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access through the network of man-made channels. The current boardwalk replaced a much shorter version in 2001, and was dedicated to James P. Rod, an environmentalist who served as the warden for the sanctuary from 1982 until his death in 1998. The trails and boardwalk offer expansive views of the
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site in 1983. Federal remediation of the site was completed in 1995 after extensive dredging conducted in
Foundry Cove. Long-term sediment and water monitoring was prescribed for Constitution Marsh, as it was determined that similar dredging there would have caused disproportionate environmental
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was released into
Foundry Cove, making it "the most cadmium polluted site in the world." Some of the metal spread to Constitution Marsh in high concentration pockets. Sediment dredging efforts in the early 1970s were largely unsuccessful, and extremely high levels of both nickel and cadmium were
288:
damage. Additionally, the contaminants would soon be buried beneath clean sediment after the remediation of
Foundry Cove. Cadmium levels rapidly decreased throughout the area, and after eight years, levels of particulate and soluble metal pollutants were lower than in the Hudson River at
200:, which breeds in the forest near the swamp. The marsh was included in bird habitat studies in 1986–1987 and again in 2005. The results revealed that the diversity of breeding bird species is steadily decreasing as the
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once peaked at 100,000, but have dwindled since the mid-1990s. Over 50 different bird species are known to breed within the wildlife sanctuary, including the
905:
Mackie, J. A. (September 2007). "Declining metal levels at
Foundry Cove (Hudson River, New York): response to localized dredging of contaminated sediments".
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Recreational opportunities include hiking trails that lead to a 700 ft (210 m) boardwalk exploring the marsh, and limited
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farming efforts. The site was purchased by New York State in 1969, and has been managed by the
National Audubon Society since 1970.
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The marsh itself is estimated to be 4,000–5,000 years old. It is crisscrossed by a series of channels dug in the 1830s as part of
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and non-migratory birds have been identified in the marsh. It serves as a wintering ground and stop-over point for migrating
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In addition to its value as a bird habitat, it is also an important nursery and spawning area for fish, including
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A small creek called Indian Brook flows to the Hudson River through the southern end of the sanctuary; the
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Constitution Marsh sits adjacent to
Foundry Cove, which was heavily polluted by industrial waste from a
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19:
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manufacturing plant that operated between 1952 and 1979. In total, 115,904 lb (52,573 kg) of
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201:
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as both a
Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat and a Scenic Area of Statewide Significance.
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153:
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74:
50:
978:
802:"Foundry Cove and Constitution Marsh: History and Ecology of a Polluted Site and its Restoration"
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73:, it is one of five major tidal marshes along the Hudson River. Constitution Marsh is an Audubon
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703:"Temporal Changes in the Breeding Bird Community at Four Hudson River Tidal Marshes"
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430:"Important Bird Areas as a Conservation Tool: Implementation at the State Level"
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112:, which gather in numbers as high as 4,000 in the fall. These waterfowl include
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101:, among other animals, some of which are otherwise uncommon in the region.
61:. Together with 80 acres (32 ha) of bordering woodlands, it forms the
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environment near the mouth of the creek attracts a wide array of fish,
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35:
874:
Sediment
Dredging at Superfund Megasites: Assessing the Effectiveness
565:
Wildlife
Sanctuaries and the Audubon Society: Places to Hide and Seek
129:
498:
Oceans: The
Threats to Our Seas and what You Can Do to Turn the Tide
18:
974:
Best Hikes with Children in the Catskills and Hudson River Valley
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31:
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live in the marsh, and frequently lay their eggs at the nearby
1011:"James P. Rod, 53, a Caretaker Of an Audubon Society Preserve"
709:(55). Coastal Education & Research Foundation: 221–235.
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can be found there in the winter. Autumn concentrations of
67:
Constitution Marsh Audubon Center and Wildlife Sanctuary
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New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
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Panorama of the marsh looking northwest in October 2012
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later observed in the cove and marsh; as a result, the
602:"Constitution Marsh aims to protect bird populations"
468:"Constitution Marsh BCA Management Guidance Summary"
404:"Important Bird Areas: Constitution Marsh Sanctuary"
1038:Constitution Marsh Audubon Center & Sanctuary
829:"Cleanup rescued cove from curse of toxic metals"
428:Michael F. Burger and Jillian M. Liner (2005).
124:. Constitution Marsh is also used by migrating
534:"Constitution Marsh is an Important Bird Area"
971:Cynthia C. Lewis and Thomas J. Lewis (1992).
8:
767:"Site Information for Marathon Battery Corp"
1053:Protected areas of Putnam County, New York
557:
555:
536:. National Audubon Society. Archived from
877:. National Academies Press. p. 101.
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636:
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1058:Important Bird Areas of New York (state)
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490:
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800:Jeffrey Levinton and Josepha Kurdziel.
