462:. The gear type pump takes engine oil pressure and turns it to a higher pressure which is in turn controlled in an out of the propeller hub by the pilot valve, which is connected to the flyweights, and a seeder spring which presses against the flyweights. The tension of the spring is set by the propeller control lever, which sets the RPM. The governor will maintain that RPM setting until an engine overspeed or underspeed condition exists. When an overspeed condition occurs, the propeller begins to rotate faster than the desired RPM setting. This would occur as the plane descends and airspeed increases. The flyweights begin to pull outward due to centrifugal force which further compresses the speeder spring, which in turn ports oil to the hub back to the engine, decreasing engine rpm and increasing pitch. When an underspeed condition occurs, such as a climb with a loss of airspeed, the opposite takes place. The airspeed decreases, causing the propeller to slow down. This will cause the flyweights to move inward due to a lack in centrifugal force, and tension will be released from the speeder spring, porting oil out of the propeller hub, decreasing pitch and increasing rpm. This process usually takes place frequently throughout flight.
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135:
256:. When the motorist reaches cruising speed, they will slow down the engine by shifting into a higher gear, while still producing enough power to keep the vehicle moving. This is accomplished in an airplane by increasing the angle of attack of the propeller. This means that the propeller moves more air per revolution and allows the engine to spin slower while moving an equivalent volume of air, thus maintaining velocity.
277:
438:. Eccentric weights were set up near or in the spinner, held in by a spring. When the propeller reached a certain RPM, centrifugal force would cause the weights to swing outwards, which would drive a mechanism that twisted the propeller into a steeper pitch. When the propeller slowed, the RPM would decrease enough for the spring to push the weights back in, realigning the propeller to the shallower pitch.
327:. Eccentric weights were set up near or in the spinner, held in by a spring. When the propeller reached a certain RPM, centrifugal force would cause the weights to swing outwards, which would drive a mechanism that twisted the propeller into a steeper pitch. When the propeller slowed, the RPM would decrease enough for the spring to push the weights back in, realigning the propeller to the shallower pitch.
361:
369:
38:
441:
Most CSUs use oil pressure to control propeller pitch. Typically, constant-speed units on a single-engine aircraft use oil pressure to increase the pitch. If the CSU fails, the propeller will automatically return to fine pitch, allowing the aircraft to be operated at lower speeds. By contrast, on a
263:
the blades of the propeller, in order to reduce drag. This means to rotate the blades so that their leading edges face directly forwards. In a multi-engine aircraft, if one engine fails, it can be feathered to reduce drag so that the aircraft can continue flying using the other engine(s). In a
572:
Several designs were tried, including a small bladder of pressurized air in the propeller hub providing the necessary force to resist a spring that would drive the blades from fine pitch (take-off) to coarse pitch (level cruising). At a suitable airspeed a disk on the front of the
225:
vector for each propeller blade is from the side. However, as the aircraft starts to move forward, the relative wind vector comes increasingly from the front. The propeller blade pitch must be increased to maintain optimum angle of attack to the relative wind.
668:. On hydraulically-operated propellers the feathering had to happen before the loss of hydraulic pressure in the engine, unless a dedicated electrically-operated feathering pump was installed to provide the necessary oil pressure to feather the propeller.
303:
is the usual mechanism used in commercial propeller aircraft and the
Continental and Lycoming engines fitted to light aircraft. In aircraft without a constant speed unit (CSU), the pilot controls the propeller blade pitch manually, using oil pressure.
