Constantius II - Knowledge (XXG)

546: 1100: 662: 640: 46: 651: 621: 527: 3867: 1353: 1282: 1450: 985: 4368: 4321: 1080: 608:. Constantius promptly attacked Narses, and after suffering minor setbacks defeated and killed Narses at the Battle of Narasara. Constantius captured Amida and initiated a major refortification of the city, enhancing the city's circuit walls and constructing large towers. He also built a new stronghold in the hinterland nearby, naming it 884:). Although Shapur seems to have been victorious in most of these confrontations, the Sassanids were able to achieve little. However, the Romans won a decisive victory at the Battle of Narasara, killing Shapur's brother, Narses. Ultimately, Constantius was able to push back the invasion, and Shapur failed to make any significant gains. 1170:. During his reign he attempted to mold the Christian church to follow this compromise position, convening several Christian councils. "Unfortunately for his memory the theologians whose advice he took were ultimately discredited and the malcontents whom he pressed to conform emerged victorious," writes the historian 4027:

Ammianus and Julian both portrayed Constantius's order as fueled by envy of the Caesar’s growing popularity, with the additional intent of weakening his military position, as he had previously done with Gallus. Crawford was skeptical of such a portrayal, believing that Julian would’ve needed far less

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property. However, Constantius's actions in this regard may not have been so much to do with Jewish religion as with Jewish business—apparently, privately owned Jewish businesses were often in competition with state-owned businesses. As a result, Constantius may have sought to provide an advantage to

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Judaism faced some severe restrictions under Constantius, who seems to have followed an anti-Jewish policy in line with that of his father. This included edicts to limit the ownership of slaves by Jewish people and banning marriages between Jews and Christian women. Later edicts sought to discourage

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on the Danube frontier. The campaign was successful and raiding by the Alamanni ceased temporarily. In the meantime, Constantius had been receiving disturbing reports regarding the actions of his cousin Gallus. Possibly as a result of these reports, Constantius concluded a peace with the Alamanni and

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assembled a large army, which included war elephants, and launched an attack on Roman territory, laying waste to Mesopotamia and putting the city of Nisibis under siege. Despite initial success, Shapur lifted his siege after his army missed an opportunity to exploit a collapsed wall. When Constantius

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and Julian all blamed Constantius for the event. Burgess considered the latter version to be “consistent with all the evidence,” pointing to multiple factors that he believed lined up with the massacre being a planned attack rather than a spontaneous mutiny - the lack of high-profile punishments as a

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took most of Constantius's time and attention. In the meantime, his brothers Constantine and Constans warred over the western provinces of the empire, leaving the former dead in 340 and the latter as sole ruler of the west. The two remaining brothers maintained an uneasy peace with each other until,

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and interrogated. Gallus claimed that it was Constantina who was to blame for all the trouble while he was in charge of the eastern provinces. This angered Constantius so greatly that he immediately ordered Gallus's execution. He soon changed his mind, however, and recanted the order. Unfortunately

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who had recently been acclaimed emperor by his soldiers. Vetranio immediately sent letters to Constantius pledging his loyalty, which Constantius may have accepted simply in order to stop Magnentius from gaining more support. These events may have been spurred by the action of Constantina, who had

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Ammianus only recorded Constantius's legitimization of Julian as a rumor. While Hunt and Matthews treated the report with caution, Kelly considered it to be true, observing that the act prevented civil war and protected his posthumous reputation, as well as his wife’s unborn child. Errington and

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in 353 with the purpose of blocking the German threats, a feat that Silvanus achieved by bribing the German tribes with the money he had collected. A plot organized by members of Constantius's court led the emperor to recall Silvanus. After Silvanus revolted, he received a letter from Constantius

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was removed from the Senate meeting house. There were also frequent episodes of ordinary Christians destroying, pillaging and desecrating many ancient pagan temples, tombs and monuments. Paganism was still popular among the population at the time. The emperor's policies were passively resisted by

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He was a man of a remarkably tranquil disposition, good-natured, trusting too much to his friends and courtiers, and at last too much in the power of his wives. He conducted himself with great moderation in the commencement of his reign; he enriched his friends, and suffered none, whose active

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as a conscientious emperor but a vain and stupid man, an easy prey to flatterers. He was timid and suspicious, and interested persons could easily play on his fears for their own advantage." However, Kent and M. and A. Hirmer suggest that the emperor "has suffered at the hands of unsympathetic

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was one of the largest and bloodiest battles ever between two Roman armies. The result was a victory for Constantius, but a costly one. Magnentius survived the battle and, determined to fight on, withdrew into northern Italy. Rather than pursuing his opponent, however, Constantius turned his

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in 357. The war against the Sasanians, which had been in a lull since 350, erupted with renewed intensity in 359 and Constantius travelled to the east in 360 to restore stability after the loss of several border fortresses. However, Julian claimed the rank of

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According to DiMaio and Frakes, “...Constantius is hard for the modern historian to fully understand both due to his own actions and due to the interests of the authors of primary sources for his reign.” A. H. M. Jones writes that he "appears in the pages of

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services he had experienced, to go unrewarded. He was however somewhat inclined to severity, whenever any suspicion of an attempt on the government was excited in him; otherwise he was gentle. His fortune is more to be praised in civil than in foreign wars.

1400:. The campaigns of the previous year had inflicted heavy losses on the Sassanids, however, and they did not attempt another round of campaigns that year. This temporary respite in hostilities allowed Constantius to turn his full attention to facing Julian. 3892:

and the many who have subsequently taken his part he was a murderer, a tyrant and inept as a ruler". They go on to add, "Most contemporaries seem in fact to have held him in high esteem, and he certainly inspired loyalty in a way his brother could not".

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of 354 cites many Pagan festivals as though they were still being openly observed. See also the descriptions of Pagan worship in the following works: Firmicius Maternus De Errore Profanorum Religionum; Vetus Orbis Descriptio Graeci Scriptoris sub

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during an ambush. As a result, Constans took control of his deceased brother's realms and became sole ruler of the Western two-thirds of the empire. This division lasted until January 350, when Constans was assassinated by forces loyal to the

600:. Though he made initial preparations for the war, Constantine fell ill and sent Constantius east to take command of the eastern frontier. Before Constantius arrived, the Persian general Narses, who was possibly the king's brother, overran 6498:

S. Hilarii episcopi Pictaviensis Tractatus mysteriorum. Collectanea Antiariana Parisina (fragmenta historica) cum appendice (liber I Ad Constantium). Liber ad Constantium imperatorem (Liber II ad Constantium). Hymni. Fragmenta minora.

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to rule in the east, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his violent and corrupt nature. Shortly thereafter, in 355, Constantius promoted his last surviving cousin, Gallus's younger half-brother

7378: 965:. After achieving his aims, Constantius advanced on Magnentius in Italy. This action led the cities of Italy to switch their allegiance to him and eject the usurper's garrisons. Again, Magnentius withdrew, this time to southern 4028:

troops than Constantius if he was really as successful as he portrayed himself, while Potter dismissed the idea, believing that the necessity of Constantius's act for his plan was a sufficient enough explanation.

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On account of the immediate Sassanid threat, Constantius was unable to directly respond to his cousin's usurpation, other than by sending missives in which he tried to convince Julian to resign the title of

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Constantius realised that too many threats still faced the Empire, however, and he could not possibly handle all of them by himself. So on 6 November 355, he elevated his last remaining male relative,

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in 360, leading to war between the two after Constantius's attempts to persuade Julian to back down failed. No battle was fought, as Constantius became ill and died of fever on 3 November 361 in

7639: 1543: 1138:. He never acted against the various pagan schools. At times, he actually made some effort to protect paganism. In fact, he even ordered the election of a priest for Africa. Also, he remained 1412:

in Cilicia, it was clear that he was fatally ill and would not survive to face Julian. The sources claim that realising his death was near, Constantius had himself baptised by Euzoius, the

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and was deified by the Roman Senate after his death. His relative moderation toward paganism is reflected by the fact that it was over twenty years after his death, during the reign of

6829:, Second Series, Vol. 11. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6294:, Second Series, Vol. 13. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 1099: 545: 6857:, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6805:, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6777:, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6596:, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6403:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6376:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6166:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6143:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6116:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6089:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6062:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6031:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 6004:, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at 1324:

by sending two embassies to Shapur II. Shapur II nevertheless launched another invasion of Roman Mesopotamia. In 360, when news reached Constantius that Shapur II had destroyed

7742: 7728: 1031:, for reasons that remain unclear. Constantius then summoned Gallus and Constantina. Although Gallus and Constantina complied with the order at first, when Constantina died in 9288: 4001:

The origin of the name "Julius" is not known. It may have been added to his name in honour of one of Constantine's relatives, as one view identifies a "Julia Constantia" as

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as the only surviving male relatives of Constantine the Great. While the “official version” was that Constantius's relatives were merely the victims of a mutinous army,

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Constantius was determined to march west to fight the usurper. However, feeling that the east still required some sort of imperial presence, he elevated his cousin

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in the tradition of the church, and Constantius II is not remembered as a restorer of unity, but as a heretic who arbitrarily imposed his will on the church."

