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soil moisture. Below the water table, the entire region is known as the saturated zone, and the water in this zone is called groundwater. Despite being a hidden resource whose value is often overlooked, plays a crucial role as the primary source of water for various purposes including drinking, washing, farming, and manufacturing, and even when not directly used as a drinking water supply, it remains vital to protect due to its ability to carry contaminants and pollutants from the land into lakes and rivers, which constitute a significant percentage of other people's freshwater supply, and groundwater is almost ubiquitous underground, residing in the spaces between particles of rock and soil or within crevices and cracks in rock, typically within 100 metres of the surface, and
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a certain threshold; and in complex areas down to 0.1 aridity index (focused recharge), there was very inconsistent recharge (low precipitation but high recharge). Understanding these relationships can lead to the development of sustainable strategies for water collection. This understanding is particularly crucial in Africa, where water resources are often scarce and climate change poses significant challenges.
38:
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events. Three precipitation-recharge sensitivities were distinguished: in super arid areas with more than 0.67 aridity index, there was constant recharge with little variation with precipitation; in most sites (arid, semi-arid, humid), annual recharge increased as annual precipitation remained above
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and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater. The water table is the level below which all spaces are filled with water, while the area above this level, where spaces in the rock and soil contain both air and water, is known as the unsaturated zone. The water in this unsaturated zone is referred to as
708:
In Africa, it was revealed that groundwater controls are complex and do not correspond directly to a single factor. Groundwater showed greater resilience to climate change than expected, and areas with an increasing threshold between 0.34 and 0.39 aridity index exhibited significant sensitivity to
393:
periods) and are not appreciably replenished under current climatic conditions - at least compared to drawdown, these aquifers form essentially non-renewable resources comparable to peat or lignite, which are also continuously formed in the current era but orders of magnitude slower than they are
1696:
Rizzolo, Joana A.; Barbosa, Cybelli G. G.; Borillo, Guilherme C.; Godoi, Ana F. L.; Souza, Rodrigo A. F.; Andreoli, Rita V.; Manzi, Antônio O.; Sá, Marta O.; Alves, Eliane G.; Pöhlker, Christopher; Angelis, Isabella H.; Ditas, Florian; Saturno, Jorge; Moran-Zuloaga, Daniel; Rizzo, Luciana V. (22
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or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Fresh water makes up less than 3% of the world's water resources, and just 1% of that is readily available. Just 3% of it is extracted for human consumption. Agriculture uses roughly two thirds of all fresh water extracted from the
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There is enough freshwater available globally and averaged over the year to meet demand. As such, water scarcity is caused by a mismatch between when and where people need water, and when and where it is available. One of the main causes of the increase in global water demand is the
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Freshwater ecosystems have undergone substantial transformations over time, which has impacted various characteristics of the ecosystems. Original attempts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (for example
380:
to stretch the available supply further. However, given the high cost (both capital and running costs) and - especially for desalination - energy requirements, those remain mostly niche applications. A non-sustainable alternative is using so-called
2057:
Rudolfs, Willem; Falk, Lloyd L.; Ragotzkie, R. A. (1950). "Literature Review on the
Occurrence and Survival of Enteric, Pathogenic, and Relative Organisms in Soil, Water, Sewage, and Sludges, and on Vegetation: I. Bacterial and Virus Diseases".
2085:
Friberg, Nikolai; Bonada, Núria; Bradley, David C.; Dunbar, Michael J.; Edwards, Francois K.; Grey, Jonathan; Hayes, Richard B.; Hildrew, Alan G.; Lamouroux, Nicolas (2011), "Biomonitoring of Human
Impacts in Freshwater Ecosystems",
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Only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh water. Most of it is in icecaps and glaciers (69%) and groundwater (30%), while all lakes, rivers and swamps combined only account for a small fraction (0.3%) of the Earth's total freshwater
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In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of
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and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of
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364:, and returns inland as precipitation. Locally, however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability (or
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contamination). Early monitoring focused on chemical indicators, then bacteria, and finally algae, fungi and protozoa. A new type of monitoring involves quantifying differing groups of organisms (
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content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems:
1423:
Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1400 cubic km of water, with a mass of approximately 1.4 trillion tonnes (235000 times that of the
583:, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.
2284:
Liu, Junguo; Yang, Hong; Gosling, Simon N.; Kummu, Matti; Flörke, Martina; Pfister, Stephan; Hanasaki, Naota; Wada, Yoshihide; Zhang, Xinxin; Zheng, Chunmiao; Alcamo, Joseph (2017).
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can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.