442:
multi-engine aircraft, the CSU will typically use oil pressure to decrease the pitch. That way, if the CSU fails, that propeller will automatically feather, reducing drag, while the aircraft continues to be flown on the good engine. An "unfeathering
411:
is to the motorcar: the engine can be kept running at its optimum speed, regardless of the speed at which the aircraft is flying through the air. The CSU also allows aircraft engine designers to keep the ignition system simple: the automatic
453:
aircraft is as follows: Engine oil is pumped through the propeller shaft by the governor to push on a piston that drives the mechanism to change pitch. The flow of oil and the pitch are controlled by a governor, consisting of a
233:
is set to give good takeoff and climb performance, the propeller will be inefficient in cruising flight because the blade will be at too low an angle of attack. In contrast, a propeller set for good cruise performance may
465:
A pilot requires some additional training and, in most jurisdictions, a formal sign-off before being allowed to fly aircraft fitted with a CSU. CSUs are not allowed to be fitted to aircraft certified under
1705:
180:), and the blade pitch is controlled automatically without the pilot's intervention so that the rotational speed remains constant. The device which controls the propeller pitch and thus speed is called a
604:. Use of these pneumatic propellers required presetting the propeller to fine pitch prior to take-off. This was done by pressurizing the bladder with a bicycle pump, hence the whimsical nickname
577:
would press sufficiently on the bladder's air-release valve to relieve the pressure and allow the spring to drive the propeller to coarse pitch. These "pneumatic" propellers were fitted on the
1105:
241:
A propeller with adjustable blade angle is more efficient over a range of conditions. A propeller with variable pitch can have a nearly constant efficiency over a range of airspeeds.
55:
990:
1698:
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single-engine aircraft, if the engine fails, feathering the propeller will reduce drag and increase glide distance, providing the pilot with more options for the location of a
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and T.E. Beacham patented a hydraulically-operated variable-pitch propeller (based on a variable-stroke pump) in 1924 and presented a paper on the subject before the
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315:. The first attempts at constant-speed propellers were called counterweight propellers, which were driven by mechanisms that operated on
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535:. The firm claimed that the French government had tested the device in a ten-hour run and that it could change pitch at any engine RPM.
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998:
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The first attempts at constant-speed propellers were called counterweight propellers, which were driven by mechanisms that operated on
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in order to maintain a chosen rotational speed, regardless of the operational conditions of the aircraft. This is achieved by use of a
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Most engines produce their maximum power in a narrow speed band. The CSU allows the engine to operate in its most economical range of
88:
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664:). Some pilots in World War II (1939–1945) favoured it, because even when the engine was no longer running the propeller could be
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For more technical information on the first constant speed propeller governor mechanism invented by Elmer E. Woodward, see
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The first propellers were fixed-pitch, but these propellers are not efficient over a range of conditions. If the propeller
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of Saint John, New
Brunswick, Canada is credited in Canada for creating the first variable pitch propeller in 1918.
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407:, regardless of whether the aircraft is taking off or cruising. The CSU can be said to be to an aircraft what the
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A Gloster Hele-Shaw hydraulic propeller was shown at the 1929 International Aero
Exhibition at Olympia. American
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Virtually all high-performance propeller-driven aircraft have constant-speed propellers, as they greatly improve
252:, because the propeller is not moving very much air with each revolution. This is similar to a car operating in
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Three methods are used to vary the pitch: oil pressure, centrifugal weights, or electro-mechanical control.
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https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/airplane_handbook/media/14_afh_ch12.pdf
658:. This was first tested in on June 6, 1927, at Camp Borden, Ontario, Canada and received a patent in 1929 (
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produced variable-pitch propellers of various designs from 1928 onwards, relying on a special ball-bearing
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seen in motor vehicle engines is simplified, because aircraft engines run at a roughly constant RPM.
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of the
Hamilton Aero Manufacturing Company saw it and, on returning home, patented it there. As the
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Another electrically-operated mechanism was developed by
Wallace Turnbull and refined by the
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and Smith
Engineering Co. in the United States also developed controllable-pitch propellers.
334:, may use either the conventional hydraulic method or an electrical pitch control mechanism.
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for braking or going backwards without the need to change the direction of shaft revolution.