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in southern Gaul, and again Constantius emerged the victor. Magnentius, realizing the futility of continuing his position, committed suicide on 10 August 353.

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Constantius spent the next few years overseeing affairs in the western part of the empire primarily from his base at Mediolanum. In April–May 357 he visited

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remained. Constantius had already spent part of early 361 unsuccessfully attempting to re-take the fortress of Ad Tigris. After a time he had withdrawn to

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Meanwhile, Constantine II desired to retain control of Constans's realm, leading the brothers into open conflict. Constantine was killed in 340 near

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in 353. Magnentius died by suicide after the latter battle, leaving Constantius as sole ruler of the empire. In 351, Constantius elevated his cousin

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By 351-354, Constantius’s courtiers stopped denying his involvement and instead claimed he was tormented with guilt over his role in the massacre.

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DiMaio, Michael (23 January 1992). "Per Vim, per Caedem, per Bellum : A Study of Murder and Ecclesiastical Politics in the Year 337 A. D.".

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since traveled east to marry Gallus. Constantius subsequently sent Vetranio the imperial diadem and acknowledged the general's new position as

6931: 1035:, Gallus began to hesitate. However, after some convincing by one of Constantius's agents, Gallus continued his journey west, passing through 941:. However, when Constantius arrived, Vetranio willingly resigned his position and accepted Constantius's offer of a comfortable retirement in 9163: 9031: 7558: 7395: 7354: 7333: 7278: 7173: 7133: 7049: 6971: 5868: 5234: 4069: 1068: 7437: 8376: 1108: 6474:

Divi Cæcilii Cypriani, Carthaginensis Episcopi, Opera Omnia; accessit J. Firmici Materni, Viri Clarissimi, De Errore Profanarum Religionum

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Section of a belt containing two gold medallions, the larger coin depicting the triumphant emperor in his chariot; The Walters Art Museum

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Missorium of Kerch depicting Constantius II on horseback with a spear. He is preceded by victory and accompanied by a guardsman (

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after receiving news that his father was near death. After Constantine died, Constantius buried him with lavish ceremony in the

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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

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of the eastern provinces. As an extra measure to ensure the loyalty of his cousin, he married the elder of his two sisters,

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Burgess, R.W. (2008). "THE SUMMER OF BLOOD: The "Great Massacre" of 337 and the Promotion of the Sons of Constantine".

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authors, ecclesiastical and civil alike. To orthodox churchmen he was a bigoted supporter of the Arian heresy, to

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to formalize the partition of the empire. Constantius received the eastern provinces, including Constantinople,

9258: 9100: 9053: 8600: 8247: 7643: 7497: 7210: 7073: 6877: 5835:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 2, Book 21, chapter 15. Translated by Rolfe, J. C. Harvard University Press 3647: 2402: 1040: 758: 726: 650: 410: 128: 620: 6225:

for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at

9213: 8908: 8888: 8662: 8542: 7830: 7814: 7528: 7236: 3866: 3772: 3469: 3173: 2359: 2059: 2014: 1420:, and then declared that Julian was his rightful successor. Constantius II died of fever on 3 November 361. 973: 834: 462: 426: 6428:. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Revised and edited for Tertullian by Roger Pearse, 2003. Online at 1215:. According to the report, Theophilus succeeded in establishing three churches, one of them in the capital 1134:

In spite of this, Constantius never made any attempt to disband the various Roman priestly colleges or the

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attention to securing the Danubian border, where he spent the early months of 352 campaigning against the

550: 434: 387: 1476:, whose name is unknown. She was a full-sister of Gallus and a half-sister of Julian. She died c. 352/3. 9112: 9107: 9083: 9078: 8994: 8831: 8819: 8590: 8215: 7792: 7785: 7781: 7749: 7706: 7685: 7662: 7620: 7577: 7539: 7452: 6997: 6747:

Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople

6414: 4349: 2643: 2089: 1515: 1251: 1197: 953: 814: 629: 573: 458: 394: 358: 307: 297: 93: 1388:. By 361, Constantius saw no alternative but to face the usurper with force, and yet the threat of the 5972: 9095: 9043: 8903: 8878: 8843: 8758: 8672: 8522: 8353: 7822: 7505: 7287:

Moser, Muriel. 2018. Emperor and Senators in the Reign of Constantius II. Cambridge University Press.

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Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes

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9.10, 19.12. quote summary: Ammianus describes Pagan sacrifices and worship taking place openly in

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state-owned businesses by limiting the skilled workers and slaves available to Jewish businesses.

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Crawford also accepted it as true, viewing it as a display of pragmatism and dynastic solidarity.

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Laws dating from the 350s prescribed the death penalty for those who performed or attended pagan

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under Shapur. These conflicts were mainly limited to Sassanid sieges of the major fortresses of

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learned of Shapur's withdrawal from Roman territory, he prepared his army for a counter-attack.

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The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire

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Constantius immediately gathered his forces and set off west. However, by the time he reached

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There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ. Religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire

5858: 4115: 1158:, Constantius ultimately preferred a third, compromise version that lay somewhere in between 9168: 9145: 9048: 9021: 9006: 8972: 8898: 8858: 8848: 8573: 8500: 8470: 8333: 8288: 8283: 8155: 7802: 7759: 7513: 7268: 5738: 4148: 4111: 3889: 3782: 3456: 2566: 1357: 1243: 1139: 1127: 1027: 475: 405: 379: 103: 75: 7699: 6303:

S. Ephraemi Syri Carmina Nisibena: additis prolegomenis et supplemento lexicorum Syriacorum

6005: 5961: 1281: 9253: 8809: 8799: 8708: 8495: 8403: 8391: 8385: 8237: 8058: 8028: 7971: 7951: 7532: 6990: 6935: 6887: 6336: 6237: 5891: 5854: 5565: 5406: 5374: 5045: 5022: 4924: 1449: 1432: 1389: 1321: 1182: 1092: 1079: 857: 818: 597: 442: 390:. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death. 375: 28: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6171: 5038:"A History of the Church", Philip Hughes, Sheed & Ward, rev ed 1949, vol I chapter 6. 6913: 6036: 5860:

Catalogue of Late Roman Coins: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius

1491:, whom Constantius married before his defeat of Magnentius in 353. She died before 361. 984: 9268: 8703: 8667: 8612: 8505: 8428: 8326: 8320: 8232: 7986: 7946: 7299: 7228: 7182: 7144: 6222: 5884: 5135: 1201: 1171: 1036: 988: 686: 670: 399: 347: 339: 169: 6750: 1278:, the last surviving sister of Constantius. Constantius soon sent Julian off to Gaul. 9207: 9173: 9133: 8677: 8485: 8293: 7548: 7481: 7186: 6476:(in Latin). Paris: Gauthier Brothers and the Society of Booksellers, 1836. Online at 5558: 4002: 3680: 3432: 2991: 2637: 2630: 2373: 2332: 1437: 1413: 1185: 1167: 1135: 1058:

In Poetovio, Gallus was arrested by the soldiers of Constantius under the command of

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CIL 06, 40776 = AE 1934, 00158 = AE 1950, 00174 = AE 1951, 00102 = AE 1982, 00011

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Constantius spent much of the rest of 353 and early 354 on campaign against the

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The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II

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The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey

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Kelly, Gavin (2013). "The Political Crisis of AD 375–376" (PDF). Chiron p. 357

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Sculptures from Roman Syria II: The Greek, Roman and Byzantine Marble Statuary

3484: 2415: 1409: 1369: 1298: 1123: 1011: 994: 966: 958: 896: 881: 877: 802: 782: 742: 681:. However, his mismanagement of the eastern provinces led to his death in 354. 655: 605: 534: 515: 506: 447: 209: 152: 140: 7068: 6999:

Athanasius and Constantius: theology and politics in the Constantinian empire

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The Sons of Constantine, AD 337–361: In the Shadows of Constantine and Julian

6221:(in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by 5712:, 88 , p. 64f) provides indirect evidence showing 3 November is a better fit. 8585: 8537: 8447: 8434: 8221: 8150: 8123: 8118: 8087: 8033: 7981: 7916: 7911: 6858: 6830: 6806: 6778: 6617:. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1913. Online at the Internet Archive: 6597: 6404: 6377: 6329: 6295: 6167: 6144: 6117: 6090: 6063: 6032: 3509: 2323: 2108: 1841: 1458: 1397: 1337: 1333: 1313: 1286: 1119: 856:

Constantius repeatedly defended the eastern border against invasions by the

849: 813:; and Constans, initially under the supervision of Constantine II, received 794: 714: 633: 593: 6984: 6453: 5792: 4855: 374:

from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the

6267: 1498:, who gave birth to Constantius's only child, a posthumous daughter named 848:. While Constantius was away from the eastern frontier in early 337, King 8853: 8635: 8527: 8480: 8440: 8422: 8342: 8277: 8257: 8227: 8200: 8195: 8180: 8170: 8140: 8048: 8043: 7991: 7966: 7961: 7926: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7501: 5454: 5422: 5227:

Rome, Persia, and Arabia: shaping the Middle East from Pompey to Muhammad

4940: 3665: 3328: 3183: 2021: 1608: 1601: 1365: 1320:. Despite rejecting these terms, Constantius tried to avert war with the 1229: 1193: 1159: 1155: 1059: 1052: 1044: 1032: 1006: 949: 942: 929: 888: 869: 826: 806: 770: 754: 730: 581: 565: 494: 486: 414: 146: 134: 7093: 7030: 8787: 8490: 8397: 8310: 8165: 7941: 7738: 7724: 6651:

From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History

5770: 5750: 5084: 3832: 3637: 2904: 2848: 2434: 1503: 1417: 1393: 1325: 1143: 873: 865: 841: 774: 561: 554: 292: 213: 193: 5229:. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 90. 4009:, as she probably only adopted the name "Julia" just before her death. 518:, allegedly naming Julian as his rightful successor before his death. 8559: 8416: 8298: 8070: 7936: 4970: 4211: 4209: 3532: 2071: 1454: 1329: 1317: 1306: 962: 577: 569: 538: 498: 430: 363: 317: 51: 7104:

The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part I, 226–363 AD)

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Dodgeon, Michael H.; Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).

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Itinerarium Alexandri ad Constantium Augustum, Constantini M. Filium

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A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores

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Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as

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revolted in Gaul. Silvanus had surrendered to Constantius after the

1146:, that any pagan senator protested his treatment of their religion. 1259:

recalling him to Milan, but which made no reference to the revolt.

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on the deceased, and the exile of the survivors Gallus and Julian.

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The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395

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The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425

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Hunt, David (1998). "The successors of Constantine + Julian". In

5700:, which is the equivalent of 5 October. The latest editor of the 972:

In 353, Constantius and Magnentius met for the final time at the

7906: 7896: 5131: 1294: 1063: 1048: 490: 453:

Unwilling to accept Magnentius as co-ruler, Constantius waged a

446:

in 350, Constans was overthrown and assassinated by the usurper

437:

in the east. For the following decade a costly and inconclusive

7826: 1312:

In the winter of 357–58, Constantius received ambassadors from

928:

Before facing Magnentius, Constantius first came to terms with

701:, though the details are unclear. Two of Constantius's uncles ( 7440:

shows laws passed by Constantius II relating to Christianity.

7388:

Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C.- A.D. 480

6679:, in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus's 6195:, Auctores Antiquissimi 9, 11. Berlin, 1892, 1894. Online at 5248: 5246: 4971:"Belt Section with Medallions of Constantius II and Faustina" 4852:"Banchich, T. M., 'DIR-Gallus' from De Imperatoribus Romanis" 4505: 4503: 1344:), he decided to travel east to face the re-emergent threat. 1228:

conversions from Christianity to Judaism by confiscating the

588:

by his father on 8 November 324. In 336, religious unrest in

351: 6725:(in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at 6703:(in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at 5263: 5261: 417:

on 9 September 337. He promptly oversaw the massacre of his

1364:

In the meantime, Julian had won some victories against the

1174:. "The great councils of 359–60 are therefore not reckoned 403:

on 8 November 324 and after whose death Constantius became

4365:

Julian, "Letter to the senate and people of Athens", 271.

4318:

Julian, "Letter to the senate and people of Athens", 270.

1309:, then led a successful counter-attack across the Danube. 5971:. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1939–52. Online at 5529: 5527: 3870:

Solidus of Constantius II with a facing portrait, struck

1071:, one of Constantius's eunuchs, and Gallus was executed. 4708: 4706: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4616: 4614: 1316:

who demanded that Rome restore the lands surrendered by

1297:

for the only time in his life. The same year, he forced

5619: 5617: 5183: 5181: 386:

went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues, and

7374:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

2907:, names with a thicker border appear in both sections 7041:

Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist

6446:

Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People

5023:""The Codex Theodosianus On Religion", XVI.x.4, 4 CE" 4846: 4844: 4474: 4472: 3874:

355. This obverse later served as the model for most

457:

against the usurper, defeating him at the battles of

5708:

which is the equivalent of 3 November. T.D. Barnes (

4419: 4417: 725:

respectively, leaving Constantius, his two brothers

283:

Imperator Caesar Flavius Julius Constantius Augustus

9126: 8572: 8469: 8352: 8179: 8017: 7865: 7149:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 6135:Newman, John Henry and Archibald Robertson, trans. 4147:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 36. 489:, banned pagan sacrifices, and issued laws against 323: 313: 303: 291: 275: 265: 249: 231: 219: 203: 187: 183: 168: 109: 99: 89: 74: 67: 38: 7125:The Alamanni and Rome 213–496. Caracalla to Clovis 6452:2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at 6444:Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. 6328:1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at 762:response, the sparing of all women, the attempted 709:) and seven of his cousins were killed, including 5813: 5322: 5320: 4446: 4444: 4200: 1423:Like Constantine the Great, he was buried in the 592:and tense relations between Constantine and king 7346:The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World 6305:(in Latin). Lipetsk: Brockhaus, 1866. Online at 5724:"Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" 1396:to regroup and prepare for a confrontation with 669:. A paternal cousin of Constantius, he was made 50:Head portrait of Constantius II found in modern 7146:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius 6723:Dai Papiri della Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana 4215: 948:In 351, Constantius clashed with Magnentius in 6912:. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at 6683:. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at 6108:Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. 6081:Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. 6054:Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. 6023:Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. 5996:Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. 560:Flavius Julius Constantius was born in 317 at 549:Bust of Constantius II while he was a prince, 7838: 7273:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7002:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 5058:The Altar of Victor – Paganism's Last Battle. 4795: 4793: 1537: 1067:for Gallus, this second order was delayed by 673:by Constantius in 350 and was married to the 643:Bust of youthful Constantius II or Constans, 8: 6503:Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 4509: 4144:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine 3965:In the West, unrecognized by Constantius II. 769:Soon after, Constantius met his brothers in 5060:in L'Antiquite Classique 35 : 186-187. 4058:Koçak, Mustafa; Kreikenbom, Detlev (2022). 1348:Usurpation of Julian and crises in the east 397:, who elevated him to the imperial rank of 9289:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles 8349: 7845: 7831: 7823: 7443: 7259:Kent, J.P.C., Hirmer, M. & Hirmer, A. 6524:(in Latin). Regiis Typis, 1818. Online at 5914:Kent, J.P.C., Hirmer, M. & Hirmer, A. 5557:Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio Jr., 5518: 4736: 4533: 4117:Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass 4005:'s mother. It was likely not in honour of 3917:Itineraries of the Roman emperors, 337–363 2911:1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings 2893: 1552:CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree 1544: 1530: 1522: 1431:that was described in the 10th century by 1274:. A few days later, Julian was married to 1021:In Mediolanum, Constantius first summoned 44: 35: 7059:Dingas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007). 6749:. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at 6647:The Sons of Constantine: Libanius Or. LIX 6590:De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) 5832:The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus 5785:"Gallus Caesar (15 March 351 - 354 A.D.)" 5668: 5034: 5032: 4593: 4373:Letter to the senate and people of Athens 4326:Letter to the senate and people of Athens 4314: 4312: 4310: 1200:(also known as "Theophilus of Yemen") to 596:caused war to break out between Rome and 7438:list of Roman laws of the fourth century 7411:History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453 7168:. University of California Press, 2005. 6130:On the Councils of Arminium and Seleucia 5692:The manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus, 5680: 5647: 5576: 5160: 4581: 4545: 3983:In Rome for 27 days, against Magnentius. 1465:Constantius II was married three times: 1351: 1126:. Pagan temples were shut down, and the 619: 7328:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 5252: 5172: 4408: 4396: 4337: 4289: 4064:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 213–215. 4050: 3928: 624:Division of the Roman Empire among the 123: 6567:Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts 6243:Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at 5883:Michael DiMaio Jr. and Robert Frakes, 5760:from the original on 31 December 2019. 5533: 5212: 4712: 4697: 4668: 4644: 4620: 4605: 4569: 4384: 1340:), Amida (Diyarbakır), and Ad Tigris ( 262: 7381:, Stuttgart, 1900, columns 1044–1094. 6927:(in French and Greek). Online at the 6925:ΖΩΣΙΜΟΥ ΚΟΜΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΦΙΣΚΟΣΥΝΗΓΟΡΟΥ 5980:The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378) 5902: 5187: 4180:. Ares Publishers. pp. 17, 198. 3844: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3757: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3661: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3594: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3531: 3515: 3508: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3367: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3241: 3217: 3202: 3197: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3003: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2654: 2649: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2413: 2411: 2400: 2398: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2365: 2358: 2346: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2322: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2140: 2107: 2087: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2013: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1881: 1840: 1838: 1831: 1809: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1712: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1607: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 685:In early 337, Constantius hurried to 370:; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361) was 7: 6657:, 164–205. London: Routledge, 1996. 6217:Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. 6189:Chronica Minora saec. IV, V, VI, VII 5771:http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk 5635: 5623: 5545: 4724: 4680: 4656: 4632: 4557: 4521: 4478: 4463: 4435: 4423: 4301: 4277: 3992:In rebellion against Constantius II. 1487:origin, originally from the city of 1453:Presumed bust of Constantius II (or 1285:Triumphal arch of Constantius II in 1109:Religious policies of Constantius II 9264:Infectious disease deaths in Turkey 7301:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 7128:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6980:Banchich, T. M., 'DIR-Gallus' from 6588:Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. 6395:Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. 6368:Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. 6172:Christian Classics Ethereal Library 6037:Christian Classics Ethereal Library 6006:Christian Classics Ethereal Library 5001:The Codex Theodosianus On Religion 14: 9274:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars 7414:. University of Wisconsin Press. 7061:Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity 6952:Baker-Brian, N. and Tougher, S., 6505:, Vol. 65. Vienna: Tempsky, 1916. 6467:On the error of profane religions 6450:Canisius College Translated Texts 6326:Canisius College Translated Texts 6286:Stopford, J.T. Sarsfield, trans. 5150:The Age of Constantine and Julian 840:Constantius then hurried east to 497:in 354 and campaigned across the 485:As emperor, Constantius promoted 6370:Oration in Praise of Constantine 6359:Oration in Praise of Constantine 5982:. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986. 5960:. London: Bohn, 1862. Online at 5704:accepts Otto Seeck's emendation 4366: 4319: 4253:Ammianus Marcellinus XVIII, 9, 1 3974:In the West, against Magnentius. 1131:many governors and magistrates. 576:, and second by his second wife 6463:De errore profanarum religionum 6266:. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the 4007:Helena, mother of Constantine I 1433:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 1083:Constantius II depicted in the 952:with a large army. The ensuing 7245:. Cambridge University Press. 7195:. Cambridge University Press. 7143:Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). 6996:Barnes, Timothy David (1993). 6960:Baker-Brian, Nicholas (2022). 6929:Catholic University of Louvain 6855:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6827:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6803:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6775:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6594:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6569:. Tertullian, 2005. Online at 6401:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6374:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6355:Oratio de Laudibus Constantini 6292:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6164:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6141:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6114:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6087:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6060:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6029:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6002:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 5863:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 74. 5814:Jones, Martindale & Morris 5445:XVII.14.1–3 & XVIII.6.17-8 4201:Jones, Martindale & Morris 3950:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 3912:Persian wars of Constantius II 1384:and be satisfied with that of 997:in 354–357. The reverse reads 236:Daughter of Julius Constantius 1: 7294:(University of Chicago, 1989) 7063:. Cambridge University Press. 