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712:, one of only three men in Austria-Hungary to hold that rank at the time. While still the heir-apparent, Charles had reported to Emperor Franz Josef that the "mismanagement" in the army's high command could not be cleared out until Conrad was replaced, but admitted that finding someone to take his role would not be easy. Yet under the new emperor, Conrad's powers were gradually eroded. In December, the commander-in-chief Archduke
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543:, in November 1906, Conrad had established a reputation as a teacher and writer. Like other Austro-Hungarian officers of his generation, he had little or no direct combat experience, but had studied and written extensively about theory and tactics. His published works on infantry tactics sold well and were printed in multiple editions. He was a tireless campaigner for modernization of the armed forces. He was made
564:, who objected several times to Conrad's suggestion of a preventive war with Italy, ultimately led to Conrad's dismissal as Chief of Staff in 1911, partly under the pretext of objection to Conrad's affair with Virginia von Reininghaus, who later became his wife. After Aehrenthal resigned and died the next year, Archduke Franz Ferdinand urged Conrad's re-appointment, which took place during the
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political leadership—he promised his secret operations would bring quick victory. Conrad assumed far more soldiers than were available, with much better training than they actually had. In practice, his soldiers were inferior to the enemy. His plans were based on railroad timetables from the 1870s, and ignored German warnings that Russia had much improved its own railroad capabilities.
732:, brought condemnation upon the imperial leadership. Further complicating Conrad's image was his identification with those in the government intent on continuing the war. In this atmosphere, Conrad, described as a "broken man", was dismissed on 15 July, perhaps in an effort to deflect further criticism. At the same time he was promoted from Freiherr to the noble rank of a
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aristocrat, and became quickly enamoured. In the weeks following this, he made many attempts to court
Reininghaus, despite the fact that she was already married and with six children, which eventually resulted in the two conducting an affair. This illegitimate pairing continued until their marriage in 1915.
922:
elite within
Austria-Hungary troubled him, as he believed it weakened and diluted what he saw as an essentially German-Austrian empire. He worried about Italian ambitions in the Balkans. His greatest ambition was for a pre-emptive war against Serbia in order to neutralize the threat that he believed
823:
Conrad's legacy as a commander remains controversial, with earlier historians regarding him as a military genius, while more recent works characterize him as an utter failure; at least one military historian considered him to be "probably the best strategist of the war." In military matters, Conrad
374:
Upon his death in 1925, a journal titled "Diary of my
Sufferings" was found. The journal compiled over 3,000 letters written to Reininghaus, some over 60 pages in length, detailing the extent of Conrad's love for her. In order to prevent a scandal breaking out from a potential leak, Conrad kept the
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Conrad assumed the war would result in victory in six weeks. He assumed it would take Russia 30 days to mobilize its troops, and he assumed his own armies could be operational against Serbia in two weeks. When the war started, there were repeated delays, which were made worse when Conrad radically
661:, and after the Western front was bogged down in stalemate, Germany had resources to help Austria. Although Conrad was officially in command, the German forces alongside him increasingly took control of the situation. Berlin sent in large armies and together they conquered large parts of Serbia,
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in response. Germany is thought to have requested an immediate invasion of Serbia, but Conrad delayed for over a month. Many Army units were on leave to harvest crops and not scheduled to return until 25 July. To cancel those leaves would disrupt the harvest and the nation's food supply, scramble
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Conrad and his admirers took special pride in his elaborate war plans that were designed individually against various possible opponents, but did not take into account having to fight a two front war against Russia and Serbia simultaneously. His plans were kept secret from his own diplomatic and
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proved far more effective than Conrad had expected despite the Austro-Hungarian manpower advantage. Undefeated in all major battles, it enforced a full-scale retreat of Conrad's troops by the end of the year. The first Austro-Hungarian offensives against Russia were remarkable for their lack of
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In the latter part of his life, he was known to hold doubts about his fitness for office and occasionally suffered severe bouts of depression. These worsened after the death of his wife in 1905. In 1907, while attending a dinner party in Vienna, Conrad met
Virginia von Reininghaus, an Italian
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was removed from office, which the new emperor assumed himself. Charles took operational control of all combat units in the army and navy and on 1 March 1917 officially dismissed Conrad, who then requested retirement. The emperor personally asked him to remain on active duty, and when Conrad
571:
Although Conrad's ideas had considerable impact in the decision making process of the government, especially in the lead-up to the First World War, historian John Leslie describes him as a "loner" who did not easily win friends or influence people and was politically inept.