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The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The response by
2153:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2123:
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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:
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Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most
709:
climate change. Land-use could affect infiltration and runoff processes. The years of most recharge coincided with the most precipitation anomalies, such as during
340:'s fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is to a substantial degree unsuitable for human consumption without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become
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1244:. Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. Pollution may take many forms. One would is toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics,
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940:(areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time). Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known fish species.
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are examples of arid areas. Economic water scarcity results from a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers,
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may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the
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389:. As some of those aquifers formed hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago when local climates were wetter (e.g. from one of the
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and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. The precipitation leads eventually to the formation of
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and wasteful use of water can also mean there is not enough water. These variations in scarcity may also be a function of prevailing
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also reduces the availability of fresh water. Where available water resources are scarce, humans have developed technologies like
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1372:." Another target, Target 15.1, is: "By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland
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may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in
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This article is about a naturally occurring type of water. For all types of waters that are of potential use to humans, see
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809:. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from
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1028:. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands. This includes water needed for
368:) from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.
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805:, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the
2155:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.
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1142:, with a negative impact on their uses. It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include
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are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more
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1052:, or other water sources. It also results from weak human capacity to meet water demand. Many people in
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1063:. Others are the rise in living conditions, changing diets (to more animal products), and expansion of
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2627:"Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution"
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2286:"Water scarcity assessments in the past, present, and future: Review on Water Scarcity Assessment"
579:. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the
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2120:"Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions"
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Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1,000 ppm or 3,000 ppm.
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Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive
Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture
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Work of the
Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
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mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are
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1360:(Life on land). For example, Target 6.4 is formulated as "By 2030, substantially increase
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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2018:"State of the World's Freshwater Ecosystems: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Changes"
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to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from
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discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including
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793:. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the
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1749:"Global climate change impacts on Sub-Sahara Africa: The case of Nigeria's shorelines"
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must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert
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1252:, and industrial waste products. Another is stressful conditions such as changes of
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621:. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the
2717:
United
Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
2471:
2414:
2389:
2358:
2335:"Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth"
1114:. Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all
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areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up
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1483:"Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions"
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to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is
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1016:(closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of fresh water
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seeds, and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.
837:, appear to survive without drinking, but they do generate water through the
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2209:. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.
1699:"Soluble iron nutrients in Saharan dust over the central Amazon rainforest"
2625:
Schaffner, Monika; Bader, Hans-Peter; Scheidegger, Ruth (15 August 2009).
2591:
2527:
2510:
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3230:
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3173:
3083:
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2942:
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2473:
The world's water, 2006–2007: the biennial report on freshwater resources
2301:
2016:
Carpenter, Stephen R.; Stanley, Emily H.; Vander Zanden, M. Jake (2011).
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314:
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252:
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216:
208:
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62: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2152:
1799:. Ga.water.usgs.gov (11 December 2012). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
3512:
3477:
3301:
3257:
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An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum
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681:
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318:
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301:. Many organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of
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Rivers, lakes, and marshlands, such as (from top) South
America's
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730:
Visualisation of the distribution (by volume) of water on Earth.
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352:. Fresh water is replenished through the process of the natural
322:
260:
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232:
224:
2778:
1190:. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the
3449:
3093:
1916:
1914:
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753:
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31:
764:. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in
356:, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers and
16:
Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts
1388:, in line with obligations under international agreements."
738:
A graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth.
1253:
963:) and measuring the stream conditions associated with them.
677:
as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.
1364:
across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and
2746:
The World Bank's work and publications on water resources
1813:"Natural Quality of Water and Groundwater Contamination"
2390:"Water footprint scenarios for 2050: A global analysis"
1886:. Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
1228:. Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as a
532:
Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500
1406: – Physical and chemical properties of pure water
2143:
2141:
1240:. Non-point sources are more diffuse. An example is
2511:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
1543:"Freshwater Resources | National Geographic Society"
348:
Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite
3794:
3652:
3533:
3393:
3384:
3194:
2989:
2902:
2872:
2821:
2812:
817:. Many areas have very little fresh water, such as
2221:"Four billion people facing severe water scarcity"
1984:
1956:Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists
1900:
1899:; et al. (1996). Stephen H. Schneider (ed.).
1753:The Impact of Climate Change on Sub-Sahara Africa
601:The original source of almost all fresh water is
294:that is of the most and immediate use to humans.
2219:Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2016).
1461:The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes.
297:Water is critical to the survival of all living
2555:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1513:"Competing for Clean Water Has Led to a Crisis"
1202:when people use polluted water for drinking or
1138:(or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of
629:that humans can use as sources of freshwater:
551:Fresh water habitats are classified as either
2790:
1260:or anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive
974:Water resources § Challenges and threats
508:
8:
2388:Ercin, A. Ertug; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2014).
