1011:
same provisions of the
Constitution of Canada." No action has been taken to put forward the French version for enactment. The reference to a proclamation by the Governor-General implies that some combination of the general, unanimity and special arrangements procedures would be required to enact the French version. Although the intention was presumably that the government of Canada would do so by introducing an amendment resolution in the House of Commons, a Senator or a provincial government could presumably do so since, under section 46, such amendments "may be initiated either by the Senate or the House of Commons or by the legislative assembly of a province".
2817:
1052:
353:
155:
365:
1066:
2829:
1192:"The Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931, in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it. All but one Dominion — that would be us, Canada — chose to accept every resolution. Our leaders couldn't decide on how to amend the Constitution, so that power stayed with Britain until 1982." (Couture 2017).
38:
1038:
834:
effect from the moment it is made. In practical terms, however, such a law is not seen to be invalid until a court declares it to be inconsistent with the provisions of the
Constitution. The executive cannot enforce a law that a court has declared to be without force or effect. But only Parliament or a provincial legislature can repeal such a law.
1533:
1006:
Despite sections 56 and 57, significant portions of the
Constitution of Canada were only enacted in English and even if there exist unofficial French translations, their English versions alone have force of law. To address this problem, section 55 requires that the federal Minister of Justice prepare
509:
has never formally approved of the enactment of the act, though the
Supreme Court concluded that Quebec's formal consent was never necessary and 15 years after ratification the government of Quebec "passed a resolution authorizing an amendment." Nonetheless, the lack of formal approval has remained a
1010:
Section 55 also requires that "when any portion thereof sufficient to warrant action being taken has been so prepared, it shall but put forward for enactment by proclamation issued by the
Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada pursuant to the procedure then applicable to an amendment of the
778:
Neither aboriginal peoples' or the territories' agreement is required to make a constitutional amendment, even if it affects their interests. Section 35.1 commits the governments of Canada and the provinces "to the principle that, before any amendment is made " that the Prime
Minister will convene a
640:
and treaty rights in Canada. These aboriginal rights protect the activities, practice, or traditions that are integral to the distinct cultures of the aboriginal peoples. The treaty rights protect and enforce agreements between the Crown and aboriginal peoples. Section 35 also provides protection of
659:
Subsection 35(3), which was also added in 1983, clarifies that "treaty rights" include "rights that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired". As a result, by entering into land claims agreements, the government of Canada and members of an aboriginal people can establish new
617:
of the
Charter in Quebec. Paragraph 23(1)(a) of the Charter, which guarantees the minority language education rights of Canadian citizens "whose first language learned and still understood is that of the English or French minority linguistic minority population of the province in which they reside"
833:
provides that the
Constitution of Canada is the "supreme law of Canada", and that "any law inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution of Canada is, to the extent of the inconsistency, of no force or effect." A law that is inconsistent with the Constitution is theoretically of no force or
968:
said that s. 52(2) was not an exhaustive listing of all that comprised the
Constitution. The Court reserved the right to add unwritten principles to the Constitution, thereby entrenching them and granting them constitutional supremacy (in this case, they added parliamentary privilege to the
954:
The
Canadian courts have reserved the right to add and entrench principles and conventions into the Constitution unilaterally. Although a court's ability to recognize human rights not explicitly stated in a constitution is not particularly unusual, the Canadian situation is unique in that this
752:
The general procedure (the "7/50" procedure) – section 38. The amendment must be passed by the House of Commons, the Senate, and at least two-thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies representing at least 50% of the total population of the provinces. This is the default procedure and it
671:
provides that the guarantee of rights and freedoms in the Charter should not be understood to "abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada, including (a) any rights or freedoms that have been recognized by the
737:
requires constitutional amendments to be made in accordance with the rules set out in the Constitution itself. Subsection 52(3) entrenches constitutional supremacy and prevents Parliament and the provincial legislatures from making most constitutional amendments using simple legislation.
547:
to protect certain political rights, legal rights and human rights of people in Canada from the policies and actions of all levels of government. An additional goal of the Charter is to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was preceded by the
1007:"a French version of the…Constitution of Canada as expeditiously as possible." The Minister of Justice established a French Constitution Drafting Committee in 1984, which prepared French versions of the Constitution, and presented them to the Minister in 1990.