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623:, engineer Frank W. Caldwell developed a hydraulic design, which led to the award of the
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in 1928; it met with scepticism as to its utility. The propeller had been developed with
1683:
446:" will enable such a propeller to return to fine pitch for an in-flight engine restart.
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A constant-speed propeller is a variable-pitch propeller that automatically changes its
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608:(prop-inflater boys) given to the aircraft ground-mechanics in France up to this day.
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as the
Gloster Hele-Shaw Beacham Variable Pitch propeller and was demonstrated on a
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subsequently bought up the rights to produce
Hamilton propellers in the UK, while
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160:(airscrew) with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the
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When an aircraft is stationary with the propeller spinning (in calm air), the
205:, these are not considered variable-pitch. These are typically found only on
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is one where the pitch is controlled manually by the pilot. Alternatively, a
27:
Propeller with blades that can be rotated to control their pitch while in use
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for a variable pitch propeller was filed in the U.S. Patent Office in 1934.
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R391 six-blade composite controllable- and reversible-pitch propeller of a
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816:"History: October 16 Birth of the Canadian who revolutionized aviation"
194:
are those where the pitch can be set to negative values. This creates
1937:
1793:
1228:
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1060:
1941 Cutaway
Drawing of Hydromatic Variable Pitch Propeller Operation
917:
697:
565:
ramp at the root of the blades for easy operation. Walter S Hoover's
558:
794:(3rd ed.). London: Putnam & Company Ltd. pp. 242–259.
330:
Small, modern engines with a constant speed unit (CSU), such as the
2117:
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Contemporary discussion of merits of variable-pitch propellers in
477:
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348:
275:
133:
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31:
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A Hamilton
Standard variable-pitch propeller on a 1943 model
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in 1937 to produce their own designs. The French company of
311:
weights may be attached directly to the propeller as in the
651:(1898–1935) used Smith propellers on some of his flights.
918:"La Maison Ratier : les hélices Ratier métalliques."
888:"The Gloster Hele-Shaw Beacham Variable Pitch Propeller"
238:
at low speeds, because the angle of attack is too high.
337:
Hydraulic operation can be too expensive and bulky for
1028:. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 2006.
520:
patented the first automatic variable-pitch airscrew.
724:. The Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering,
554:, where it was used to maintain a near-constant RPM.
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2085:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)
364:Pitch-change forces on a constant speed propeller.
2118:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)
894:, pp. 14–15, 11 October 1928, archived from
792:The German Giants – The German R-Planes 1914-1918
581:aircraft, winner of the famed long-distance 1934
531:displayed a variable-pitch propeller at the 1921
997:, pp. 419–420, 13 May 1932, archived from
836:, p. 761, 17 November 1921, archived from
489:A number of early aviation pioneers, including
259:Another use of variable-pitch propellers is to
2075:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)
423:and performance, especially at high altitude.
396:, which automatically changes the propeller's
1699:
1099:
8:
865:, p. 86, 14 August 1941, archived from
434:used by James Watt to control the speed of
248:requires the least torque, but the highest
71:"Variable-pitch propeller" aeronautics
2080:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)
1981:
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1131:
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497:, used propellers which could be adjusted
280:A hydraulic constant-speed propeller on a
323:used by James Watt to limit the speed of
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
359:
172:is one where the pilot sets the desired
1055:External propeller governor description
991:"The Turnbull Variable Pitch Propeller"
709:
458:pump speeder spring, flyweights, and a
430:. Their operation is identical to the
319:. Their operation is identical to the
927:from the original on 12 November 2017
7:
499:while the aircraft was on the ground
372:Propeller governor PCU5000, made by
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1120:components, systems and terminology
1077:explained in Flight 2 May 1935 and
790:Haddow, G.W.; Grosz, Peter (1988).
1026:Development of Piston Aero Engines
513:German four-engined heavy bomber.
470:regulations in the United States.