1819:, CRC Press, pp. 35–56, 14 April 2000,
1400: – Science of inland aquatic ecosystems
159:is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen
1925:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
1431:, arguably the heaviest human-made object).
1376:and their services, in particular forests,
3656:
3390:
2818:
2797:
2783:
2775:
2022:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1923:Limnology : lake and river ecosystems
515:
501:
401:
175:. Although the term specifically excludes
2689:
2600:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
2526:
2413:
2309:
2260:
2033:
1732:
1722:
1056:are living with economic water scarcity.
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
2568:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01
1474:
1454:
1416:
777:moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as
453:
425:
409:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2606:from the original on 18 September 2021
2596:Environmental Health Education Program
1983:Daily, Gretchen C. (1 February 1997).
1220:Sources of water pollution are either
1110:, especially preserving and restoring
760:make up about 97% of all the water on
555:, which are the stillwaters including
2470:; Heather Cooley; David Katz (2006).
2035:10.1146/annurev-environ-021810-094524
1954:Vaccari, David A. (8 November 2005).
1807:
1805:
1573:"The Fundamentals of the Water Cycle"
1272:is another. Contaminants may include
7:
2448:from the original on 21 October 2013
1182:. Water pollution may affect either
1036:often face physical water scarcity.
571:which are running-water systems; or
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2517:. Biological Wastewater Treatment.
1903:Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather
1817:Groundwater Contamination, Volume I
1493:from the original on 29 August 2022
1206:. Water pollution also reduces the
984:Freshwater ecosystem § Threats
191:springs. Fresh water may encompass
2490:from the original on 17 March 2022
2333:Vorosmarty, C. J. (14 July 2000).
2167:"Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?"
2096:10.1016/b978-0-12-374794-5.00001-8
1348:future for all". Targets on fresh
928:(faster moving water, for example
332:, that is, water safe to drink by
146:, are types of freshwater systems.
14:
1790:USGS – Earth's water distribution
1703:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1519:. 26 January 2010. Archived from
1356:(Clean water and sanitation) and
1308:Water resources § Water uses
1102:Water scarcity § Environment
3858:
3857:
2666:"Water pollution by agriculture"
2631:Science of the Total Environment
2476:. Island Press. pp. 29–31.
2122:. pp. 19–22. Archived from
1553:from the original on 26 May 2022
1547:education.nationalgeographic.org
1127:This section is an excerpt from
1061:increase in the number of people
1005:This section is an excerpt from
980:Human impacts on the environment
849:This section is an excerpt from
417:
116:
105:
94:
36:
2763:Fresh Water National Geographic
2643:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007
2088:Advances in Ecological Research
1865:United States Geological Survey
1637:American Meteorological Society
1605:. 27 March 2006. Archived from
47:needs additional citations for
1280:substances. A common cause of
912:(slow moving water, including
900:. They can be contrasted with
1:
2509:Von Sperling, Marcos (2007).
2225:Science Water Stress Advances
2171:Agricultural Water Management
2165:Rijsberman, Frank R. (2006).
1342:Sustainable Development Goals
1336:Global goals for conservation
1292:and industrial manufacturers.
1250:persistent organic pollutants
325:need fresh water to survive.
2823:Pollution / quality
2415:10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.019
2359:10.1126/science.289.5477.284
2060:Sewage and Industrial Wastes
1761:10.3726/978-3-653-04584-0/15
1032:to function. Regions with a
342:polluted by human activities
183:, it does include non-salty
2191:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001
2090:, Elsevier, pp. 1–68,
1639:. June 2000. Archived from
744:Water distribution on Earth
449:(> 5% up to 26%–28% max)
25:Freshwater (disambiguation)
3915:
2552:Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000).
1921:Wetzel, Robert G. (2001).
1907:. Oxford University Press.
1305:
1234:wastewater treatment plant
1126:
1112:instream water allocations
1099:
1004:
977:
971:
848:
803:North American Great Lakes
741:
590:
328:Fresh water is not always
18:
3853:
3659:
3394:Types / location
2515:Water Intelligence Online
2438:"Water Scarcity. Threats"
2394:Environment International
1737:– via ResearchGate.
1284:is the use of water as a
653:contained in underground
2768:27 November 2016 at the
2664:Moss B (February 2008).
1859:14 December 2013 at the
1724:10.5194/acp-17-2673-2017
1487:European Investment Bank
1091:and planning approaches.
868:are a subset of Earth's
575:which flow in rocks and
2728:23 October 2020 at the
1882:26 January 2016 at the
1854:Where is Earth's water?
