25:
175:
constant conjunction are merely accidental and cannot be equated with causation. For example, we might observe sunrise following the crowing of rooster for a long period of time, but it would still be irrational to then believe the crowing causes the sunrise. Along these lines, a more modern conception would argue that
174:
of certain impressions across many instances, so that causation is merely constant conjunction—after observing the constant conjunction between two events A and B for a duration of time, we become convinced that A causes B. However, this position raises problems, as it seems that certain kinds of
236:
has confirmed this insight as a product of the activity of synapses and STDP, so structured to strengthen connections between cells that fire within very short periods (tens of milliseconds) of each other. The longer time periods of classical conditioning are presumably a large-number effect of
231:
within the nervous system to form connections within large cliques of cells whenever those cells fire together within a reasonably short period of time. (A modern shorthand for his ideas states: "Cells that fire together, wire together".) Modern
179:
is distinguishable from a principle that arises merely accidentally because of the constant conjunction of one thing and another, but there is considerable controversy over what this distinguishing feature might be.
129:
is a relationship between two events, where one event is invariably followed by the other: if the occurrence of A is always followed by B, A and B are said to be
197:
The force of Hume's arguments has remained remarkably robust, and they have found unexpected support in three scientific discoveries of the 20th century:
159:
194:
tried to dissipate the position. Kant was motivated to develop his philosophy by Hume's argument, which he considered to be an attack on science.
219:
can follow in constant conjunction a conditioning/conditioned stimulus within a timeframe of milliseconds to several seconds, and result in the
42:
300:
287:
108:
89:
331:
61:
46:
68:
321:
75:
165:
35:
205:
57:
254:
216:
170:
Hume proposed that the origin of our knowledge of necessary connections arises out of observation of the
138:
220:
326:
82:
316:
190:
philosophers elaborated on Hume's fundamental idea in many diverse ways, and metaphysicians like
183:
133:. A critical philosophical question concerns the relationship between constant conjunction and
295:
228:
149:
The philosopher David Hume used the phrase frequently in his discussion of the limits of
224:
202:
187:
176:
310:
191:
233:
16:
Phrase used in philosophy as a variant or near synonym for causality and induction
198:
24:
150:
122:
154:
134:
291:– A discussion of alternative interpretations of Hume's position
282:
209:
18:
223:
having many of the properties of the unconditioned stimulus.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8:
227:explained this as an intrinsic property of
208:; and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (
160:An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
246:
153:to explain our ideas of causation and
237:cliques of these synapses and cells.
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
301:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
288:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14:
137:, which has implications in the
23:
34:needs additional citations for
1:
348:
296:Kant and Hume on Causality
215:In Pavlov's framework, an
166:A Treatise of Human Nature
201:'s laws of conditioning;
332:Concepts in metaphysics
255:"constant conjunction"
217:unconditioned stimulus
58:"Constant conjunction"
283:David Hume: Causation
139:philosophy of science
221:conditioned stimulus
172:constant conjunction
131:constantly conjoined
127:constant conjunction
43:improve this article
322:Inductive reasoning
184:British empiricism
119:
118:
111:
93:
339:
269:
268:
266:
265:
259:Oxford Reference
251:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
347:
346:
342:
341:
340:
338:
337:
336:
307:
306:
278:
273:
272:
263:
261:
253:
252:
248:
243:
229:cell assemblies
206:neural networks
147:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
345:
343:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
309:
308:
305:
304:
292:
277:
276:External links
274:
271:
270:
245:
244:
242:
239:
188:associationist
177:scientific law
146:
143:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
344:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
312:
303:
302:
297:
293:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
275:
260:
256:
250:
247:
240:
238:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
204:
200:
195:
193:
192:Immanuel Kant
189:
185:
181:
178:
173:
169:
167:
162:
161:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
299:
286:
262:. Retrieved
258:
249:
234:neuroscience
214:
196:
182:
171:
164:
158:
148:
130:
126:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
225:Donald Hebb
199:Ivan Pavlov
99:August 2022
327:David Hume
311:Categories
264:2022-08-22
241:References
151:empiricism
123:philosophy
69:newspapers
317:Causality
298:" at the
155:inference
135:causation
145:Overview
285:at the
203:Hebbian
83:scholar
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
157:. In
90:JSTOR
76:books
210:STDP
186:and
163:and
62:news
212:).
121:In
45:by
313::
257:.
141:.
125:,
294:"
281:"
267:.
168:,
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