255:, which was, he believed, nearing disintegration. Later on, he came to believe that the Dual Monarchy had taken action at the eleventh hour. The army was also unprepared and he had resorted to politics to further his goals. He was unaware that
855:, argues that Conrad was probably the best strategist of the war and that his plans were brilliant in conception. He argues that German generals in the east based most of their successful offensive operations on Conrad's plans. German general
935:, "Conrad von Hötzendorf first proposed preventive war against Serbia in 1906, and he did so again in 1908–09, in 1912–13, in October 1913, and May 1914: between 1 January 1913 and 1 January 1914 he proposed a Serbian war twenty-five times".
886:
Conrad was fully responsible for this disaster, for he had committed too many troops in Serbia, leaving severely outnumbered units to resist the
Russian advance. Conrad blamed the German allies, who had driven out the Russian Army from
906:
The disaster was mostly due to
Austrian overconfidence as well as Conrad having sent reinforcements to Italy, ignoring the Russian threat. Most of Austria's victories on the eastern front were possible only in cooperation with the
750:
After the war, Conrad denied any personal guilt for the outbreak and the results of the war and blamed the
Imperial court and politicians for it. Embittered and sickened, he died on 25 August 1925, while taking a cure in
590:
changed plans in the middle of mobilization. Russia did much better than expected, mobilizing two thirds of its army within 18 days, and operating 362 trains a day – compared to 153 trains a day by
Austria-Hungary.
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argued that his unrealistically grandiose plans disregarded the realities of terrain and climate, and that the plans which he drew up frequently underestimated the power of the enemy and the potential of
833:
artillery forces. Conrad refused to take responsibility for the start of the war, or for
Austria-Hungary's defeat, arguing that he had "been 'just a military expert' with no voice in the key decisions".
1280:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919. From April 1919 Conrad's official name was Franz Conrad-Hötzendorf, since the Republic of Austria abolished nobility for its citizens by law.
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complex railroad schedules, alert Europe to Vienna's plans, and give the opposition time to mobilize. Meanwhile, Emperor Franz Joseph went on his long-scheduled three week summer vacation.
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969:. The massive casualties his forces took through wave attacks rather than any tactical or strategic acumen has given him a reputation of being a callous and incompetent commander.
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911:, on which the Austro-Hungarian army became increasingly dependent. After his defeats of the first year, Conrad was increasingly sidelined by the Germans on the eastern front.
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302:. From 1915 his troops were increasingly reliant on German support and command. Without support from its German allies the Austro-Hungarian Army was an exhausted force.
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For decades, the reputation of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Conrad as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history was a matter of national pride among
903:, whereby the Austro-Hungarian forces under Conrad's command lost more than 600,000 men, and were never again capable of mounting an offensive without German help.
862:
Conrad's critics contend that his mistakes led to the disastrous first year of war that crippled Austro-Hungarian military capabilities. For example, in the 1914
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958:
2985:
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918:, and believed life consisted of "an unremitting struggle for existence" in which the offensive was the only effective form of defence. The power of the
646:. His plans had underestimated Russian strength and speed, while ignoring the glaring weaknesses in his own army. His forces did win a great victory at
337:, to an Austrian officers' family. His great-grandfather Franz Anton Conrad (1738–1827) had been ennobled and added to his name the nobiliary particle
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they posed, and at the same time change the political balance within the Dual
Monarchy against the Magyars by incorporating more Slavs in a third
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where it suffered a humiliating defeat at the hand of the Serbs in the first months of the war. On 22 August he launched an even
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Leslie, John (1993). Elisabeth Springer and Leopold Kammerhofer (ed.). "The Antecedents of Austria-Hungary's War Aims".
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emphasized the importance of aggressive, well-trained infantry and the strategic and tactical offensive. Historian
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which were followed by defeat and the loss of Lemberg. Conrad unexpectedly had to deal with a massive incursion of
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1863:
Hadley, Tim. "Military Diplomacy in the Dual Alliance: German Military Attaché Reporting from Vienna, 1906—1914."
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in Vienna on 2 September 1925, more than 100,000 mourners participated in observances. After long discussion, his
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circles in post-war Austria—though his policies and tactics had already been criticized by contemporaries like
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praised Conrad as a man of superior ability and a bold general, only hindered by the weaknesses of his army.