767:
The special arrangements procedure (the "bilateral" or "some-but-not-all-provinces" procedure) – section 43. The amendment must be passed by the House of Commons, the Senate, and the legislative assemblies of those provinces that are affected by the
453:, Canada allowed the British Parliament to retain the power to amend Canada's constitution, until Canadian governments could agree on an all-in-Canada amending formula. In 1981, following substantial agreement on a new amending formula, the
960:
444:; guaranteed rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada; entrenched provincial jurisdiction over natural resources; provided for future constitutional conferences; and set out the procedures for amending the Constitution in the future.
566:
and was limited in its effectiveness because it is not directly applicable to provincial laws. This motivated some within government to establish unambiguously-constitutional-level bill of rights for all Canadians. The movement for
602:. However, section 24 of the Charter granted new powers to the courts to enforce more creative remedies and to exclude improperly obtained evidence in criminal trials. These powers are greater than what was typical under the
946:
Section 52(2), in addition to containing many Imperial Statutes, contains eight Canadian statutes, three of which created the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and five of which were amendments to the
779:
conference of first ministers (i.e. provincial premiers) to discuss the amendment and invite "representatives of the aboriginal peoples of Canada" to discuss the amendment. Section 35.1 was added to Part II of the
614:
790:
Various other sections of Part V lay out such things as compensation for opting out, when and how a province may opt out of a constitutional amendment, and time limits for achieving a constitutional amendment.
668:
703:
expressed scepticism as to whether the courts could interpret and enforce this provision, noting its "political and moral, rather than legal" character. Other scholars have noted section 36 is too vague.
816:, gave the provinces exclusive jurisdiction to regulate the development of non-renewable natural resources and electrical generation. These amendments were set out in sections 50 and 51 of the 1982 act.
986:
598:, when confronted with violations of Charter rights, have struck down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes, as they did when Canadian case law was primarily concerned with resolving issues of
2381:
393:
2524:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2683:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
1159:
283:
774:
Provincial Legislature Alone ("provincial unilateral" procedure) – section 45. The amendment must only be passed by the provincial legislature under its ordinary legislative procedure.
2296:
692:
to support that equality, and government services available for public consumption. Subsection 2 goes further in recognizing a "principle" that the federal government should ensure
1019:
The patriation of the Canadian constitution set an example for similar actions by Australia and New Zealand. In 1985 and 1986, the Australian and British parliaments passed the
1806:
1230:
1023:. The Australian High Court subsequently recognized that the Act established Australia as an independent country, making Britain a foreign power. New Zealand experienced a
1344:
1908:
2519:
1491:
386:
771:
Federal Parliament Alone ("federal unilateral" procedure) – section 44. The amendment must only be passed by Parliament under its ordinary legislative procedure.
969:
Constitution). The Court did note, however, that the list of written documents was static and could not be modified except for through the amending formulas.
2551:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2124:
2119:
2114:
1994:
1201:"The Government shall not authorize a proclamation under of the Constitution Act, 1982 without obtaining the prior consent of the National Assembly ." (
1179:"The signing of the proclamation on April 17, 1982, marked the end of efforts by many successive governments. The new Constitution was accompanied by The
2091:
2086:
1928:
813:
803:
379:
271:
579:. The Charter was drafted by the federal government with consultations with the provincial governments in the years leading up to the passage of the
2487:
1933:
728:
627:
278:
989:
of the Charter, which provides that English and French versions of federal and New Brunswick statutes are equal. The Supreme Court has interpreted
2288:
719:
These two parts provided for constitutional conferences within certain time limits. Once the conferences were held, the two parts were repealed.
530:
440:
313:
55:
2885:
2572:
2081:
1024:
2599:
1642:
851:, a British Imperial statute declaring the invalidity of any colonial law that violated an Imperial statute extending to a colony. Since the
576:
502:
into force. The proclamation confirmed that Canada had formally assumed authority over its constitution, the final step to full sovereignty.
2870:
2713:
1901:
1678:
1437:
Weinrib, Lorraine Eisenstat. 1998. "Trudeau and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A Question of Constitutional Maturation." In
2796:
1664:
The Charter Debates: The Special Joint Committee on the Constitution 1980–81 and the Making of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
102:
2875:
2503:
1710:
258:
1031:. Unlike Canada, New Zealand already had the right to amend its own constitution, so there was no corresponding British legislation.
590:, because the Charter is more explicit with respect to the guarantee of rights and the role of judges in enforcing them than was the
74:
2567:
2109:
238:
121:
2167:
1875:
656:
peoples and subsection 35(4), which was added in 1983, ensures that they "are guaranteed equally to any male and female persons".
1953:
1115:
871:
458:
166:
1183:, and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament." (Library and Archives Canada 2017).