6670:Origo Constantini Imperatoris 6198:"Bayerische StaatsBibliothek" 6158:Robertson, Archibald, trans. 5885:Constantius II (337-361 A.D.) 4153:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670 3937:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul 3871: 1494:Third and lastly, in 361, to 1457:), from an exhibition at the 1368:, who had once again invaded 1305:invaders out of Pannonia and 1154:Although often considered an 1122:, and for the worshipping of 16:Roman emperor from 337 to 361 7600:L. Aradius Valerius Proculus 7270:The Roman Empire of Ammianus 7122:Drinkwater, John F. (2007). 7067:DiMaio, M., and Frakes, R., 6938:. Accessed 16 November 2009. 6910:The History of Count Zosimus 6653:, edited by S.N.C. Lieu and 6496:Feder, Alfred Leonhard, ed. 6456:(). Accessed 15 August 2009. 6419:Historiae Romanae Breviarium 6320:Banchich, Thomas M., trans. 6193:Monumenta Germaniae Historia 5956:Yonge, Charles Duke, trans. 5929:Historiae Romanae Breviarium 4354:Historiae Romanae Breviarium 4216:Dodgeon, Greatrex & Lieu 4176:Pohlsander, Hans A. (1995). 4120:. Hudson Hills. p. 29. 1502:, who later married Emperor 409:together with his brothers, 364: 256:Constantia (wife of Gratian) 6963:The Reign of Constantius II 6916:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6849:Jackson, Blomfield, trans. 6821:Roberts, Alexander, trans. 6615:Works of the Emperor Julian 6563:The Chronicle of St. Jerome 6472:Baluzii and Rigaltii, eds. 6426:Abridgment of Roman History 6424:Watson, John Selby, trans. 4141:Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). 1425:Church of the Holy Apostles 1254:. Constantius had made him 1062:. Gallus was then moved to 691:Church of the Holy Apostles 469:to the subordinate rank of 433:, the Asian provinces, and 225:Church of the Holy Apostles 9315: 9234:4th-century Roman emperors 9118:Constantine XI Palaiologos 9069:Andronikos III Palaiologos 8956:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 7223:Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1964. 6956:(Palgrave MacMillan, 2020) 6861:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6833:. Accessed 14 August 2009. 6809:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6781:. Accessed 14 August 2009. 6753:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6733:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6711:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6687:. Accessed 16 August 2009. 6600:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6573:. Accessed 14 August 2009. 6539:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6528:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6480:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6407:. Accessed 25 August 2009. 6380:. Accessed 16 August 2009. 6339:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6309:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6298:. Accessed 16 August 2009. 6270:. Accessed 14 August 2009. 6247:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6240:. Accessed 25 August 2009. 6206:. Accessed 25 August 2009. 6174:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6155:. 368 – c. 420. 6147:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6120:. Accessed 14 August 2009. 6093:. Accessed 14 August 2009. 6076:Defense before Constantius 6066:. Accessed 14 August 2009. 6049:Defense against the Arians 6039:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 6008:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 5987:Athanasius of Alexandria. 5975:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 5964:. Accessed 15 August 2009. 5706:tertium nonarum Novembrium 4991:, pp.200-1, Viking Compass 1513: 1106: 1001:, "glory of the republic". 909:Roman civil war of 350–353 906: 572:. He was the third son of 352: 344:Flavius Julius Constantius 271:Flavius Julius Constantius 18: 9239:4th-century Roman consuls 9194: 9091:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 9059:Andronikos II Palaiologos 8884:Constantine IX Monomachos 7807: 7790: 7778: 7764: 7747: 7735: 7721: 7704: 7692: 7678: 7660: 7650: 7636: 7618: 7606: 7592: 7575: 7565: 7553: 7537: 7525: 7520: 7510: 7486: 7478: 7473: 7446: 7298:Potter, David S. (2004). 7263:(Thames and Hudson, 1978) 6258:Scott, Samuel P., trans. 6227:University College London 5978:Hamilton, Walter, trans. 5698:tertium nonarum Octobrium 5564:24 September 2023 at the 4178:Helena: empress and saint 3851: 3842: 3818: 3816: 3798: 3776: 3755: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3724: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3659: 3657: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3529: 3513: 3502:2: Constantine's children 3494: 3492: 3490: 3466: 3443: 3436: 3425: 3423: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3387: 3371: 3369: 3346: 3325: 3318: 3303: 3301: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3213: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3177: 3165: 3163: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3030: 3005:Flavia Maximiana Theodora 3001: 2985: 2968: 2966: 2897:Family of Constantius II 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2754: 2752: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2647: 2634: 2623: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2458: 2456: 2442: 2356: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2045: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1937: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1658: 1656: 1618: 1616: 1605: 1598: 1211:to convert the people to 1166:, retrospectively called 699:Flavia Maximiana Theodora 393:Constantius was a son of 282: 270: 261: 43: 9054:Michael VIII Palaiologos 7074:De Imperatoribus Romanis 7038:Crawford, Peter (2016). 6989:10 December 2008 at the 6982:De Imperatoribus Romanis 6966:. Taylor & Francis. 6745:Walford, Edward, trans. 6454:De Imperatoribus Romanis 6432:. Accessed 11 June 2010. 6330:De Imperatoribus Romanis 6301:Bickell, Gustav, trans. 5789:De Imperatoribus Romanis 5773:, LSA-1065 (J. Lenaghan) 5722:Vasiliev, A. A. (1948). 5044:23 December 2018 at the 4510:Dingas & Winter 2007 4263:Constanzo II o Constante 207:3 November 361 (aged 44) 19:Not to be confused with 8909:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 8543:Tiberius II Constantine 7386:Vagi, David L. (2001). 7343:Schäfer, Peter (2003). 7304:. New York: Routledge. 7292:The Christian Tradition 7267:Matthews, John (1989). 6934:1 December 2009 at the 6335:8 November 2020 at the 6083:Apologia ad Constantium 6072:Apologia ad Constantium 6056:Apologia Contra Arianos 6045:Apologia Contra Arianos 5201:The Christian Tradition 5102:Theodosian Code 16.10.3 5012:Theodosian Code 16.10.6 3896:Eutropius wrote of him, 3174:Flavia Julia Constantia 1204:, then the king of the 1087:dispensing largesse (a 974:Battle of Mons Seleucus 797:; Constantine received 584:. Constantius was made 382:, while internally the 9284:Sons of Roman emperors 9229:4th-century Christians 9064:Michael IX Palaiologos 7320:Salzman, Michele Renee 6851:Ecclesiastical History 6840:Historia Ecclesiastica 6799:Ecclesiastical History 6797:Hartranft, Chester D. 6788:Historia Ecclesiastica 6771:Ecclesiastical History 6760:Historia Ecclesiastica 6740:Historia Ecclesiastica 6533:Itinerary of Alexander 6515:Itinerary of Alexander 6351:Eusebius of Caesarea. 6231:University of Grenoble 5949:Ammianus Marcellinus. 5111:Theodosian Code 9.17.2 5088:Ecclesiastical History 5056:Sheridan, J.J. (1966) 4975:The Walters Art Museum 4958:Historia Ecclesiastica 4452:Historia Ecclesiastica 3903: 3879: 1595:Afranius Hannibalianus 1462: 1445:Marriages and children 1361: 1290: 1241:On 11 August 355, the 1192:, Constantius sent an 1190:Ecclesiastical History 1104: 1096: 1002: 903:War against Magnentius 682: 658: 647: 636: 632:, before the death of 557: 551:Romano-Germanic Museum 542: 343: 9249:Constantinian dynasty 9158:Thessalonian emperors 9152:Trapezuntine emperors 9113:John VIII Palaiologos 9108:Manuel II Palaiologos 9079:John VI Kantakouzenos 8995:Andronikos I Komnenos 8832:Constantine Lekapenos 7860:and empresses regnant 7529:Sex. Anicius Paulinus 7453:Constantinian dynasty 7019:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 6844:History of the Church 6792:History of the Church 6764:History of the Church 6645:M.H. Dodgeon, trans. 6531:Davies, Iolo, trans. 6511:Itinerarium Alexandri 6346:Lives of the Sophists 6315:Epitome de Caesaribus 6260:The Code of Justinian 6103:History of the Arians 5827:Marcellinus, Ammianus 5731:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5559:Julian (361–363 A.D.) 5459:Lives of the Sophists 5225:Fisher, Greg (2020). 3898: 3869: 2644:VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY 1516:Constantinian dynasty 1452: 1355: 1284: 1252:Battle of Mursa Major 1198:Theophilus the Indian 1102: 1082: 987: 954:Battle of Mursa Major 932:, a loyal general in 664: 653: 642: 630:Constantine the Great 623: 574:Constantine the Great 548: 533:Constantius II on an 529: 395:Constantine the Great 308:Constantine the Great 9299:Romans from Pannonia 9096:John VII Palaiologos 9044:Theodore II Laskaris 8904:Constantine X Doukas 8844:Nikephoros II Phokas 7614:Antonius Marcellinus 7549:Constantine Augustus 7390:. Fitzroy Dearborn. 7349:. Psychology Press. 6769:Zenos, A.C., trans. 6675:Rolfe, J.C., trans. 6579:de Viris Illustribus 6485:Hilary of Poitiers. 6275:Ephraem the Syrian. 6268:Constitution Society 6236:18 June 2010 at the 5967:Rolfe, J.C., trans. 5890:8 March 2023 at the 5783:Banchich, Thomas M. 5611:XXI.7.7 & 13.1–5 5605:Ammianus Marcellinus 5589:Ammianus Marcellinus 5503:Ammianus Marcellinus 5487:Ammianus Marcellinus 5471:Ammianus Marcellinus 5439:Ammianus Marcellinus 5391:Ammianus Marcellinus 5359:Ammianus Marcellinus 5343:Ammianus Marcellinus 5327:Ammianus Marcellinus 5308:Ammianus Marcellinus 5292:Ammianus Marcellinus 5121:Ammianus Marcellinus 5070:Ammianus Marcellinus 4989:God against the Gods 4909:Ammianus Marcellinus 4893:Ammianus Marcellinus 4877:Ammianus Marcellinus 4832:Ammianus Marcellinus 4816:Ammianus Marcellinus 4800:Ammianus Marcellinus 4781:Ammianus Marcellinus 4765:Ammianus Marcellinus 4749:Ammianus Marcellinus 3954:Western Roman Empire 1429:porphyry sarcophagus 747:Ammianus Marcellinus 733:, and three cousins 616:Augustus in the East 9279:People from Sirmium 9027:Theodore I Laskaris 9012:Alexios III Angelos 8990:Alexios II Komnenos 8914:Romanos IV Diogenes 8869:Romanos III Argyros 8815:Romanos I Lekapenos 7743:Lollianus Mavortius 7729:Lollianus Mavortius 7596:Septimius Acindynus 7556:Flavius Constantius 7406:Vasiliev, Alexander 7044:. Pen & Sword. 