{f}}
548:
519:
517:{\displaystyle v_{s}}
487:
407:
405:{\displaystyle t_{d}}
1194:. Elsevier Science.
892:Oil and gas industry
879:Wastewater treatment
866:Biodiesel production
619:
588:
559:
530:
501:
418:
389:
162:Oil and gas industry
157:Range of application
29:disc stack separator
25:disc bowl centrifuge
381:Discharge frequency
134:Hermetic centrifuge
845:Sludge destruction
632:
601:
572:
543:
514:
482:
402:
360:volume for yeast.
233:Biological science
46:Basic fundamentals
16:Type of centrifuge
1290:Wastewater System
1201:978-1-85617-477-0
815:Sludge dewatering
791:Sludge thickening
480:
316:Effect of g-force
59:Available designs
23:(also known as a
1378:
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1344:
1341:10.2118/22832-MS
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355:Suspended solids
209:Process industry
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31:) is a type of
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323:
317:
314:
305:
302:
297:
294:
284:
281:
275:
272:
270:
267:
257:
254:
234:
231:
210:
207:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
135:
132:
110:
107:
97:
94:
65:
62:
60:
57:
47:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1077:"Centrifuges"
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1009:9781856174770
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
939:
934:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
907:
900:
898:
891:
889:
887:
878:
876:
874:
865:
863:
856:
854:
852:
844:
842:
836:Sludge drying
835:
833:
831:
823:
821:
814:
812:
809:
807:
803:
797:
790:
788:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
715:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
692:
685:
683:
677:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
659:
654:
652:
645:
643:
627:
623:
596:
584:
567:
563:
555:
538:
534:
526:
509:
505:
497:
496:
495:
492:
474:
464:
460:
452:
448:
442:
438:
431:
426:
422:
413:
397:
393:
380:
378:
371:
369:
363:
362:
361:
354:
353:
352:
346:
344:
338:
335:
332:
331:
330:
324:
322:
315:
313:
311:
303:
301:
295:
293:
291:
282:
280:
273:
268:
266:
262:
255:
253:
251:
246:
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232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
206:
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200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
156:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
140:
133:
131:
128:
124:
119:
116:
108:
106:
102:
95:
93:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
63:
58:
56:
53:
45:
43:
40:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1298:
1289:
1271:
1223:
1219:
1190:
1165:
1147:
1124:(2): 70–75.
1121:
1117:
1099:
1058:
1033:
1018:
991:
932:
895:
882:
869:
860:
848:
839:
827:
818:
810:
798:
794:
785:
769:carbide and
756:
755:
743:
742:
730:
729:
713:
712:
694:
693:
689:
681:
667:
663:
649:
614:
493:
414:
384:
375:
367:
358:
350:
342:
328:
325:Disk spacing
319:
310:acceleration
307:
299:
286:
277:
263:
259:
247:
236:
212:
188:
165:
137:
120:
112:
103:
99:
83:
67:
49:
41:
37:
28:
24:
20:
18:
1361:Centrifuges
851:electricity
347:Feed solids
227:compressors
203:diesel fuel
180:gas turbine
1355:Categories
901:References
655:Heuristics
304:Disk angle
290:dewatering
243:antibodies
219:lubricants
92:diameter.
70:centrifuge
33:centrifuge
994:: 59–94.
824:Digestion
695:Equipment
593:Φ
535:η
471:Φ
449:η
191:biodiesel
86:strainers
886:decanter
767:tungsten
239:vaccines
199:methanol
184:emulsion
123:pressure
1292:. 2013.
775:ceramic
744:Product
714:Nozzles
250:mammals
78:nozzles
74:nozzles
1198:
1006:
873:rubber
830:biogas
771:nickel
494:Where
223:motors
215:kaolin
127:piston
115:sludge
90:nozzle
806:video
176:fuels
172:salts
168:water
1196:ISBN
1004:ISBN
731:Feed
241:and
178:for
1337:doi
1228:doi
1126:doi
996:doi
27:or
1357::
1280:^
1254:^
1240:^
1224:16
1222:.
1210:^
1174:^
1156:^
1138:^
1120:.
1108:^
1090:^
1067:^
1057:.
1045:^
1002:.
968:^
963:)
941:^
909:^
225:,
170:,
19:A
1343:.
1339::
1318:.
1274:.
1234:.
1230::
1204:.
1168:.
1150:.
1132:.
1128::
1122:1
1102:.
1085:)
1061:.
1040:.
1012:.
998::
800:"
628:d
624:t
597:f
568:f
564:Q
539:d
510:s
506:v
475:f
465:f
461:Q
453:d
443:s
439:v
432:=
427:d
423:t
398:d
394:t
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