859:
was inoperative. Although there was no express provision giving the courts the power to decide that a Canadian law violated the
81:
2855:
2833:
2652:
1974:
1894:
1842:
1731:
1551:
847:
303:
138:
845:) had been the supreme law of Canada. The supremacy of the 1867 Act had originally been established by virtue of s. 2 of the
59:
1386:
2860:
748:
There are five different amendment procedures, each applicable to different types of amendments. These five formulas are:
88:
2865:
2748:
2562:
1628:
1499:
637:
483:
1969:
707:
Since the courts would not be of much use in interpreting the section, the section was nearly amended in 1992 with the
2702:
2224:
1667:
1564:
892:, which remained subject to amendment only by the British Parliament. This provision maintained the supremacy of the
875:
495:
448:
296:
233:
2259:
70:
1312:
1256:
1027:, which led to a desire for constitutional reform. The New Zealand Parliament patriated its own constitution in the
2203:
1979:
1286:
673:
228:
193:
2890:
2621:
2604:
2053:
1442:
338:
2058:
2036:
753:
covers any amendment procedure not covered more specifically in sections 41, 43, 44 or 45. The general formula
977:
Section 56 of the Act provides that the parts of the Constitution that were enacted in English and French are
1594:
2786:
2728:
2616:
2041:
1989:
1938:
1699:
1412:
978:
965:
645:
607:
550:
328:
203:
48:
2791:
2743:
2577:
2068:
2025:
1917:
1881:
1615:
1149:
990:
595:
430:
417:
333:
223:
213:
188:
183:
173:
146:
741:
The rules for amending Canada's constitution are quite dense. They are mostly laid out in Part V of the
676:; and (b) any rights or freedoms that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired."
2880:
1824:
1338:
1028:
760:
The unanimity Procedure – section 41. The amendment must be passed by the House of Commons, Senate, and
693:
1534:
Nova Scotia (Workers' Compensation Board) v Martin; Nova Scotia (Workers' Compensation Board) v Laseur
95:
2738:
2733:
2673:
1751:
1359:
1084:
784:
708:
689:
515:
506:
454:
243:
2678:
2076:
1781:
599:
318:
178:
1538:
940:(c) any amendments which may have been made to any of the instruments in the first two categories.
586:
One of the most notable effects of the adoption of the Charter was to greatly expand the range of
2758:
2753:
2718:
2587:
2209:
2046:
1964:
1771:
1020:
1003:
to mean that the English and French versions of federal, Quebec and Manitoba statutes are equal.
787:, which would have greatly expanded aboriginal rights and recognized a right to self-government.
618:
will not be in force in Quebec until the Quebec government or legislature chooses to ratify it.
154:
2668:
2631:
2006:
1611:
685:
511:
218:
208:
808:
The act also amended the division of powers by adding the natural resources amendment to the
2582:
2264:
2229:
2219:
1802:
1446:
555:
491:
487:
2663:
2609:
1853:
1761:
1110:
1071:
587:
471:
of the Constitution and transferred to Canada the power of amending its own Constitution.
463:
248:
1866:
2594:
1450:
1043:
544:
479:
1065:
2849:
2821:
2723:
2626:
2000:
1834:
1684:
1057:
912:
defines the "Constitution of Canada." The Constitution of Canada is said to include:
357:
323:
17:
1463:
1756:
Judicial Power and the Charter: Canada and the Paradox of Liberal Constitutionalism
998:
572:
475:
2214:
1591:
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)
1378:
568:
518:
were designed to secure approval from Quebec, but both efforts failed to do so.
364:
37:
2269:
2248:
1984:
1814:
1796:
1716:
1659:
1033:
961:
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co v Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)
700:
603:
468:
421:
369:
308:
198:
1606:
Bastarache, Michel, Andre Braen, Emmanuel Didier, and Pierre Foucher. 1987.
855:
was an Imperial statute extending to Canada, any Canadian law violating the
461:
give up its power to amend the Constitution of Canada. The enactment of the
1728:
Amending Canada's Constitution: History, Processes, Problems and Prospects.
1689:
The Politics of the Charter: The Illusive Promise of Constitutional Rights.
641:
aboriginal title which protects the use of land for traditional practices.
867:, which established the priority of statutes to be applied by the courts.