6892:Extracts of History 6814:Sulpicius Severus. 6611:Wright, Wilmer Cave 6501:(in Latin). In the 6461:Firmicus Maternus. 6397:Life of Constantine 6390:Life of Constantine 5816:, pp. 300–301. 5795:on 10 December 2008 5710:Classical Philology 5411:Extracts of History 5379:Extracts of History 4929:Extracts of History 4858:on 10 December 2008 3890:Julian the Apostate 2942:fabricated ancestry 2403:Constantine II 2387:Constantius II 1085:Chronography of 354 999:gloria rei publicae 695:Constantius Chlorus 9146:Britannic emperors 9140:Palmyrene emperors 9074:John V Palaiologos 9017:Alexios IV Angelos 8966:Constantine Doukas 8961:Alexios I Komnenos 8949:Constantine Doukas 8932:Michael VII Doukas 8894:Michael VI Bringas 8460:Romulus Augustulus 8083:Trebonianus Gallus 8076:Herennius Etruscus 7858:Byzantine emperors 7768:Censorius Datianus 7717:Constantius Caesar 7656:M. Nummius Albinus 7640:M. Furius Placidus 7610:Petronius Probinus 7521:Political offices 6677:Excerpta Valesiana 6655:Dominic Montserrat 6583:On Illustrious Men 6535:. 2009. Online at 6363:Tricennial Oration 6288:The Nisibene Hymns 6212:Codex Theodosianus 6110:Historia Arianorum 6099:Historia Arianorum 6014:Epistula encyclica 5280:Codex Theodosianus 5268:Codex Theodosianus 5255:, p. 180-181. 5203:(1989), pp. 209–10 5148:Bowder, D. (1978) 4987:Kirsch, J. (2004) 4218:, p. 152-153. 3880: 3695:Constantius Gallus 3447:Constantius Gallus 3322:Julius Constantius 2873:THEODOSIAN DYNASTY 2638:Valentinian I 2379:Constantius Gallus 2341:Constantius Gallus 2090:Constantine I 2049:Julius Constantius 1812:Constantius I 1474:Julius Constantius 1472:of his half-uncle 1463: 1362: 1291: 1105: 1097: 1003: 915:Constantius Gallus 703:Julius Constantius 683: 667:Constantius Gallus 659: 648: 645:Capitoline Museums 637: 580:, the daughter of 558: 543: 467:Constantius Gallus 82:9 September 337 – 25:Julius Constantius 9294:Illyrian emperors 9201: 9200: 9039:John III Vatatzes 8985:Manuel I Komnenos 8724:Michael I Rangabe 8568: 8567: 8410:Petronius Maximus 8009:Severus Alexander 7977:Septimius Severus 7821: 7820: 7808:Succeeded by 7772:Neratius Cerealis 7765:Succeeded by 7722:Succeeded by 7682:Vulcacius Rufinus 7679:Succeeded by 7673:Constans Augustus 7637:Succeeded by 7631:Constans Augustus 7593:Succeeded by 7588:Constans Augustus 7554:Succeeded by 7511:Succeeded by 7397:978-1-57958-316-3 7356:978-0-415-30585-3 7335:978-0-674-00641-6 7280:978-0-9799-7132-7 7174:978-0-520-24104-6 7164:Gaddis, Michael. 7135:978-0-19-929568-5 7069:"Constantius II," 7051:978-1-78340-055-3 6973:978-1-0006-1991-1 6921:Histoire Nouvelle 6717:Papyri Laurentius 6520:Mai, Angelo, ed. 6253:Codex Justinianus 6191:1, 2 (in Latin). 6187:Mommsen, T., ed. 6160:Historia Acephala 6153:Historia acephala 6025:Encyclical letter 6018:Encyclical letter 5870:978-0-88402-193-3 5236:978-0-415-72880-5 4659:, pp. 16–17. 4454:II, 30, 1–14, GCS 4438:, pp. 11–12. 4411:, pp. 16–17. 4399:, pp. 26–27. 4371:The full text of 4324:The full text of 4112:Whitehouse, David 4071:978-3-11-071152-3 3952:, then the whole 3876:Byzantine coinage 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3498: 3497: 3349:Virius Nepotianus 3160:Flavius Dalmatius 2934:Claudius Gothicus 2892: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2867:Theodosius I 2031:Flavius Dalmatius 1270:, to the rank of 1248:Claudius Silvanus 1209:Himyarite Kingdom 1181:According to the 961:along the middle 862:Roman Mesopotamia 764:damnatio memoriae 707:Flavius Dalmatius 478:, to the rank of 361: 333: 332: 287: 286: 198:Pannonia Inferior 176:8 November 324 – 9306: 9244:Arian Christians 9049:John IV Laskaris 9022:Alexios V Doukas 9007:Isaac II Angelos 8973:John II Komnenos 8899:Isaac I Komnenos 8859:Constantine VIII 8849:John I Tzimiskes 8576:Byzantine Empire 8350: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7824: 7779:Preceded by 7736:Preceded by 7693:Preceded by 7651:Preceded by 7607:Preceded by 7566:Preceded by 7559:Valerius Maximus 7526:Preceded by 7479:Preceded by 7469: 7462: 7444: 7425: 7401: 7382: 7360: 7339: 7315: 7284: 7256: 7224: 7206: 7177: 7160: 7139: 7118: 7097: 7064: 7055: 7034: 7013: 6977: 6694:Papyri Abinnaeus 6386:Vita Constantini 6361:, sometimes the 6281:Songs of Nisibis 6277:Carmina Nisibena 6205: 6200:. Archived from 5932: 5925: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5855:Grierson, Philip 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5791:. Archived from 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5612: 5602: 5596: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5500: 5494: 5484: 5478: 5468: 5462: 5452: 5446: 5436: 5430: 5420: 5414: 5404: 5398: 5388: 5382: 5372: 5366: 5356: 5350: 5340: 5334: 5324: 5315: 5305: 5299: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5199:Pelikan, J. J., 5197: 5191: 5185: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5082: 5076: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4938: 4932: 4922: 4916: 4906: 4900: 4890: 4884: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4854:. Archived from 4848: 4839: 4829: 4823: 4813: 4807: 4797: 4788: 4778: 4772: 4762: 4756: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4701: 4695: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4498: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4267:Musei Capitolini 4260: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3873: 3506: 3505: 2915: 2914: 2894: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1523: 1358:Hermitage Museum 1256:magister militum 1244:magister militum 1196:bishop known as 1188:(d. 439) in his 1140:pontifex maximus 1128:Altar of Victory 1075:Religious issues 1028:magister equitum 665:Gold solidus of 380:Germanic peoples 369: 357: 355: 354: 263: 179: 158:Julian (360–361) 112: 85: 48: 36: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9259:Illyrian people 9204: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9134:Gallic emperors 9122: 8810:Constantine VII 8591:Constantine III 8578: 8575: 8564: 8473: 8465: 8404:Valentinian III 8392:Constantius III 8386:Priscus Attalus 8370:Constantine III 8356: 8348: 8238:Valerius Valens 8183: 8175: 8021: 8013: 7972:Didius Julianus 7952:Marcus Aurelius 7869: 7861: 7851: 7817: 7813: 7799: 7797: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7770: 7756: 7754: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7727: 7713: 7711: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7684: 7669: 7667: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7627: 7625: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7598: 7584: 7582: 7573: 7569: 7561: 7557: 7545: 7543: 7535: 7533:Julius Julianus 7531: 7516: 7494: 7493:337–361 7492: 7484: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7448:Constantius II 7433: 7428: 7422: 7404: 7398: 7385: 7363: 7357: 7342: 7336: 7318: 7312: 7297: 7290:Pelikan, J.J., 7281: 7266: 7253: 7233:J.R. Martindale 7227: 7211:Jones, A. H. M. 7209: 7203: 7180: 7163: 7157: 7142: 7136: 7121: 7115: 7100: 7079: 7058: 7052: 7037: 7016: 7010: 6995: 6991:Wayback Machine 6974: 6959: 6948: 6943: 6936:Wayback Machine 6919:Unknown trans. 6908:Unknown trans. 6738:Philostorgius. 6557:Pearse, Roger, 6337:Wayback Machine 6238:Wayback Machine 6204:on 8 July 2012. 6196: 6182:Chronica minora 6132:). Autumn 359. 6020:). Summer 339. 5945: 5943:Ancient sources 5940: 5935: 5926: 5922: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5892:Wayback Machine 5882: 5878: 5871: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5743:10.2307/1291047 5726: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5615: 5603: 5599: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5566:Wayback Machine 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5525: 5519:Drinkwater 2007 5517: 5513: 5501: 5497: 5485: 5481: 5469: 5465: 5453: 5449: 5437: 5433: 5421: 5417: 5405: 5401: 5389: 5385: 5373: 5369: 5357: 5353: 5341: 5337: 5325: 5318: 5306: 5302: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5259: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5083: 5079: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5051: 5046:Wayback Machine 5037: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4982: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4956:Philostorgius, 4955: 4951: 4939: 4935: 4923: 4919: 4907: 4903: 4891: 4887: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4830: 4826: 4814: 4810: 4798: 4791: 4779: 4775: 4763: 4759: 4747: 4743: 4737:Drinkwater 2007 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4534:Drinkwater 2007 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4501: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4317: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3947: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3908: 3864: 3840: 3790: 3767: 3673: 3655: 3527: 3500: 3464: 3191: 3154: 2999: 2946: 2871: 2870:Eastern emperor 2869: 2853: 2852:Western emperor 2851: 2838: 2642: 2641:Western emperor 2640: 2570: 2437: 2428: 2421: 2420:Western emperor 2419: 2408: 2407:Western emperor 2406: 2392: 2390: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2326: 2094: 2074: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2033: 2025:250-308-324-325 2024: 2019: 2017: 1845:Western emperor 1844: 1835: 1818: 1817:Western emperor 1816: 1612:Western emperor 1611: 1553: 1550: 1520: 1518: 1512: 1447: 1406: 1350: 1322:Sassanid Empire 1307:Moesia Inferior 1239: 1225: 1183:Greek historian 1152: 1116: 1111: 1077: 982: 911: 905: 858:Sassanid Empire 846:war with Persia 654:Bronze coin of 618: 598:Sassanid Persia 524: 376:Sasanian Empire 242: 238: 227: 208: 192: 178:9 September 337 177: 164: 161: 122: 121: 110: 83: 63: 32: 29:Constantius III 17: 12: 11: 5: 9312: 9310: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9214:Constantius II 9206: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9093: 9088: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8953: 8929: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8889:Theodora (III) 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8785: 8780: 8768: 8756: 8751: 8739: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8704:Constantine VI 8701: 8696: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8668:Theodosius III 8665: 8660: 8655: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8613:Constantine