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Fellner, Fritz. "Some reflections on Conrad von Hötzendorf and his Memoirs based on Old and New Sources."
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as a predicate in 1815, referring to the surname of his first wife who descended from the Bavarian
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to annex the occupied lands, and he continuously intrigued against the Hungarian prime minister
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In 1892 he requested transfer back to command and took charge of the 93rd Infantry Regiment at
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Collision Course: Franz Conrad Von Hötzendorf, Serbia, and the Politics of Preventive War
1506:
The Balkans, Italy & Africa 1914–1918: From Sarajevo to the Piave and Lake Tanganyika
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688:, whom he considered a fool, though to no avail. In addition, relations with the German
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1954:
1918:
A Mad Catastrophe - The Outbreak of World War 1 and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire
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portrayed him as a vain poser (I 2). Not until the 1960s, in the course of the renewed
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A mad catastrophe: the outbreak of World War I and the collapse of the Habsburg Empire
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A mad catastrophe: the outbreak of World War I and the collapse of the Habsburg Empire
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A mad catastrophe: the outbreak of World War I and the collapse of the Habsburg Empire
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provinces were assigned to the military administration of Austria-Hungary. He was a
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Conrad married Wilhelmine le Beau (1860–1905) in 1886, with whom he had four sons.
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2004:
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presented Conrad as a model for a good Chief of the General Staff in his 1927 book
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467:
215:, was an Austrian general who played a central role in World War I. He served as
2019:
1936:
Folly and Malice: The Habsburg Empire, the Balkans and the Start of World War One
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Conrad's guard uniform and some of his personal belongings are on display at the
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803:, in 1918, Conrad became simply Franz Conrad-Hötzendorf in April 1919, when the
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241:
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482:. Conrad proved to be a good teacher who was quite popular among his students.
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military academy in 1876, he was transferred to the General Staff Corps of the
2728:
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1981:
993:
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924:
843:
408:
454:) and served as a staff officer during the 1882 insurrection in the Austrian
1882:(Eurospan 1998 ed.). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
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772:
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458:. In 1886, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the 11th Infantry Division at
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had failed to achieve its objective; he then commanded an army group on the
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region. His father Franz Xaver Conrad (1793–1878) was a retired colonel of
785:
692:(OHL) worsened due to the uneasy relationship between Conrad and General
557:
478:
in Vienna, a position he prepared for by touring the battlefields of the
490:
511:
499:
353:
30:"Franz Conrad" redirects here. For the Luxembourgian weightlifter, see
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To his admirers he was a military genius. Soviet general and theorist
375:
letters private and they were never sent to their intended recipient.
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349:
334:
217:
89:
1955:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
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to the throne in November 1916, Conrad was elevated to the rank of
2509:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2461:
2451:
1784:"Foreign Pour le Mérite Awards: Foreign Awards During World War I"
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814:
800:
790:
613:
489:
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1722:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1263:
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795:
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In the late spring of 1918, the failure of the Austro-Hungarian
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is named after Field Marshal Conrad. In the Austrian cities of
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on Conrad in 1910. Conrad's differences with Foreign Minister
339:
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For years he had repeatedly called for preemptive war against
211:; 11 November 1852 – 25 August 1925), sometimes anglicised as
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1833:
Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans During World War I
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1094:
Bronze Medal for the 50th year of the reign of Franz Joseph
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component under Austrian control, denying the principle of
1752:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des österreichischen Kaiserthumes
728:, with costly and bloody assaults led by both Conrad and
630:
against Russia through Galicia, after early victories at
321:
until he retired in the summer of 1918. He died in 1925.
1899:
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf. Architect of the apocalypse
1405:
1403:
1509:. The History of World War I. Amber Books. p. 28.
657:
After the Germans scored major victories especially at
622:
On 12 August 1914, Conrad sent an army of 400,000 men
2020:
Newspaper clippings about Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
2961:
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
1828:
1 (1965): 74-89. His memoirs contain many documents
601:, Conrad was the first proponent of war against the
2966:
Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
2748:
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2633:
2581:
2541:
2432:
2409:
2402:
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1091:
Medal for 35 years of military service for officers
965:towards a widespread perception as a warmonger and
684:as well as against the Austrian minister president
502:. From 1895 he commanded the 1st Infantry Regiment
191:
181:
169:
161:
141:
123:
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72:
39:
2941:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
1875:
2981:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
2976:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
2971:Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph
1377:. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
1274:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
528:and took command of the 8th Infantry Division at
259:would relocate the majority of its forces to the
1846:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
2182:Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps
1742:
1740:
1738:
1712:
1710:
407:. In 1871, at age 19, he was commissioned as a
236:from 1906 to 1917. He was in charge during the
1476:Richard F. Hamilton; Holger H. Herwig (2004).