409:continuously variable transmission
25:
678:Variable-pitch propeller (marine)
1948:Thrust specific fuel consumption
775:, 9 January 1909, archived from
501:. This was also the case during
307:Alternatively, or additionally,
36:
47:needs additional citations for
1997:Propeller speed reduction unit
1442:Propeller speed reduction unit
1:
968:, 4 June 1934, archived from
449:Operation in a single engine
1252:Capacitor discharge ignition
1075:CONTROLLABLE-PITCH AIRSCREWS
356:constant-speed propeller hub
203:ground-adjustable propellers
166:controllable-pitch propeller
1908:Engine pressure ratio (EPR)
1019:aircraft engine development
949:, Putnam, 1971, Pages 17-8.
947:Gloster Aircraft Since 1917
728:. p. 8. Archived from
639:formed the British company
376:a.s. company, fitted to an
2232:
2175:Auxiliary power unit (APU)
1804:Rotating detonation engine
960:"Aeronautics: Award No. 3"
719:"Level flight performance"
656:Curtiss-Wright Corporation
544:Royal Aeronautical Society
505:with one testbed example,
1262:Electronic fuel injection
527:The French aircraft firm
345:Constant-speed propellers
201:While some aircraft have
1883:Aircraft engine starting
1308:Aircraft engine starting
579:de Havilland DH.88 Comet
548:Gloster Aircraft Company
170:constant-speed propeller
154:variable-pitch propeller
18:Constant speed propeller
1764:Pulse detonation engine
1353:Mean effective pressure
683:Propeller (aeronautics)
621:United Aircraft Company
522:Wallace Rupert Turnbull
1953:Thrust to weight ratio
1923:Overall pressure ratio
1918:Jet engine performance
1842:Centrifugal compressor
1759:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
1393:Time between overhauls
1021:, Kimble D. McCutcheon
767:"Aeroplane propellers"
486:
381:
365:
357:
293:
145:
2190:Ice protection system
1958:Variable cycle engine
1928:Propulsive efficiency
1668:Ice protection system
1408:Volumetric efficiency
1373:Overhead valve engine
1041:U.S. patent 2,204,639
661:U.S. patent 1,828,348
583:MacRobertson Air Race
540:Henry Selby Hele-Shaw
511:Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI
481:
371:
363:
352:
279:
192:Reversible propellers
143:C-130J Super Hercules
137:
2216:Aircraft performance
2090:Flight data recorder
1852:Constant speed drive
1832:Afterburner (reheat)
1653:Auxiliary power unit
1533:Flight data recorder
717:Lutze (5 May 2011).
468:light-sport aircraft
432:centrifugal governor
321:centrifugal governor
56:improve this article
1622:Pressure carburetor
1358:Naturally aspirated
1328:Engine displacement
859:"Aircraft gear box"
779:on 10 February 2013
606:Gonfleurs d'hélices
589:winner of the 1936
484:Stinson V77 Reliant
390:constant-speed unit
186:constant speed unit
1992:Propeller governor
1637:Updraft carburetor
1511:Engine instruments
1437:Propeller governor
1333:Four-stroke engine
972:on 4 November 2012
898:on 8 February 2015
869:on 5 November 2012
840:on 3 November 2012
830:"Pierre Levasseur"
818:. 16 October 2015.
591:National Air Races
487:
394:propeller governor
382:
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182:propeller governor
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2070:Annunciator panel
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1971:
1970:
1862:Propelling nozzle
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1518:Annunciator panel
1506:
1505:
1416:
1415:
1398:Two-stroke engine
1368:Overhead camshaft
1348:Manifold pressure
1318:Compression ratio
945:James, Derek N.;
693:Governor (device)
617:Hamilton Standard
428:centrifugal force
405:rotational speeds
378:American Champion
317:centrifugal force
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2223:
2185:Hydraulic system
2180:Bleed air system
2170:Air-start system
2033:Counter-rotating
1982:
1963:Windmill restart
1933:Specific impulse
1903:Compressor stall
1837:Axial compressor
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1663:Hydraulic system
1483:Counter-rotating
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1179:Hydraulic tappet
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645:Pierre Levasseur
619:Division of the
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557:The French firm
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2128:Thrust reversal
2105:Engine controls
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2028:Contra-rotating
2001:
1967:
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1822:Accessory drive
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1808:
1750:Air turborocket
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1724:
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1658:Coffman starter
1641:
1584:
1575:
1566:Carburetor heat
1558:Engine controls
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1502:
1478:Contra-rotating
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1412:
1343:Ignition timing
1291:
1272:Ignition system
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1024:Gunston, Bill.