IV 8610: 8605: 8593: 8588: 8582: 8580: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8477: 8475: 8471:Eastern Empire 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8354:Western Empire 8347: 8346: 8339: 8327:Magnus Maximus 8323: 8321:Valentinian II 8318: 8313: 8308: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8253:Constantius II 8250: 8248:Constantine II 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8116: 8111: 8103: 8098: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7947:Antoninus Pius 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7870:27 BC – AD 235 7863: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7827: 7819: 7818: 7809: 7806: 7789: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7766: 7763: 7746: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7723: 7720: 7703: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7680: 7677: 7659: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7638: 7635: 7617: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7594: 7591: 7574: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7555: 7552: 7536: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7509: 7498:Constantine II 7485: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7474:Regnal titles 7471: 7470: 7468:3 November 361 7450: 7447: 7442: 7441: 7432: 7431:External links 7429: 7427: 7426: 7420: 7402: 7396: 7383: 7361: 7355: 7340: 7334: 7316: 7310: 7295: 7288: 7285: 7279: 7264: 7257: 7251: 7225: 7207: 7201: 7183:Averil Cameron 7178: 7161: 7155: 7140: 7134: 7119: 7113: 7098: 7077: 7065: 7056: 7050: 7035: 7014: 7008: 6993: 6978: 6972: 6957: 6949: 6947: 6946:Modern sources 6944: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6917: 6895: 6885: 6875: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6823:Sacred History 6816:Sacred History 6812: 6811: 6810: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731:Duke Data Bank 6714: 6713: 6712: 6709:Duke Data Bank 6690: 6689: 6688: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6529: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6491:To Constantius 6487:Ad Constantium 6483: 6482: 6481: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6349: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6299: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6245:AncientRome.ru 6241: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6011: 6010: 6009: 5998:Festal Letters 5985: 5984: 5983: 5976: 5965: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5920: 5907: 5905:, p. 116. 5895: 5876: 5869: 5846: 5818: 5806: 5775: 5763: 5714: 5696:21.15.2 reads 5685: 5683:, p. 239. 5673: 5669:Errington 2006 5661: 5652: 5650:, p. 101. 5640: 5628: 5626:, p. 508. 5613: 5597: 5581: 5579:, p. 212. 5569: 5550: 5538: 5536:, p. 505. 5523: 5521:, p. 253. 5511: 5495: 5479: 5463: 5447: 5431: 5415: 5399: 5383: 5367: 5351: 5335: 5316: 5300: 5284: 5272: 5257: 5242: 5235: 5217: 5205: 5192: 5190:, p. 118. 5177: 5175:, p. 182. 5165: 5153: 5141: 5136:Roman Calendar 5113: 5104: 5095: 5077: 5062: 5049: 5028: 5014: 5005: 4993: 4980: 4962: 4949: 4933: 4917: 4901: 4885: 4869: 4840: 4824: 4808: 4789: 4773: 4757: 4741: 4739:, p. 201. 4729: 4717: 4715:, p. 106. 4702: 4700:, p. 474. 4685: 4673: 4671:, p. 473. 4661: 4649: 4647:, p. 101. 4637: 4625: 4623:, p. 472. 4610: 4608:, p. 105. 4598: 4594:Errington 2006 4586: 4574: 4572:, p. 471. 4562: 4550: 4538: 4536:, p. 199. 4526: 4514: 4499: 4483: 4468: 4456: 4440: 4428: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4387:, p. 165. 4377: 4358: 4342: 4330: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4255: 4246: 4244:27, p. 67, 2–3 4233: 4220: 4205: 4203:, p. 226. 4193: 4186: 4168: 4161: 4133: 4126: 4103: 4094: 4077: 4070: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4020: 4011: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3941: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3761:Constantius II 3758: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3648:Constantine II 3644: 3642: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3312: 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2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2044: 2037: 2035: 2028: 2026: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1511: 1508: 1446: 1443: 1405: 1402: 1349: 1346: 1238: 1237:Further crises 1235: 1224: 1221: 1202:Tharan Yuhanim 1172:A. H. M. Jones 1151: 1148: 1136:Vestal Virgins 1115: 1112: 1107:Main article: 1076: 1073: 1037:Constantinople 981: 978: 907:Main article: 904: 901: 844:to resume the 727:Constantine II 687:Constantinople 617: 614: 523: 520: 411:Constantine II 336:Constantius II 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 310: 305: 301: 300: 295: 289: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 273: 272: 268: 267: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 233: 229: 228: 223: 221: 217: 216: 205: 201: 200: 189: 185: 184: 181: 180: 174: 166: 165: 163: 162: 160: 159: 156: 150: 144: 138: 132: 129:Constantine II 125: 117: 116: 115: 113: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 84:3 November 361 80: 72: 71: 65: 64: 49: 41: 40: 39:Constantius II 21:Constantine II 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9311: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9193: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9147: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8771:Theodora (II) 8769: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8679: 8678:Constantine V 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:Anastasius II 8661: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8486:Theodosius II 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8294:Valentinian I 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8217: 8216:Constantine I 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8206:Constantius I 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7843: 7841: 7836: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7804: 7803:Julian Caesar 7796: 7794: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7760:Julian Caesar 7753: 7751: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7718: 7710: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7674: 7666: 7664: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7632: 7624: 7622: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7542: 7541: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7490: 7489:Roman emperor 7483: 7482:Constantine I 7477: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7454: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7369:Constantius 4 7366: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7311:0-415-10057-7 7307: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7252:0-521-07233-6 7248: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7229:Jones, A.H.M. 7226: 7222: 7221:0-8018-3353-1 7218: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7202:0-521-30200-5 7198: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7187:Peter Garnsey 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7156:0-8078-3038-0 7152: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7114:0-415-00342-3 7110: 7107:. Routledge. 7106: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7009:0-674-05067-3 7005: 7001: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899:Historia Nova 6896: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6663:0-415-09336-8 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6264:The Civil Law 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5958:Roman History 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5918:(1978), p. 54 5917: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5807: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5681:Crawford 2016 5677: 5674: 5671:, p. 18. 5670: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5648:Matthews 1989 5644: 5641: 5638:, p. 60. 5637: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577:Crawford 2016 5573: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5548:, p. 57. 5547: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5215:, p. 92. 5214: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5163:, p. 68. 5162: 5161:Vasiliev 1958 5157: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4727:, p. 22. 4726: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4683:, p. 20. 4682: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4635:, p. 17. 4634: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4599: 4596:, p. 16. 4595: 4590: 4587: 4584:, p. 72. 4583: 4582:Crawford 2016 4578: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4560:, p. 11. 4559: 4554: 4551: 4548:, p. 64. 4547: 4546:Crawford 2016 4542: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4512:, p. 89. 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4484: 4481:, p. 13. 4480: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4466:, p. 12. 4465: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4375:at Wikisource 4374: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4340:, p. 25. 4339: 4334: 4331: 4328:at Wikisource 4327: 4322: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4292:, p. 10. 