466:. In the fall of 1888, Conrad was promoted to
2137:
1951:Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz Xaver Josef Graf
738:(count) and received the honorific post of a
462:, where he showed great ability in reforming
8:
1275:
1261:
961:, did the evaluation of his role shift from
274:and when the Tsar's armies had captured the
2712:Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
2655:Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
1368:"Hoetzendorf, Baron Franz Conrad von"
510:and from 1899 the 55th Infantry Brigade in
278:and were on the verge of invading Hungary,
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2951:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
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1639:
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1482:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
1441:Wiener Beiträge zur Geschichte der Neuzeit
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1394:
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959:controversy over the causes of World War I
717:accepted, he was placed in command of the
522:uprising in the city in 1902, he was made
364:of 1848, wherein he was severely wounded.
57:
36:
1434:
1432:
1430:
599:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1663:
1651:
1409:
1338:The Oxford companion to military history
360:and took part in the suppression of the
1964:. Austro-Hungarian Army. Archived from
1290:
1241:
205:Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf
2533:Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten
1839:Clark, Christopher (2013). "Chapter 2
1702:The First World War: Volume 1: To Arms
1260:Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
309:dismissed him as Chief of Staff after
2592:FML Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina
1349:
807:abolished nobility for its citizens.
434:Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina
415:battalion. After graduating from the
395:. He developed a strong interest in
383:Conrad joined the cadet corps of the
7:
2816:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria
2517:Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów
2006:"Conrad von Hötzendorf, Count"
1135:Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown
901:most lethal battles in world history
486:Return to command and Chief of Staff
2866:Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria
2563:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen
883:combined with massive human cost.
704:Following the accession of Emperor
2553:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
1982:"Franz Conrad Graf von Hötzendorf"
1962:"Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf"
1689:World war I, the global revolution
1365:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921).
1052:Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold
676:He urged the new Foreign Minister
432:, these duties brought him to the
270:Conrad was anxious about invading
25:
2986:Theresian Military Academy alumni
2956:Austrian people of German descent
2776:Archduke Joseph August of Austria
2606:Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky
2543:Supreme Commander of the Imperial
1063:, 1st Class with War Decoration,
1044:, 1st Class with War Decoration,
387:garrison and was educated at the
2601:FML Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld
1213:
1194:
1160:
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1042:Imperial Order of the Iron Crown
875:effect, culminating in the lost
294:in the summer of 1915 and later
148:
128:
2861:Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield
2525:Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin
1679:, Putnam, New York 1959, p. 36.
1538:Herweg, 1997, pp 87-96, 112-13.
1071:Military Order of Maria Theresa
726:offensives against the Italians
518:. After acting against a major
2991:Military personnel from Vienna
2936:Austro-Hungarian Army officers
2851:Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel
2733:Adm Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels
2724:Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
2667:Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
2248:Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops
1605:A Short History of World War I
992:; it is today operated by the
556:conferred the noble rank of a
1:
2573:Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza
2153:Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces
1621:The First World War 1914-1918
990:Conrad-von-Hötzendorf-Kaserne
951:, who in his satirical drama
618:Conrad at the map table, 1914
286:. The Austro-Germans cleared
2926:People from Penzing (Vienna)
2044:Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky
1479:Decisions for War, 1914-1917
1225:Order of the Star of Romania
1182:Military Order of Max Joseph
1022:Conrad-von-Hötzendorf-Straße
974:Heeresgeschichtliches Museum
714:Friedrich of Austria-Teschen
298:in October with the help of
65:Heeresgeschichtliches Museum
2706:Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
2700:VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
2649:Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
2643:VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
2625:Arthur Arz von Straußenburg
2611:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
2474:Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ältere)
2253:Imperial and Royal Dragoons
2224:Imperial and Royal Infantry
2088:Arthur Arz von Straußenburg
2024:20th Century Press Archives
1835:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
1268:was a title, translated as
1207:Military Order of St. Henry
470:and appointed professor of
352:, originally from southern
51:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
32:Franz Conrad (weightlifter)
3007:
2718:Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
2661:Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
2258:Imperial and Royal Hussars
2177:Imperial Austrian Landwehr
2078:Chief of the General Staff
2051:Chief of the General Staff
2001:Auffenberg-Komarow, Moritz
1901:. Boston: Humanity Press.