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1001:on 6 March 2016
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916:Decombeix, PM.
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735:on 20 July 2011
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637:Bristol Engines
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595:Michel Détroyat
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421:fuel efficiency
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313:Yakovlev Yak-52
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246:angle of attack
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2023:Constant-speed
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1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Inlet manifold
1609:
1604:
1602:Fuel injection
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Variable-pitch
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Constant-speed
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
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1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Obturator ring
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Connecting rod
1146:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1127:Piston engines
1123:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1062:on B-24 bomber
1057:
1050:
1049:External links
1047:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1011:
982:
951:
938:
921:www.ratier.org
908:
879:
850:
821:
807:
800:
782:
758:
746:
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
673:
670:
625:Collier Trophy
533:Paris Air Show
475:
472:
346:
343:
273:
270:
266:forced landing
218:
215:
207:light aircraft
196:reverse thrust
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2228:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:Other systems
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:and induction
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2095:Glass cockpit
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Brayton cycle
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1867:Turbine blade
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
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1797:
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1780:
1777:
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1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
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1738:
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1716:
1709:
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1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:Other systems
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:and induction
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Glass cockpit
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Shock cooling
1381:
1379:
1378:Rotary engine
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
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1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:Dual ignition
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Cylinder head
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:piston engine
1116:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:magazine 1935
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:0-7509-4478-1
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
983:
971:
967:
966:
961:
955:
952:
948:
942:
939:
926:
922:
919:
912:
909:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
868:
864:
860:
854:
851:
839:
835:
831:
825:
822:
817:
811:
808:
803:
801:0-85177-812-7
797:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
773:
768:
762:
759:
755:
750:
747:
731:
727:
726:Virginia Tech
720:
713:
710:
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
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652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
601:
596:
592:
588:
587:Caudron C.460
584:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
552:Gloster Grebe
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Louis Breguet
492:
485:
480:
473:
471:
469:
463:
461:
457:
452:
451:reciprocating
447:
445:
439:
437:
436:steam engines
433:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
414:spark advance
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
375:
370:
362:
355:
351:
344:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
325:steam engines
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
302:
297:
291:
287:
283:
278:
271:
269:
267:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
239:
237:
232:
227:
224:
223:relative wind
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:is a type of
155:
151:
144:
140:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2149:Flame holder
2123:Thrust lever
2113:Autothrottle
2047:
1943:Thrust lapse
1898:Bypass ratio
1730:Gas turbines
1722:gas turbines
1673:Recoil start
1632:Turbocharger
1627:Supercharger
1497:
1493:Single-blade
1403:Valve timing
1224:Sleeve valve
1209:Poppet valve
1184:Main bearing
1067:
1025:
1003:, retrieved
999:the original
994:
985:
974:, retrieved
970:the original
963:
954:
946:
941:
929:. Retrieved
920:
911:
900:, retrieved
896:the original
891:
882:
871:, retrieved
867:the original
862:
853:
842:, retrieved
838:the original
833:
824:
810:
791:
785:
777:the original
770:
761:
749:
737:. Retrieved
730:the original
712:
653:
629:de Havilland
613:Tom Hamilton
610:
605:
571:
556:
537:
526:
518:L. E. Baynes
515:
488:
464:
448:
440:
425:
418:
402:
393:
389:
383:
336:
329:
306:
301:oil pressure
298:
295:
284:engine in a
258:
244:A shallower
243:
240:
228:
220:
200:
191:
190:
185:
181:
169:
165:
153:
147:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2063:instruments
2018:Blade pitch
2013:Autofeather
1715:Jet engines
1617:Intercooler
1543:Hobbs meter
1468:Blade pitch
1463:Autofeather
1456:Terminology
1363:Monosoupape
1323:Dead centre
1296:Terminology
1204:Piston ring
1174:Gudgeon pin
976:9 September
902:9 September
873:9 September
844:9 September
633:Rolls-Royce
598: [
593:, flown by
585:and in the
503:World War I
460:pilot valve
444:accumulator
398:blade pitch
386:blade pitch
339:microlights
309:centrifugal
231:blade angle
211:microlights
162:blade pitch
150:aeronautics
139:Dowty Rotol
2211:Propellers
2205:Categories
2006:Principles
1985:Components
1977:Propellers
1876:Principles
1827:Air intake
1815:components
1813:Mechanical
1789:Turboshaft
1607:Gascolator
1597:Carburetor
1548:Tachometer
1430:Components
1422:Propellers
1338:Horsepower
1303:Air-cooled
1282:Spark plug
1247:Alternator
1240:components
1238:Electrical
1219:Rocker arm
1159:Crankshaft
1137:components
1135:Mechanical
1079:9 May 1935
704:References
649:Wiley Post
563:helicoidal
509:, of the
290:Microlight
282:Rotax 912S
272:Mechanisms
112:April 2021
82:newspapers
2038:Proprotor
1888:Bleed air
1847:Combustor
1784:Turboprop
1267:Generator
739:6 January
688:Gear pump
666:feathered
627:of 1933.
529:Levasseur
507:"R.30/16"
491:A. V. Roe
456:gear type
392:(CSU) or
374:Jihostroj
332:Rotax 912
292:aircraft.
158:propeller
2154:Jet fuel
2043:Scimitar
1913:Flameout
1857:Impeller
1779:Turbojet
1774:Turbofan
1755:Pulsejet
1719:aircraft
1571:Throttle
1488:Scimitar
1194:Oil pump
1164:Cylinder
1154:Crankpin
1144:Camshaft
1115:Aircraft
925:Archived
672:See also
516:In 1919
380:aircraft
286:Dyn'Aéro
254:low gear
2142:systems
1769:Propfan
1447:Spinner
1287:Starter
1277:Magneto
1214:Pushrod
1005:5 March
931:4 April
756:Pg 12-4
575:spinner
474:History
354:Cutaway
299:Engine
261:feather
217:Purpose
176:speed (
96:scholar
2061:Engine
1938:Thrust
1799:Rocket
1794:Ramjet
1585:system
1388:Stroke
1229:Tappet
1199:Piston
1068:Flight
1032:
995:Flight
892:Flight
863:Flight
834:Flight
798:
772:Flight
698:V-Prop
567:patent
559:Ratier
288:MCR01
174:engine
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1743:Types
1592:Avgas
1528:EICAS
733:(PDF)
722:(PDF)
641:Rotol
602:]
236:stall
103:JSTOR
89:books
2138:Fuel
1733:and
1717:and
1581:Fuel
1523:EFIS
1313:Bore
1030:ISBN
1007:2013
978:2012
965:Time
933:2018
904:2012
875:2012
846:2012
796:ISBN
741:2011
635:and
493:and
209:and
164:. A
152:, a
75:news
538:Dr
400:.
250:RPM
184:or
178:RPM
148:In
58:by
2207::
993:,
962:,
923:.
890:,
861:,
832:,
769:,
600:fr
268:.
213:.
188:.
1757:/
1707:e
1700:t
1693:v
1107:e
1100:t
1093:v
935:.
804:.
743:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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