674:
27:
362:, were genuine work-in-progress samples retained by Cancrin. Their existence explains the difference between the number of tin proofs recorded in 1825 (nineteen) and in 1884 (seventeen). Yanin theorized that Bychkov could have inherited from Cancrin the hypothetical sixth Constantine ruble, and that it was resold in Europe in 1898.
323:
In 1857, when
Nicholas and all men involved in pressing the Constantine rouble were already dead, general Fyodor Schubert (1789–1865) broke the silence and published a brief description of a Constantine ruble from his private collection. Schubert wrote that his coin was a test sample that was sent to
314:
and took full control over the country. Cancrin ordered to halt all work on the
Constantine ruble and declared the whole affair a state secret. Two of three pairs of press dies were left incomplete; they, along with five proof coins, tin proof pressings and Reichel's original drawings, were locked in
618:
The first
Constantine ruble that became public through an 1857 publication by Schubert. In 1913 it was auctioned as part of count Tolstoy's estate. In 1961 it was owned, along with several fakes, by A. E. Kelpsh, a Russian emigree to the United States. Kelpsh estate sold their Constantine ruble to a
342:
In 1873 prince
Trubetskoy (1813–1889) challenged Koene's story and published a different explanation of the events. According to Trubetskoy, all five test samples were sent to Warsaw and ended up in the hands of an anonymous Polish plunderer who later emigrated to France. After his death Trubetskoy
274:
December 6]. Constantine's birth medals were pressed immediately and sent to
Cancrin's orders; making of the dies took a whole week. The dies were sized to fit a manual press and could not be reused in automated mass production presses. Tradition held it that the Constantine ruble presses were
20:
684:
Numerous other fakes, some of very high quality, circulated in Europe and Russia. They were pressed either from real, mass-produced silver coins of the period, or from soft alloys. According to Ivan
Spassky, all high-quality fakes of this kind were pressed on the same set of dies. According to
182:
Obverse and reverse patterns are aligned at 180 degrees (top of obverse matches bottom of reverse). Mass-produced rubles of the period usually had their obverse, reverse and edge lettering pressed in a single operation. The automated presses produced nearly perfect alignment of edge lettering
275:
designed and carved by Jacob
Reichel (obverse) and Vladimir Alekseyev (reverse). According to Schukina, Reichel was certainly the author of the artwork, but each of three obverse press dies was carved by its own engraver. All three differ in craftsmanship quality and stage of completion.
643:
during World War I and was owned by Soviet collector
Richter. Ivan Spassky examined the coin in 1962 and found that it matches the Hermitage press dies. After Richter's death the coin emerged in Germany. The new owner, numismatist Willhelm Fuchs, failed to sell it through
239:. Golitsyn convened an emergency meeting of the State Council and presented the Manifest. Council members, now facing an unprecedented dynastic crisis, were unprepared to act as state authority and left the outcome to Nicholas, who reiterated his allegiance to
433:
Two coins with edge relief are still in Russia, at the
Hermitage in Saint Petersburg and the State Historical Museum in Moscow. All others, including the Schubert and Richter rubles, ended up overseas. The collection of Georgy Mikhailovich is now owned by the
266:
December 5] Cancrin authorized making and testing the presses for the
Constantine ruble. On the same day he also instructed Saint Peterburg Mint to press an additional run of the medal that was struck in 1779 on the occasion of Constantine's birth.
370:
samples. It appeared that Schubert's ruble, which lacked edge relief, was a genuine 1825 pressing, but the number of such incomplete pressings and their whereabouts remained unknown. The public also remained unaware that a few months earlier, in 1879,
685:
Kalinin, the genuine press dies from the Hermitage are no longer good for minting. During World War II the Hermitage coin collection was evacuated from the city into deep rear. The dies were stored in inappropriately humid conditions that caused
343:
became his widow's agent; two or three coins were allegedly sold to an American collector and perished in a shipwreck, two remained in Trubetskoy's possession. Russian collectors contested Trubetskoy's account and suspected that the so-called
286:
December 12], when the Romanovs had already resolved the succession crisis in favor of Nicholas. Actual number of Constantine rubles is debated. According to Ivan Spassky, there were only five. According to studies by Bartoshevich and
183:
relative to obverse and reverse surfaces. Constantine rubles, on the contrary, were literally hand made on simple manually operated presses from blanks with pre-pressed edge lettering. They all display varying degrees of alignment errors.
365:
An 1880 publication by former Ministry of Finance executive D. F. Kobeko confirmed suspicions against Trubetskoy. According to Kobeko, the Ministry still possessed five silver Constantine rubles, three sets of press dies and nineteen
134:
is a fake Constantine ruble manufactured in the 1860s in Paris, a rare collectible in its own right. Two original Trubetskoy rubles are preserved at the Hermitage Museum and the Smithsonian Institution, the third is privately owned.