1878:The Army of Francis Joseph
1374:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1248:the proper family name is
811:Strategies and performance
389:Theresian Military Academy
276:Carpathian mountain passes
251:to rescue the multiethnic
226:Chief of the General Staff
29:
2931:Field marshals of Austria
2756:Archduke Eugen of Austria
2295:
2263:Imperial and Royal Uhlans
2192:Royal Croatian Home Guard
2110:
2100:
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2084:
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2035:
1920:. New York: Basic Books.
1826:Austrian History Yearbook
1607:London: Greenwood Press.
909:German High Command (OHL)
719:South Tyrolean Army Group
678:Stephan Burián von Rajecz
562:Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal
554:Franz Joseph I of Austria
56:
2846:Viktor Dankl von Krasnik
2470:(FZM) Arthur Maximilian
1916:Wawro, Geoffrey (2014).
1623:London: Macmillan. p.15
1352:, pp. 101–103, 360.
1128:Royal Order of the Crown
954:The Last Days of Mankind
799:, usually translated as
789:, usually translated as
650:in December 1914 saving
541:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
356:, who had fought in the
292:Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive
27:Field marshal of Austria
2766:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
2737:Adm Maximilian Njegovan
2677:Adm Maximilian Njegovan
2597:Franz Freiherr von John
2446:Franz Freiherr von John
2012:Encyclopædia Britannica
1529:Herweg, 1997, pp 52-53.
1466:Herweg, 1997, pp 53-56.
1457:Herweg, 1997, pp 53-56.
1054:, with War Decoration,
805:First Austrian Republic
428:In 1878–1879, upon the
253:Austro-Hungarian Empire
228:of the military of the
2545:and Royal Armed Forces
2506:General der Infanterie
2458:General der Kavallerie
2319:
2311:
2302:
2187:Royal Hungarian Honvéd
1276:
1262:
1122:Order of the Red Eagle
1028:Decorations and awards
976:, Vienna. In 1938 the
820:
771:
758:When he was buried at
686:Count Karl von Stürgkh
619:
546:General der Infanterie
495:
290:and Poland during the
2318:
2310:
2301:
2214:Military Intelligence
2167:Austro-Hungarian Army
1867:17#3 (2010): 294-312.
1601:Edmonds, Sir James E.
1223:: Grand Cross of the
1130:, 2nd Class with Star
1006:Austrian Armed Forces
988:, Bavaria were named
982:1st Mountain Division
826:Gunther E. Rothenberg
818:
793:, in 1910 and made a
776:) was redesignated a
642:troops into Austrian
617:
610:Victories and defeats
493:
423:Austro-Hungarian Army
280:Italy entered the war
263:, rather than in the
230:Austro-Hungarian Army
162:Years of service
156:Austro-Hungarian Army
18:Conrad von Hötzendorf
2801:Karol Durski-Trzaska
2761:Franz Rohr von Denta
2741:RAdm Franz von Holub
2729:Grand Adm Anton Haus
2672:Grand Adm Anton Haus
2442:Feldmarschalleutnant
1949:Claudia Reichl-Ham:
1897:Sondhaus, L (2000).
1336:Richard Holmes, ed.
1176:Military Merit Order
1081:Military Merit Medal
1061:Military Merit Cross
893:Battle of Tannenberg
706:Charles I of Austria
694:Erich von Falkenhayn
690:Supreme Army Command
525:Feldmarschalleutnant
494:Chief of Staff, 1906
438:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
311:Emperor Franz Joseph
240:of 1914 that caused
224:(field marshal) and
2811:Tadeusz Rozwadowski
2634:Commanders-in-Chief
2619:Blasius von Schemua
2454:Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld
2071:Blasius von Schemua
2061:Blasius von Schemua
1986:Austrian Commanders
1724:, 1914, p. 314
1691:, Lawrence Sondhaus
1579:, pp. 213–214.
1567:, pp. 202–203.
1503:Jordan, D. (2012).