1886:
888:, including Canada. However, it provided that Canada could not amend the
885:
653:
1876:
Building a Just Society: A Retrospective of Canadian Rights and Freedoms
1224:
1222:
563:
863:
and was therefore inoperative, this power was implicit in s. 2 of the
783:
in 1983. Section 35.1 was invoked in the negotiations that led to the
644:
Subsection 35(2) provides that aboriginal and treaty rights extend to
1696:
Canadian Constitutional Conventions: The Marriage of Law and Politics
1166:, s. 53 and Schedule, Item 1. A new section, s. 92A, was also added:
1819:
The Supreme Court on Trial: Judicial Activism or Democratic Dialogue
1766:
The End of the Charter Revolution: Looking Back from the New Normal.
1360:"Stéphane Dion on Amendment To The Constitution Of Canada (Quebec)"
660:
treaty rights, which are constitutionally recognized and affirmed.
981:, and section 57 adds that the English and French versions of the
955:
ability extends to procedural issues not related to human rights.
649:
2775:
2700:
2650:
2549:
2246:
2192:
2023:
1951:
1890:
1439:
Trudeau's Shadow: The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau
1280:
1278:
757:
be used for any of the six situations identified in section 42.
31:
1614:, translated by Translation Devinat et Associés. Montréal:
711:
to make it enforceable. The Accord never came into effect.
153:
1428:(student ed.). Scarborough, ON: Thomson Canada Ltd. p. 689.
575:
also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the
1160:
section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
929:(b) 30 Acts and Orders contained in the Schedule to the
424:
the constitution, introducing several amendments to the
420:. The Act was introduced as part of Canada's process of
2194:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
1882:"Constitution Act, 1982" from the Canadian Encyclopedia
610:, which Canada had inherited from the United Kingdom.
467:
by the British Parliament in March 1982 confirmed the
1746:
Indigenous Difference and the Constitution of Canada.
723:
Part V: Procedure for Amending Constitution of Canada
2481:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
1342:, 2 SCR 793. (aka Quebec Veto Reference). See also
1287:"Canada is celebrating 150 years of… what, exactly?"
684:
Section 36 enshrines in the Constitution a value of
2512:
2496:
2480:
2287:
2278:
2133:
2100:
2067:
1339:
Reference re Amendment to the Canadian Constitution
622:
Part II: Rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1850:The Constitution of Canada: A Contextual Analysis.
434:. In addition to patriating the Constitution, the
1345:Reference re Resolution to Amend the Constitution
2497:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
2289:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1811:(3rd ed.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
680:Part III: Equalization and regional disparities
2001:Report on the Affairs of British North America
1162:; and sections 91(1) and 92(1) were repealed:
715:Parts IV and IV.1: Constitutional conferences
447:This process was necessary because, after the
1902:
1707:Charter Conflicts: What is Parliament's Role?
387:
8:
1786:La modification constitutionnelle au Canada.
1464:An Act Respecting the Constitution Act, 1982
1231:"Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982"
1203:An Act Respecting the Constitution Act, 1982
498:, signed the Proclamation which brought the
1995:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
1758:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1673:Harder, Lois, and Steve Patten, eds. 2016.
896:in Canadian law until the enactment of the
2772:
2697:
2647:
2546:
2284:
2275:
2243:
2189:
2097:
2064:
2020:
1954:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
1948:
1909:
1895:
1887:
1498:. University of Lethbridge. Archived from
837:Before the 1982 Act came into effect, the
510:persistent political issue in Quebec. The
394:
380:
133:
1791:RĂ©gimbald, Guy, and Dwight Newman. 2017.
804:Section 92A of the Constitution Act, 1867
636:"recognizes and affirms" the "existing"
554:, which was created by the government of
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Primary constitutional document of Canada
1569:, (U.K.) 22 & 23 Geo. V, c. 4, s. 2.
1348:, 1 SCR 753 (aka Patriation Reference).
729:Amendments to the Constitution of Canada
628:Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
2270:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
2163:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
1218:
1181:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1122:states that the Act may be called the "
1101:
537:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
531:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
524:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
441:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
145:
1774:, Byron Shaw, and Padraic Ryan. 2017.
1108:Formally enacted as Schedule B of the
985:itself are equal. Section 57 is akin
229:British North America Acts (1867–1975)
2600:Individual ministerial responsibility
1793:The Law of the Canadian Constitution.
1768:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1748:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1741:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1691:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1643:Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights
674:Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763
613:Section 59 limits the application of
577:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
2168:Matters of a local or private nature
1679:University of British Columbia Press
1285:Couture, Christa (January 1, 2017).
1229:Library and Archives Canada (2017).
933:(including, most significantly, the
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2797:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
1839:Canada's Constitutional Revolution.