291:, there were six Constantine rubles with proper edge lettering, and one of them was lost without trace. Yanin suggested that the sixth missing coin was appropriated by Cancrin himself. The three known coins without edge lettering (
673:
218:
in favor of Nicholas. The informal arrangement was sealed by Alexander's secret manifest in 1823. Neither Constantine nor Nicholas were made aware of its existence; the whole country sincerely believed that Constantine
664:
Owned by Soviet collector Garshin (1887–1956). Twenty years after his death resurfaced in Germany in possession of Willhelm Fuchs. In 1979 it was offered for sale in the United States for US$ 114,000.
681:
The Trubetskoy fakes have become rare collectibles in their own right; two of these are preserved at the Hermitage and the Smithsonian (the latter is part of Georgy Mikhailovich collection).
526:
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426:(1904–1990), who examined the Richter ruble in 1962, it is most likely genuine (Spassky wrote that he coin matched the original press dies). A third ruble of this type, the
727:
438:, others are privately owned. Auction prices for genuine Constantine rubles rose from US$ 41,000 in 1964 to $ 200,000 in 1974 but in 1981 plummeted to $ 51,000. One of
351:
partially redeemed Trubetskoy: according to Yanin, the legendary shipment of samples to Warsaw was a coverup of Cancrin's invention, rather than Trubetskoy's own hoax.
96:
complete with edge lettering. A hypothetical sixth coin of this type was probably minted in December 1825 and disappeared without trace. Three coins of the so-called
85:
but has never been minted in numbers and never circulated in public. The fact of its existence, classified in Russia until 1886, leaked into European press in 1857.
689:
of the polished surfaces. Speckles of rust on the Hermitage dies, according to Kalinin, forever rule out their use (or abuse) for cloning the Constantine ruble.
704:
By 1880 Russian numismatists were well aware of the existence of Constantine rubles, but their first printed description was published only in 1886 - Kalinin,
507:
Delivered from the Ministry of Finance to Alexander II June 15, 1879. Transferred to the Hermitage in 1926 and from there to State Historical Museum in 1930.
66:
159:. The actually weighs 20.63 grams, the Historical Museum coin weighs 20.55 grams, but the Smithsonian coin weighs only 18.52 grams. The
324:
Constantine's approval during the interregnum, and that press dies were destroyed upon accession of Nicholas I. Schubert's coin lacked edge lettering.
147:
silver alloy, 35 mm diameter, 20.73 grams gross weight. Pure silver content of the coin is prominently written on the reverse as 4 and 21/96
568:
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published his account of the coin's history; according to Koene, the whole affair was Reichel's private venture. Reichel, wrote Koehne, sent
430:, resurfaced in Germany in 1981 and is also considered genuine. This find brought the total number of existing Constantine rubles to eight.
542:
262:
was present at the State Council meeting of December 9, and thus aware of the unfolding dynastic crisis. Nevertheless, on December 17 [
358:(1818–1899) reported a detailed description of two tin pressings of Constantine ruble from his collection. Bychkov's proofs, according to
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Real silver rubles pressed during the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I were used as blanks for pressing fake Constantine rubles.
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442:
was resold in 2004 for $ 525,000. The auction company claimed that it was then the highest price record for a non-US coin.
382:, who owned one of genuine Constantine rubles. Alexander II retained one coin for himself (it is now in possession of the
307:
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271:
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type have no edge lettering. They are, most likely, intermediate work-in-progress proofs illegally removed from the Mint.
545:, mother of Georgy, through court order. After her death one of her daughters moved the collection to the United States.
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the vaults of the Ministry of Finance. Their existence remained strictly classified throughout the reign of Nicholas I.
1184:
K voprosu o sozdatelyah shtempeley konstantinovskogo rublya (К вопросу о создателях штемпелей константиновского рубля)
402:
were donated to the Hermitage Museum in October 1884 after the Hermitage director Vasilchikov pleaded the new emperor
197:
82:
1032:
Legendary Constantine Ruble Sets New Record in the New York Sale Auction as the World's Most Expensive Non-U.S. Coin
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the heir. Extreme secrecy made the Manifest unenforceable in real life. When the news of Alexander's death reached
1175:
Iz istorii sozdaniya shtempeley konstantinovskogo rublya (Из истории создания штемпелей константиновского рубля)
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in 1879 or 1880. Presumably the coin was auctioned at Hamburger's in 1898 and at Schulman's (New York) in 1965.