1236:Informational notes
1205:: Commander of the
1180:Grand Cross of the
1174:Grand Cross of the
1150:; with Oak Leaves,
1120:Grand Cross of the
1069:Grand Cross of the
1050:Grand Cross of the
1020:streets were named
879:and the disastrous
857:Paul von Hindenburg
851:, in his 1959 book
819:Conrad late in life
669:and stabilised the
480:Franco-Prussian War
456:Kingdom of Dalmatia
329:Conrad was born in
282:on the side of the
2320:
2312:
2303:
2197:42nd Inf. Division
1794:on 31 October 2019
1666:, p. 240-241.
1221:Kingdom of Romania
1115:Kingdom of Prussia
929:self-determination
897:Brusilov Offensive
839:Boris Shaposhnikov
821:
700:Eased out of power
620:
568:in December 1912.
549:in November 1908.
496:
315:Trentino Offensive
313:died and Conrad's
2946:Counts of Austria
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2771:Svetozar Boroević
2682:Adm Miklós Horthy
2434:Ministers for War
2120:
2119:
2111:Succeeded by
2104:Army Group Conrad
2085:Succeeded by
2058:Succeeded by
2036:Military offices
1927:978-0-465-02835-1
1908:978-0-391-04097-7
1889:978-0-91119-841-6
1872:Rothenburg, G. E.
1856:978-0-06-114665-7
1849:. HarperCollins.
1754:, 1860, pp.
1516:978-1-906626-14-3
1083:("Signum Laudis")
881:Siege of Przemyśl
877:Battle of Galicia
866:, led by General
760:Hietzing Cemetery
603:Kingdom of Serbia
358:Battle of Leipzig
202:
201:
16:(Redirected from
2998:
2856:Stjepan Sarkotić
2841:Maximilian Ronge
2806:Gheorghe Flondor
2796:Georg Dragičević
2558:Francis Joseph I
2460:(GdK) Alexander
2419:Francis Joseph I
2407:
2229:Alpine companies
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2095:Preceded by
2068:Preceded by
2041:Preceded by
2033:
2016:
2015:(12th ed.).
2008:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1934:Zametica, John.
1931:
1912:
1893:
1881:
1860:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1790:. Archived from
1788:pourlemerite.org
1780:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1744:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1718:"K. und K. Heer"
1714:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
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1473:
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1458:
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1436:
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1407:
1398:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1323:Geoffrey Wawro,
1321:
1315:
1310:Geoffrey Wawro,
1308:
1302:
1297:Geoffrey Wawro,
1295:
1279:
1267:
1253:
1246:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1139:9 September 1909
1113:
1111:
1110:
996:and site of the
980:barracks of the
916:Social Darwinist
864:Serbian Campaign
847:. The historian
778:historical grave
640:Imperial Russian
514:, promoted to a
472:military tactics
430:Treaty of Berlin
399:, especially in
346:Upper Palatinate
296:conquered Serbia
242:World War I
154:
152:
151:
143:
134:
132:
131:
106:
83:11 November 1852
82:
80:
61:
37:
21:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2886:Georg von Trapp
2881:Giovanni Luppis
2791:Günther Burstyn
2744:
2692:
2686:
2635:
2629:
2583:
2577:
2544:
2537:
2495:von Krieghammer
2468:Feldzeugmeister
2450:FML Franz Kuhn
2428:
2398:
2386:Luftfahrtruppen
2373:
2369:Danube Flotilla
2363:Seefliegerkorps
2321:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2155:
2150:
2116:
2114:Archduke Joseph
2107:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2073:
2063:
2054:
2046:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1968:on 17 July 2012
1960:
1946:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1896:
1890:
1870:
1857:
1841:Hawks and Doves
1838:
1831:Fried, Marvin.
1817:Beaver, Jan G.
1811:Further reading
1808:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1704:. Oxford, 2001.
1700:Strachan, Hew.