4291: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4187:0-89005-562-9 4183: 4179: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4162:0-674-28066-0 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4127:9780872901391 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4034: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003:Constantius I 3998: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3861: 3850: 3847: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3741: 3739: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3681:Hannibalianus 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3628: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3566: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3523: 3521: 3520:Constantine I 3518: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3489: 3486: 3471: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3433:Hannibalianus 3430: 3428: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3298: 3295: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3237: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3168:Hannibalianus 3161: 3150: 3148: 3147:Constantine I 3145: 3144: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3074: 3042: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3006: 2995: 2993: 2992:Constantius I 2990: 2989: 2983: 2975: 2973: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2850: 2837: 2785: 2783: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2631:Marina Severa 2611: 2579: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2537: 2490: 2468: 2466: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2418: 2417: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2374:Hannibalianus 2370: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2334: 2333:Hannibalianus 2325: 2321: 2318: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2226: 2210: 2208: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2122: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2093: 2091: 2073: 2061: 2050: 2042: 2032: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2001: 1999: 1991: 1989: 1973: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1925: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1815: 1813: 1787: 1751: 1748: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1676: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1483:, a woman of 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1438:De Ceremoniis 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332:), and taken 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206:South Arabian 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:Philostorgius 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Semi-Arianism 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1110: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1000: 996: 992: 991: 986: 979: 977: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 910: 902: 900: 898: 895: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:Hannibalianus 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 657: 652: 646: 641: 635: 631: 628:appointed by 627: 622: 615: 613: 611: 607: 604:and captured 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 556: 552: 547: 540: 536: 532: 528: 521: 519: 517: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 472: 468: 464: 463:Mons Seleucus 460: 456: 451: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419:father-in-law 416: 412: 408: 407: 402: 401: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 372:Roman emperor 368: 367: 360: 349: 345: 341: 337: 329: 328:Semi-Arianism 326: 322: 319: 316: 312: 309: 306: 302: 299: 298:Constantinian 296: 294: 290: 281: 278: 274: 269: 264: 260: 257: 254: 252: 248: 245: 241: 237: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 211: 206: 202: 199: 195: 190: 186: 182: 175: 173: 172: 167: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 114: 108: 105: 102: 98: 95: 94:Constantine I 92: 88: 81: 79: 78: 73: 70: 69:Roman emperor 66: 61: 57: 53: 47: 42: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 9101:Andronikos V 9099: 9082: 9030: 8998: 8976: 8964: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8923: 8917: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8791: 8774: 8762: 8745: 8733: 8727: 8714:Nikephoros I 8689: 8688: 8682: 8649: 8646:Justinian II 8641:Tiberius III 8631:Justinian II 8622: 8616: 8599: 8551: 8523:Anastasius I 8514: 8458: 8454:Julius Nepos 8446: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8408: 8396: 8384: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8341: 8332: 8331: 8325: 8316:Theodosius I 8303: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8252: 8233:Maximinus II 8220: 8122: 8105: 8092: 8086: 8074: 8062: 7995: 7957:Lucius Verus 7800: 7793:Roman consul 7791: 7757: 7750:Roman consul 7748: 7714: 7707:Roman consul 7705: 7670: 7663:Roman consul 7661: 7628: 7621:Roman consul 7619: 7585: 7578:Roman consul 7576: 7546: 7540:Roman consul 7538: 7496: 7487: 7465: 7461:7 August 317 7458: 7451: 7410: 7387: 7372: 7345: 7324: 7300: 7291: 7269: 7260: 7241: 7213: 7191: 7165: 7145: 7124: 7103: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7060: 7040: 7022: 7018: 6998: 6981: 6962: 6953: 6924: 6920: 6909: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6881: 6871: 6867: 6866:Themistius. 6854: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6759: 6746: 6739: 6722: 6716: 6700: 6692: 6685:LacusCurtius 6680: 6676: 6669: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6635: 6614: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6578: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6547: 6532: 6526:Google Books 6521: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6478:Google Books 6473: 6466: 6462: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6425: 6418: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6385: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6345: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6307:Google Books 6302: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6276: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6218: 6211: 6202:the original 6192: 6188: 6181: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6125: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6071: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6001: 5997: 5991:Festal Index 5990: 5979: 5973:LacusCurtius 5968: 5957: 5950: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5910: 5898: 5879: 5859: 5849: 5837:. 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Retrieved 4856:the original 4835: 4827: 4822:XIV.11.11–12 4819: 4811: 4803: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4524:, p. 5. 4517: 4494: 4486: 4459: 4451: 4431: 4426:, p. 4. 4409:Burgess 2008 4404: 4397:Burgess 2008 4392: 4380: 4361: 4353: 4345: 4338:Burgess 2008 4333: 4304:, p. 3. 4297: 4290:Burgess 2008 4285: 4280:, p. 1. 4273: 4266: 4258: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4196: 4177: 4171: 4143: 4136: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4080: 4060: 4053: 4033: 4023: 4014: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3944: 3931: 3899: 3895: 3881: 3519: 3501: 3499: 3146: 2941: 2910: 2909: 2902: 2565: 2414: 2401: 2386: 2385: 2348: 2088: 2054:∞ 2.Basilina 1810: 1519: 1493: 1489:Thessalonica 1478: 1467: 1464: 1436: 1422: 1407: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1363: 1311: 1292: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1242: 1240: 1226: 1213:Christianity 1189: 1180: 1164:Nicene Creed 1153: 1150:Christianity 1133: 1117: 1057: 1026: 1020: 1010:traveled to 1004: 998: 989: 971: 947: 938: 927: 918: 912: 886: 864:, including 855: 839: 768: 717:, rulers of 684: 625: 609: 585: 559: 530: 511: 501:against the 484: 479: 470: 452: 404: 398: 392: 384:Roman Empire 365: 335: 334: 191:7 August 317 170: 118: 76: 33: 9160:(1224–1242) 9154:(1204–1461) 8943:Konstantios 8820:Christopher 8793:Constantine 8783:Michael III 8764:Constantine 8747:Constantine 8729:Theophylact 8658:Philippicus 8608:Constans II 8533:Justinian I 8429:Severus III 8377:Constans II 8131:Claudius II 8107:Silbannacus 8054:Gordian III 8029:Maximinus I 7997:Diadumenian 7379:volume IV.1 7365:Seeck, Otto 7261:Roman Coins 7088:: 158–211. 6903:New History 6838:Theodoret. 6223:Tony Honoré 5927:Eutropius, 5916:Roman Coins 5799:7 September 5534:Potter 2004 5397:XVII.5.9–14 5213:Gaddis 2005 5139:Constantio. 4713:Barnes 1993 4698:Potter 2004 4669:Potter 2004 4645:Barnes 1993 4621:Potter 2004 4606:Barnes 1993 4570:Potter 2004 4450:Theodoret, 4385:DiMaio 1992 4090:Penn Museum 3688:Constantina 3440:Constantina 3336:Licinius II 2854:359-367-383 2571:331-363-364 2422:320-337-350 2409:316-337-340 2391:317-337-361 2369:Constantina 2354:331-360-363 2095:272-306-337 1819:250-305-306 1510:Family tree 1479:Second, to 1468:First to a 1093:Carolingian 1089:Renaissance 1025:, Gallus's 923:Constantina 679:Constantina 677:'s sister, 610:Antinopolis 602:Mesopotamia 461:in 351 and 459:Mursa Major 388:usurpations 366:Kōnstántios 353:Κωνστάντιος 277:Regnal name 90:Predecessor 60:Penn Museum 9224:361 deaths 9219:317 births 9208:Categories 8937:Andronikos 8925:Nikephoros 8874:Michael IV 8839:Romanos II 8759:Theophilos 8754:Michael II 8735:Staurakios 8719:Staurakios 8691:Nikephoros 8684:Artabasdos 8596:Heraclonas 8553:Theodosius 8511:Basiliscus 8271:Nepotianus 8264:Magnentius 8258:Constans I 8211:Severus II 8191:Diocletian 8136:Quintillus 8101:Aemilianus 8094:Volusianus 8039:Gordian II 8004:Elagabalus 7867:Principate 7815:Florentius 7696:Magnentius 7421:0299809250 6914:Tertullian 6878:Theophanes 6859:New Advent 6831:New Advent 6807:New Advent 6779:New Advent 6758:Socrates. 6751:Tertullian 6634:Libanius. 6598:New Advent 6571:Tertullian 6439:Breviarium 6430:Tertullian 6405:New Advent 6378:New Advent 6344:Eunapius. 6296:New Advent 6168:New Advent 6145:New Advent 6137:De Synodis 6126:De Synodis 6118:New Advent 6091:New Advent 6064:New Advent 6033:New Advent 5962:Tertullian 5951:Res Gestae 5903:Jones 1964 5737:: 1+3–26. 5702:Res Gestae 5694:Res Gestae 5609:Res Gestae 5595:XX.11.6–25 5593:Res Gestae 5507:Res Gestae 5491:Res Gestae 5475:Res Gestae 5461:VI. 5.1–10 5443:Res Gestae 5413:XII.9.28-9 5395:Res Gestae 5381:XII.9.25-7 5365:XVII.5.3–8 5363:Res Gestae 5347:Res Gestae 5331:Res Gestae 5312:Res Gestae 5296:Res Gestae 5188:Jones 1964 5128:Alexandria 5124:Res Gestae 5073:Res Gestae 4913:Res Gestae 4897:Res Gestae 4881:Res Gestae 4836:Res Gestae 4820:Res Gestae 4804:Res Gestae 4787:XIV.11.3–5 4785:Res Gestae 4769:Res Gestae 4753:Res Gestae 4046:References 3878:after 395. 3862:Reputation 3846:Constantia 3485:Nepotianus 2836:Constantia 2427:(daughter) 2416:Constans I 2015:Constantia 1514:See also: 1500:Constantia 1485:Macedonian 1416:bishop of 1414:Semi-Arian 1410:Mopsuestia 1370:Roman Gaul 1289:, Pannonia 1230:apostate's 1176:ecumenical 1120:sacrifices 1091:copy of a 1012:Mediolanum 995:Mediolanum 993:struck at 980:Solo reign 959:Sarmatians 925:, to him. 897:Magnentius 882:Diyarbakir 811:Mauretania 783:Asia Minor 759:Athanasius 743:Nepotianus 656:Magnentius 535:miliarense 522:Early life 516:Mopsuestia 507:Sarmatians 448:Magnentius 210:Mopsuestia 153:Nepotianus 141:Magnentius 135:Constans I 9179:Classical 9164:Empresses 9148:(286–296) 9142:(267–273) 9136:(260–274) 8879:Michael V 8805:Alexander 8618:Heraclius 8586:Heraclius 8538:Justin II 8448:Glycerius 8435:Anthemius 8305:Procopius 8243:Martinian 8222:Maxentius 8151:Florianus 8124:Saloninus 8119:Gallienus 8088:Hostilian 8064:Philip II 8034:Gordian I 7982:Caracalla 7917:Vespasian 7912:Vitellius 7237:J. 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