1739:Constitutional Amendment in Canada.
1629:Quebec (Attorney General) v Blaikie
1597:, 1 SCR 319 (21 January 1993).
1480:Toronto: The Carswell Company Ltd.
239:Succession to the Throne Act (1937)
2777:Provincial constitutions of Canada
2703:Interpretation of the Constitution
1829:The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1555:, (U.K.) 28 & 29 Vict., c. 63.
1389:from the original on March 7, 2006
1147:was amended to be re-named as the
814:section 92A and the Sixth Schedule
764:provincial legislative assemblies.
259:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
25:
2568:Cabinet collective responsibility
2110:Peace, order, and good government
1492:"Equalization Payments in Detail"
1490:Parkinson, Rhonda Lauret (2007).
825:Primacy of Constitution of Canada
2828:
2827:
2815:
1929:List of constitutional documents
1675:Patriation and its Consequences.
1130:can be collectively called the "
1116:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1064:
1050:
1036:
667:that address aboriginal rights.
663:There are other sections of the
571:and freedoms that emerged after
459:Parliament of the United Kingdom
363:
351:
36:
1872:at Department of Justice Canada
1808:Canada's Constitutional Odyssey
1732:Minister of Supply and Services
1711:McGill-Queen's University Press
1552:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
1407:Trudeau, Pierre Elliott. 1993.
1377:Saunders, Philip (April 2002).
1145:British North America Act, 1867
1132:Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982
839:British North America Act, 1867
426:British North America Act, 1867
47:needs additional citations for
2037:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
1934:Amendments to the Constitution
1878:at Library and Archives Canada
1831:(6th ed.). Toronto: Irwin Law.
1539: 2 SCC 54
904:Definition of the Constitution
880:. This Act provided that the
314:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1:
2886:Premiership of Pierre Trudeau
2684:Other unsuccessful amendments
1821:(2nd ed.) Toronto: Irwin Law.
1778:(5th ed.) Toronto: Irwin Law.
1737:Emmett Macfarlane, ed. 2016.
1723:(5th ed.). Toronto: Carswell.
1467:, CQLR 1982, c. L-4.2, s. 4 .
1158:was repealed and replaced by
1025:constitutional crisis in 1984
428:, including re-naming it the
414:Loi constitutionnelle de 1982
234:Statute of Westminster (1931)
2749:Interjurisdictional immunity
2573:Disallowance and reservation
2225:Statute of Westminster, 1931
1721:Constitutional Law of Canada
1579:Statute of Westminster, 1931
1566:Statute of Westminster, 1931
1426:Constitutional Law of Canada
877:Statute of Westminster, 1931
450:Statute of Westminster, 1931
2871:April 1982 events in Canada
2125:Matters excepted from s. 92
1843:University of Alberta Press
1668:University of Toronto Press
1313:"A statute worth 75 cheers"
1257:"A statute worth 75 cheers"
1235:Library and Archives Canada
973:English and French versions
699:Writing in 1982, Professor
606:and under the principle of
2907:
2714:Indigenous self-government
2204:British North America Acts
1990:Constitutional Act of 1791
1980:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1975:Constitution of New France
1869:The Constitution Act, 1982
1726:Hurley, James Ross. 1996.
1478:Canada Act 1982 Annotated.
882:Colonial Laws Validity Act
865:Colonial Laws Validity Act
848:Colonial Laws Validity Act
801:
795:Part VI: Amendment to the
726:
625:
528:
2876:1982 in Canadian politics
2809:
2782:
2771:
2709:
2696:
2659:
2646:
2622:Parliamentary sovereignty
2563:At His Majesty's pleasure
2558:
2545:
2255:
2242:
2199:
2188:
2158:Administration of justice
2153:Property and civil rights
2032:
2019:
1960:
1947:
1924:
1608:Language Rights in Canada
1319:. Toronto. March 17, 2009
1263:. Toronto. March 17, 2009
1015:Australia and New Zealand
894:British North America Act
890:British North America Act
884:no longer applied to the
853:British North America Act
688:for the Canadian people,
669:Section 25 of the Charter
474:On April 17, 1982, Queen
339:Canadian Human Rights Act
204:Constitutional Act (1791)
194:Royal Proclamation (1763)
2059:Fathers of Confederation
1939:Quasi-constitutional law
1827:, and Kent Roach. 2017.
1744:Macklem, Patrick. 2001.