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1640:Rothenburg 1976
1638:
1634:
1599:
1595:
1589:Rothenburg 1976
1587:
1583:
1577:Rothenburg 1976
1575:
1571:
1565:Rothenburg 1976
1563:
1559:
1553:Rothenburg 1976
1551:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1422:Rothenburg 1976
1420:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1395:Rothenburg 1976
1393:
1382:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1152:26 January 1917
1108:
1106:
1065:8 December 1914
1030:
1002:medical service
941:
931:. According to
813:
748:
702:
628:larger campaign
612:
583:
578:
576:First World War
488:
397:natural science
393:Wiener Neustadt
381:
379:Military career
362:Vienna Uprising
327:
305:In March 1917,
186:First World War
149:
147:
136:Austria-Hungary
129:
127:
118:Weimar Republic
108:
104:
94:Austrian Empire
84:
78:
76:
68:
63:1915 portrait,
52:
49:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3004:
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2994:
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2908:
2907:
2901:
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2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Franz von Keil
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Oskar Potiorek
2828:
2823:
2821:Rudolf Maister
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
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2763:
2758:
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2746:
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2696:
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2549:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2477:FZM Ferdinand
2475:
2465:
2455:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
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2359:
2358:
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2352:
2347:
2342:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2283:Grenz infantry
2279:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2017:
1997:
1978:
1958:
1945:
1944:External links
1942:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1868:
1865:War in History
1861:
1855:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1775:
1748:"Ritter-orden"
1734:
1706:
1693:
1681:
1675:Falls, Cyril:
1668:
1656:
1654:, p. 244.
1644:
1632:
1617:Terraine, John
1593:
1591:, p. 214.
1581:
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 202.
1540:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1495:
1488:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1426:
1414:
1399:
1397:, p. 143.
1380:
1354:
1342:
1329:
1316:
1303:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1255:
1254:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1210:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1144:Pour le Mérite
1141:
1133:Knight of the
1131:
1126:Knight of the
1124:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1067:
1058:
1048:
1040:Knight of the
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1004:centre of the
940:
937:
868:Oskar Potiorek
812:
809:
764:grave of honor
747:
744:
701:
698:
611:
608:
582:
579:
577:
574:
487:
484:
464:field exercise
401:Charles Darwin
380:
377:
333:, a suburb of
326:
323:
200:
199:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
145:
139:
138:
125:
121:
120:
107:(aged 72)
103:25 August 1925
101:
97:
96:
74:
70:
69:
62:
54:
53:
50:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3003:
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2989:
2987:
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2979:
2977:
2974:
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2957:
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2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2892:
2891:Janko Vuković
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Miklós Horthy
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
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2842:
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2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Josip Jelačić
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
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2759:
2757:
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2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:Naval Section
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
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2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
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2640:
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2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2585:General Staff
2582:Chiefs of the
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2530:Generaloberst
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:Feldmarschall
2520:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:FZM Heinrich
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
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2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2300:
2290:
2289:Stormtroopers
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:Standschützen
2266:
2264:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
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2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Rank insignia
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
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2045:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
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1914:
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1723:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:The Great War
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:Sondhaus 2000
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:Sondhaus 2000
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:0-333-37913-6
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
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1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1489:9780521545303
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:, p. 43.
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:, p. 37.
1411:
1410:Sondhaus 2000
1406:
1404:
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1340:(2001) p 224.
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938:
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914:Conrad was a
912:
910:
904:
902:
899:, one of the
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882:
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873:
869:
865:
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853:The Great War
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711:
710:field marshal
707:
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671:Italian front
668:
664:
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443:
440:, when those
439:
435:
431:
426:
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403:'s theory of
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319:Italian Front
316:
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268:
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261:Eastern Front
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221:Feldmarschall
219:
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98:
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55:
47:
46:
45:
38:
33:
19:
2826:Artur Phleps
2691:Heads of the
2616:Generalmajor
2610:
2508:(GdI) Franz
2502:von Pitreich
2384:
2361:
2334:Kriegsmarine
2332:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2240:
2233:
2101:
2097:New Creation
2076:
2049:
2010:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1935:
1917:
1898:
1877:
1864:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1787:
1778:
1767:, retrieved
1751:
1726:, retrieved
1721:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1620:
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1596:
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1306:
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1284:
1283:
1269:
1249:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1186:21 July 1915
1185:
1151:
1147:
1146:(military),
1138:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1045:
1021:
989:
986:Oberammergau
971:
952:
942:
933:Hew Strachan
913:
905:
889:East Prussia
885:
872:Serbian Army
861:
852:
842:
836:
831:quick-firing
822:
794:
784:
783:Ennobled as
782:
777:
763:
757:
749:
733:
723:
703:
682:István Tisza
675:
656:
621:
592:
588:
584:
570:
551:
544:
536:
534:
523:
516:Generalmajor
503:
497:
476:Kriegsschule
475:
449:
427:
418:Kriegsschule
416:
382:
373:
369:
366:
338:
328:
304:
269:
246:
216:
212:
209:Franz Conrad
208:
207:(after 1919
204:
203:
182:Battles/wars
173:
105:(1925-08-25)
64:
42:
41:
2921:1925 deaths
2916:1852 births
2836:Alfred Redl
2781:Franz Böhme
2636:of the Navy
2491:GdK Edmund
2484:FZM Rudolf
2345:Battleships
2276:Schutzkorps
2242:Kaiserjäger
2172:Common Army
1615:; cited by
1209:, 2nd Class
1148:12 May 1915
998:NATO School
967:imperialist
963:hagiography
925:Yugoslavian
849:Cyril Falls
755:, Germany.