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863:
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739:"A celebration of the snapping turtle"
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23:Boardwalk through the marsh in winter
7:
701:Alan W. Wells; et al. (2008).
365:List of Superfund sites in New York
1063:Nature centers in New York (state)
1009:Andrew C. Revkin (July 11, 1998).
370:List of nature centers in New York
79:New York State Department of State
14:
827:Trapani, Carol (April 11, 1999).
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663:Bayer, Stuart (August 8, 2004).
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600:Bayer, Stuart (August 8, 2004).
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775:Environmental Protection Agency
281:Environmental Protection Agency
140:; at least 2 and as many as 30
16:Marsh in Garrison, New York, US
808:College of Arts & Sciences
319:United States Military Academy
53:and the eastern shores of the
1:
771:Superfund Information Systems
665:"Birds of Constitution Marsh"
642:"Information about the marsh"
925:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.010
441:United States Forest Service
1068:Marshes of New York (state)
737:Wayne Hall (May 21, 2016).
707:Journal of Coastal Research
231:grounds. The area contains
71:Hudson Highlands State Park
1089:
949:. National Audubon Society
644:. National Audubon Society
869:National Research Council
570:University of Texas Press
562:John M. Anderson (2010).
437:General Technical Reports
104:Over 200 species of both
1073:National Audubon Society
495:Jon Bowermaster (2010).
408:National Audubon Society
63:National Audubon Society
908:Environmental Pollution
743:The Times Herald-Record
806:Stony Brook University
272:nickel–cadmium battery
24:
283:listed the area as a
162:Louisiana waterthrush
22:
947:"Paddling the Marsh"
833:Poughkeepsie Journal
357:Hudson Valley portal
202:red-winged blackbird
114:American black ducks
311:Storm King Mountain
178:common yellowthroat
154:worm-eating warbler
75:Important Bird Area
51:Constitution Island
1015:The New York Times
981:. pp. 66–67.
979:Mountaineers Books
716:10.2112/SI55-018.1
321:across the river.
241:purple loosestrife
204:becomes dominant.
126:pied-billed grebes
59:Garrison, New York
28:Constitution Marsh
25:
317:, as well as the
196:, as well as the
194:willow flycatcher
170:spotted sandpiper
166:northern cardinal
138:peregrine falcons
134:northern harriers
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777:. Archived from
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307:Hudson Highlands
225:snapping turtles
49:located between
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572:. p. 108.
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505:. p. 121.
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235:species like
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223:. Some 1,000
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190:swamp sparrow
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1018:. Retrieved
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992:. Retrieved
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951:. Retrieved
941:
912:
906:
900:
888:. Retrieved
873:
843:– via
837:. Retrieved
832:
822:
810:. Retrieved
795:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
770:
746:. Retrieved
742:
732:
720:. Retrieved
706:
696:
679:– via
673:. Retrieved
668:
658:
646:. Retrieved
616:– via
610:. Retrieved
605:
595:
583:. Retrieved
564:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
528:
516:. Retrieved
497:
475:. Retrieved
445:. Retrieved
436:
423:
411:. Retrieved
309:, including
299:
269:
262:
209:striped bass
206:
174:gray catbird
103:
88:
66:
55:Hudson River
27:
26:
1020:January 27,
994:January 26,
953:January 27,
890:January 27,
839:February 8,
835:. p. 7
812:January 27,
785:January 27,
748:January 26,
722:January 26,
675:February 8,
671:. p. 8
648:January 26,
612:February 8,
608:. p. 1
585:January 26,
544:January 26,
518:January 26,
477:January 26,
447:January 26,
443:: 1272–1273
413:January 26,
237:common reed
198:wood thrush
142:bald eagles
95:crustaceans
47:tidal marsh
40:fresh water
1047:Categories
988:0898863228
884:0309134102
579:0292783949
512:1586488309
376:References
296:Recreation
253:mute swans
182:marsh wren
118:wood ducks
99:amphibians
69:. Part of
34:(110
285:Superfund
265:wild rice
221:mummichog
110:waterfowl
106:migratory
91:estuarine
30:is a 270-
933:17382440
917:Elsevier
871:(2007).
343:See also
302:paddling
233:invasive
146:swallows
122:mallards
44:brackish
439:(191).
276:cadmium
259:History
217:herring
130:ospreys
85:Ecology
985:
931:
881:
576:
509:
251:, and
219:, and
192:, and
136:, and
120:, and
97:, and
915:(2).
433:(PDF)
1022:2017
996:2017
983:ISBN
955:2017
929:PMID
892:2017
879:ISBN
841:2017
814:2017
787:2017
750:2017
724:2017
677:2017
650:2017
614:2017
587:2017
574:ISBN
546:2017
520:2017
507:ISBN
479:2017
449:2017
415:2017
313:and
213:shad
42:and
32:acre
921:doi
913:149
711:doi
65:'s
57:in
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1013:.
977:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