1413:McClelland & Stewart
829:Subsection 52(1) of the
733:Subsection 52(3) of the
219:Supreme Court Act (1875)
184:Act of Settlement (1701)
71:"Constitution Act, 1982"
2787:Constitution of Alberta
2729:Equal authenticity rule
2617:Parliamentary privilege
2054:London Conference, 1866
2042:Quebec Conference, 1864
1752:Manfredi, Christopher P
1700:Oxford University Press
1358:Dion, Stéphane (1997).
966:Supreme Court of Canada
608:Parliamentary supremacy
592:Canadian Bill of Rights
551:Canadian Bill of Rights
329:Canadian Bill of Rights
284:Unsuccessful amendments
224:Constitution Act (1886)
214:Constitution Act (1867)
2856:Constitution of Canada
2792:Constitution of Quebec
2744:Implied Bill of Rights
2578:Responsible government
2280:Constitution Act, 1982
2260:Fulton–Favreau formula
2230:Newfoundland Act, 1949
2220:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
2148:Works and undertakings
2069:Constitution Act, 1867
1918:Constitution of Canada
1848:Webber, Jeremy. 2015.
1705:Hiebert, Janet. 2002.
1521:Constitution Act, 1982
1237:. Government of Canada
1168:Constitution Act, 1982
1164:Constitution Act, 1982
1156:Constitution Act, 1867
1150:Constitution Act, 1867
1124:Constitution Act, 1982
1120:Constitution Act, 1982
996:and section 23 of the
993:Constitution Act, 1867
983:Constitution Act, 1982
949:Constitution Act, 1867
935:Constitution Act, 1867
931:Constitution Act, 1982
924:Constitution Act, 1982
910:Constitution Act, 1982
898:Constitution Act, 1982
843:Constitution Act, 1867
831:Constitution Act, 1982
812:. The new provisions,
810:Constitution Act, 1867
797:Constitution Act, 1867
781:Constitution Act, 1982
743:Constitution Act, 1982
735:Constitution Act, 1982
665:Constitution Act, 1982
634:Constitution Act, 1982
581:Constitution Act, 1982
558:in 1960. However, the
541:Constitution Act, 1982
500:Constitution Act, 1982
436:Constitution Act, 1982
431:Constitution Act, 1867
418:Constitution of Canada
413:
409:Constitution Act, 1982
334:Implied bill of rights
254:Constitution Act, 1982
189:Treaty of Paris (1763)
174:Implied bill of rights
167:Constitutional history
158:
147:Constitution of Canada
2653:Constitutional debate
1965:Iroquois constitution
1694:Heard, Andrew. 2014.
1541: (SCC). para 28.
1537: (2003),
1476:Hogg, Peter W. 1982.
1424:Hogg, Peter W. 2003.
1029:Constitution Act 1986
979:equally authoritative
908:Section 52(2) of the
694:equalization payments
539:is the part I of the
516:Charlottetown Accords
304:Constitutional debate
244:Letters Patent (1947)
179:Bill of Rights (1689)
157:
18:Constitution Act 1982
2861:1982 in Canadian law
2674:Charlottetown Accord
1970:Mi'kmaq constitution
1795:(2nd ed.). Toronto:
1385:. CBC/Radio-Canada.
1118:. Section 60 of the
1085:Canadian sovereignty
922:(which includes the
785:Charlottetown Accord
709:Charlottetown Accord
690:economic development
507:Government of Quebec
455:Parliament of Canada
56:improve this article
2866:1982 in British law
2679:Calgary Declaration
2077:Canadian federalism
1762:McCormick, Peter J.
1616:Editions Yvon Blais
1379:"The Charter at 20"
991:section 133 of the
562:was only a federal
543:. The Charter is a
484:Minister of Justice
478:and Prime Minister
457:requested that the
416:) is a part of the
319:Canadian federalism
209:Act of Union (1840)
2759:Dialogue principle
2719:Pith and substance
2588:King-in-Parliament
2513:Part VII – General
2210:Manitoba Act, 1870
2115:Trade and commerce
2047:Quebec Resolutions
1985:Quebec Act of 1774
1788:Toronto: Carswell.
1776:Constitutional Law
1698:(2nd ed). Oxford:
1502:on October 4, 2007
1293:. CBC/Radio-Canada
1154:Section 20 of the
1021:Australia Act 1986
958:In particular, in
872:British Parliament
841:(now known as the
632:Section 35 of the
297:Constitutional law
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1825:Sharpe, Robert J.
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1782:Pelletier, Benoît
1447:J. L. Granatstein
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1128:Constitution Acts
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686:equal opportunity
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