753:Mergentheim
624:into Serbia
595:July Crisis
593:During the
566:Balkan Wars
537:Thronfolger
238:July Crisis
213:Hoetzendorf
114:Württemberg
110:Mergentheim
2910:Categories
2749:Commanders
2464:von Koller
2403:Leadership
2204:First Army
2108:1917–1918
2102:Commander
2082:1912–1917
2055:1906–1911
1613:083710405X
1447:: 307–394.
1350:Clark 2013
1231:References
994:Bundeswehr
949:Karl Kraus
844:Mozg Armii
663:Montenegro
659:Tannenberg
409:lieutenant
342:Hötzendorf
124:Allegiance
79:1852-11-11
2568:Charles I
2512:Schönaich
2424:Charles I
2378:Air Force
2235:Feldjäger
1798:12 August
1285:Citations
1087:War Medal
1010:Innsbruck
978:Wehrmacht
945:patriotic
780:in 2012.
773:Ehrengrab
742:colonel.
597:upon the
532:in 1903.
530:Innsbruck
451:Hauptmann
405:evolution
307:Charles I
165:1871–1918
2510:Freiherr
2493:Freiherr
2486:Freiherr
2479:Freiherr
2462:Freiherr
2452:Freiherr
2411:Emperors
2392:Aircraft
2350:Cruisers
2219:Weaponry
2003:(1922).
1874:(1976).
1033:National
1018:Berndorf
786:Freiherr
730:Boroević
648:Limanowa
581:Planning
558:Freiherr
552:Emperor
385:Hainburg
300:Bulgaria
142:Service/
67:, Vienna
2355:U-Boats
2026:of the
2022:in the
1991:31 July
1972:31 July
1821:(2009).
1769:23 July
1728:23 July
1619:(1965)
1603:(1951)
1327:(2014).
1314:(2014).
1301:(2014).
1168:Bavaria
1101:Foreign
891:in the
667:Romania
644:Galicia
636:Komarów
632:Kraśnik
520:Italian
512:Trieste
500:Olomouc
474:in the
460:Lemberg
446:Captain
442:Ottoman
354:Moravia
350:Hussars
331:Penzing
288:Galicia
265:Balkans
257:Germany
86:Penzing
2500:Ritter
2444:(FML)
1953:, in:
1938:(2017)
1924:
1905:
1886:
1853:
1627:
1611:
1513:
1486:
1277:Gräfin
1250:Conrad
1218:
1202:Saxony
1199:
1165:
1112:
1000:. The
939:Legacy
920:Magyar
870:, the
768:German
652:Kraków
508:Kraków
504:Kaiser
335:Vienna
284:Allies
272:Russia
249:Serbia
218:K.u.k.
192:Awards
153:
144:branch
133:
90:Vienna
2722:VAdm
2716:VAdm
2710:VAdm
2704:VAdm
2665:VAdm
2659:VAdm
2653:VAdm
2647:VAdm
2488:Merkl
2481:Bauer
2340:Ranks
1271:Count
1079:Gold
801:count
791:Baron
746:Death
740:Guard
468:major
413:Jäger
411:in a
197:below
2623:GdI
2604:FZM
2595:FML
2515:GdI
2472:Graf
2326:Navy
2160:Army
1993:2012
1974:2012
1922:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1800:2020
1771:2020
1730:2020
1625:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1264:Graf
1075:1917
1056:1911
1046:1908
1016:and
1014:Graz
796:Graf
735:Graf
665:and
634:and
436:and
325:Life
234:Navy
232:and
195:See
170:Rank
100:Died
73:Born
44:Graf
2028:ZBW
1843:".
1008:in
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539:),
506:at
391:in
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1957:.
1930:.
1911:.
1892:.
1859:.
1802:.
1642:.
1519:.
1492:.
1252:.
766:(
448:(
81:)
77:(
34:.
20:)
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