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Konstantinovsky rubl. Novye materialy i opisaniya (Константиновский рубль. Новые материалы и исследования)
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372:
247:
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78:
70:
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in January 1914 to the Brand family. Auctioned in 1964 to Sol Kaplan, later sold to a Swiss collector.
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Novoye o ruble Konstantina 1825 g. i ego poddelkah (Новое о рубле Константина 1825 г. и его подделках)
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December 13] Nicholas declared himself emperor. On the next day Nicholas prevailed over the
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Konstantinovsky rubl i istoriya ego izuchenia (Константиновский рубль и история его изучения)
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to his reigning brother Alexander, who had no legitimate issue, until 1823. In 1821–1822 the
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Genuine Constantine rubles conform to the standard of silver ruble established in 1810: .833
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coins to Warsaw and all three disappeared when Constantine's palace was looted during the
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in 1981; by 1990 it was believed to be in a private collection in the United States.
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127:. All other genuine Constantine rubles are in private collections outside of Russia.
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The Willis H. duPont - Georgii Mikhailovich Collection of Russian Coins and Medals
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Saint Petersburg Mint received the instructions on the next day, December 18 [
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November 27] 1825, Nicholas duly pledged allegiance to Constantine before
92:, there are eight genuine Constantine rubles of two different types. Five are
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in the United States. The Hermitage also possesses the three genuine sets of
686:
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26:
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purchased the coin in 1959 and donated it to the Smithsonian Institution.
235:, one of three persons entrusted with keeping the secret, could reach the
152:
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Delivered from the Ministry of Finance to the Hermitage June 19, 1879.
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398:. The three sets of presses and original artwork drawn by Reichel on
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the whole collection was moved out of the country and resurfaced in
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Zametki o konstantinovskob ruble (Заметки о константиновском рубле)
989:. Exact dates of 1879-1880 events are provided in Spassky, pp. 3-6.
672:
725:
Smithsonian Rare Russian Coin Collection Seeks Exhibition Sponsor
179:
in the Hermitage collection is the heaviest at 21.48 grams.
123:
work-in-progress samples and Jacob Reichel's original design on
19:
243:. Constantine, who did not intend to reign, temporarily became
367:
120:
414:
Another Constantine ruble without edge relief, the so-called
25:
18:
214:
brothers agreed that Constantine would step down from the
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removed five genuine Constantine rubles from the vault.
103:
Three Constantine rubles are currently preserved at the
378:
Their story was declassified in an 1886 publication by
52:
639:
coin secretly retained by Cancrin. It resurfaced in
418:, emerged during World War I. According to chief
1054:. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 03-03-2020.
163:without edge lettering weigh 20.75 grams (
119:, in different stages of completion, seventeen
449:studies, published posthumously in 1991, as:
390:and passed the other three to his relatives:
8:
1137:Melnikova, A. S. et al. (1991, in Russian).
77:. It was prepared to be manufactured at the
1210:Dies of the Rouble of Constantine Pavlovich
619:private customer in 1974 for US$ 200,000.
1035:. Russiancoins.net. Retrieved 03-03-2010.
1163:Bartoshevich, V. V. (1991, in Russian).
602:
473:
451:
722:Jonathan Schaffer (2009, November 29).
697:
912:
910:
202:Grand Duke Constantine, second son of
1154:Melnikova, A. S. (1991, in Russian).
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7:
1181:Schukina, E. S. (1991, in Russian).
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745:
543:Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark
306:In the evening of December 25 [
1190:Spassky, I. G. (1991, in Russian).
1172:Kalinin, V. A. (1991, in Russian).
14:
16:Silver coin of the Russian Empire
1143:. Moscow: Finansy i statistika.
591:in February 1880. Auctioned in
569:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
1251:Politics of the Russian Empire
611:Reichel-Schubert-Tolstoy ruble
527:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich
380:Grand Duke Georgy Mikhailovich
347:were fake. After World War II
1:
464:Circumstances of rediscovery
445:Ivan Spassky summarized his
1131:The accession of Nicholas I
410:Distribution and provenance
278:The Mint pressed two first
198:Russian interregnum of 1825
155:is pressed on the edge, in
53:
1277:
1236:1825 in the Russian Empire
560:Sergei Alexandrovich ruble
529:in 1879. Deposited in the
458:Individual name (Spassky)
394:, Georgy Mikhailovich and
386:), donated another to the
195:
69:, the brother of emperors
589:Prince Alexander of Hesse
580:Alexander von Hesse ruble
518:Georgy Mikhailovich ruble
42:
1231:1825 in economic history
329:Bernhard Karl von Koehne
171:) and 20.89 grams (
739:. Retrieved 02-03-2010.
607:without edge lettering
553:Smithsonian Institution
511:State Historical Museum
436:Smithsonian Institution
384:State Historical Museum
113:Smithsonian Institution
109:State Historical Museum
65:bearing the profile of
1134:. London: John Murray.
678:
373:Alexander II of Russia
248:Emperor of All Russias
54:Konstantinovskiy rubl'
43:Константиновский рубль
30:
23:
676:
196:Further information:
167:), 20.57 grams (
79:Saint Petersburg Mint
29:
22:
533:in 1909. During the
478:with edge lettering
396:Sergey Alexandrovich
282:on December 24 [
258:Minister of Finance
173:Garschin-Fuchs ruble
1256:One-base-unit coins
1212:. Hermitage Museum.
657:Garshin-Fuchs ruble
628:Josef-Richter ruble
428:Garshin-Fuchs ruble
241:Emperor Constantine
227:on December 9 [
216:order of succession
145:millesimal fineness
83:Interregnum of 1825
1050:2010-03-11 at the
730:2011-10-13 at the
679:
500:Alexander II ruble
392:Alexander of Hesse
233:Alexander Golitsyn
111:in Russia and the
31:
24:
1261:Decembrist revolt
671:
670:
541:. Repossessed by
535:Russian Civil War
422:of the Hermitage
345:Trubetskoy rubles
337:November Uprising
312:Decembrist revolt
260:Georg von Cancrin
81:during the brief
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237:Winter Palace
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
191:
186:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:Richter ruble
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
136:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
88:According to
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
49:
40:
36:
28:
21:
1241:Silver coins
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1151:. Includes:
1138:
1129:
1105:
1077:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1014:
981:
958:Melnikova,
954:
925:
878:
865:
856:
847:
842:Korf, p. 84.
838:
833:Korf, p. 65.
829:
820:
815:Korf, p. 35.
811:
762:
723:
700:
683:
680:
656:
636:
627:
610:
603:
579:
559:
517:
499:
481:
444:
439:
432:
427:
424:Ivan Spassky
415:
413:
377:
364:
353:
344:
341:
332:
326:
322:
305:
300:
296:
292:
277:
269:
257:
244:
240:
220:
201:
181:
176:
175:). The fake
172:
168:
164:
160:
142:
131:
129:
102:
97:
90:Ivan Spassky
87:
61:coin of the
57:) is a rare
34:
32:
1126:Korf, M. A.
1081:Melnikova,
985:Melnikova,
973:Melnikova,
945:Melnikova,
916:Melnikova,
766:Melnikova,
737:america.gov
420:numismatist
319:Rediscovery
301:Fuchs ruble
139:Description
94:proof coins
71:Alexander I
67:Constantine
1226:1825 works
1220:Categories
693:References
539:Yugoslavia
447:provenance
254:Production
192:Background
117:press dies
75:Nicholas I
1109:Kalinin,
1097:Spassky,
1068:Spassky,
1018:Spassky,
900:Spassky,
802:Spassky,
786:Spassky,
753:Kalinin,
687:corrosion
646:Sotheby's
400:parchment
149:zolotniks
125:parchment
48:romanized
1128:(1857).
1048:Archived
728:Archived
667:Unknown
651:Unknown
622:Unknown
598:Unknown
574:Unknown
564:Unknown
354:In 1874
327:In 1866
157:Cyrillic
153:hallmark
107:and the
1119:Sources
884:pp. 1-4
804:pp. 5-6
212:Romanov
187:History
50::
39:Russian
1147:
931:p. 2.
661:20.89
632:20.57
615:20.75
593:Munich
584:20.61
522:18.52
504:20.55
486:20.63
206:, was
204:Paul I
59:silver
1111:p. 3.
1020:p. 2.
975:p. 5.
960:p. 3.
947:p. 2.
918:p. 10
455:Type
333:three
1145:ISBN
1099:p. 6
1083:p. 9
1070:p. 5
987:p. 6
902:p. 3
871:p. 1
788:p. 4
768:p. 1
755:p. 1
308:O.S.
299:and
284:O.S.
272:O.S.
264:O.S.
229:O.S.
73:and
33:The
1007:p.2
706:p.1
637:the
368:tin
245:the
221:was
121:tin
1222::
1090:^
1059:^
994:^
966:^
938:^
909:^
891:^
795:^
775:^
744:^
735:.
713:^
406:.
295:,
250:.
151:;
45:,
41::
1196:.
1187:.
1178:.
1169:.
1160:.
1085:.
1072:.
1009:.
949:.
933:.
920:.
904:.
886:.
873:.
806:.
790:.
770:.
757:.
708:.
37:(
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