1825:10.1201/9781482278934-9
1633:Glossary of Meteorology
1268:). The introduction of
1198:. Another is spreading
1026:economic water scarcity
2751:U.S. Geological Survey
2682:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176
2245:10.1126/sciadv.1500323
1603:"Groundwater Glossary"
1312:Uses of water include
904:, which have a larger
862:
801:in Russia, 21% in the
739:
731:
173:total dissolved solids
23:. For other uses, see
2756:6 August 2012 at the
2560:John Wiley & Sons
2528:10.2166/9781780402086
2117:The World Bank, 2009
1877:Physicalgeography.net
1734:10536/DRO/DU:30091978
1671:Practical Fishkeeping
1425:Great Pyramid of Giza
1374:freshwater ecosystems
1100:Further information:
1065:irrigated agriculture
990:freshwater ecosystems
978:Further information:
866:Freshwater ecosystems
860:
825:Freshwater ecosystems
737:
729:
290:. Fresh water is the
3769:remnant natural area
3406:storage and recovery
3072:habitat conservation
2890:Deforestation (REDD)
2302:10.1002/2016EF000518
1795:29 June 2012 at the
1755:, Peter Lang, 2015,
1667:Fishkeeping glossary
1366:supply of freshwater
1362:water-use efficiency
1270:pathogenic organisms
1200:water-borne diseases
861:Freshwater ecosystem
851:Freshwater ecosystem
528:Numerical definition
378:wastewater recycling
56:improve this article
3723:Earth Overshoot Day
3297:Marine conservation
3278:non-timber products
2406:2014EnInt..64...71E
2351:2000Sci...289..284V
2237:2016SciA....2E0323M
2183:2006AgWM...80....5R
1715:2017ACP....17.2673R
1583:on 27 November 2019
1523:on 19 February 2021
1427:or 8 times that of
1404:Properties of water
1297:Society and culture
1242:agricultural runoff
795:African Great Lakes
536:(ppm) of dissolved
405:Part of a series on
385:" from underground
185:mineral-rich waters
3708:Ecosystem services
2831:Ambient standards
2521:. IWA Publishing.
1960:Wiley-Interscience
1350:water conservation
1208:ecosystem services
1196:aquatic ecosystems
1096:Minimum streamflow
1054:Sub-Saharan Africa
953:macroinvertebrates
870:aquatic ecosystems
863:
740:
732:
722:Water distribution
488:Bodies by salinity
360:evaporates, forms
3871:
3870:
3849:
3848:
3648:
3647:
3327:genetic resources
3263:genetic resources
2898:
2897:
2806:Natural resources
2676:(1491): 659–666.
2637:(17): 4902–4915.
2598:. Cambridge, MA:
2592:"Water Pollution"
2577:978-0-471-48494-3
2538:978-1-78040-208-6
2483:978-1-59726-106-7
2345:(5477): 284–288.
2066:(10): 1261–1281.
1987:Nature's Services
1834:978-0-429-18165-8
1770:978-3-653-04584-0
1282:thermal pollution
1226:non-point sources
947:outbreaks due to
902:marine ecosystems
609:, in the form of
534:parts per million
525:
524:
247:that form inland
144:The United States
88:
87:
80:
3906:
3861:
3860:
3812:
3759:Natural heritage
3718:overexploitation
3657:
3391:
3337:herbal medicines
3317:FAO Plant Treaty
2857:
2834:
2819:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2733:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:. 23 July 2013.
2588:
2582:
2581:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2162:
2156:
2149:Chapter 4: Water
2145:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1809:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1709:(4): 2673–2687.
1697:February 2017).
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:. Archived from
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1609:on 28 April 2006
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:. Archived from
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1479:
1462:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1421:
1352:are included in
1264:, or changes of
1214:provided by the
1000:Limited resource
994:changing climate
748:Saline water in
517:
510:
503:
473:Hypersaline lake
421:
402:
350:natural resource
120:
109:
98:
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
40:
32:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3889:Aquatic ecology
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3845:
3810:
3790:
3776:Systems ecology
3742:Natural capital
3644:
3529:
3518:reclaimed water
3380:
3342:UPOV Convention
3190:
2985:
2894:
2868:
2864:Ozone depletion
2855:
2832:
2808:
2803:
2770:Wayback Machine
2758:Wayback Machine
2742:
2737:
2736:
2730:Wayback Machine
2716:
2707:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2231:(2): e1500323.
2218:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2198:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2126:on 7 April 2012
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1884:Wayback Machine
1875:
1871:
1861:Wayback Machine
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1797:Wayback Machine
1788:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1394:
1338:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1136:Water pollution
1132:
1129:Water pollution
1124:
1122:Water pollution
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:economic policy
1085:water pollution
1010:
1002:
986:
976:
970:
965:
964:
872:. They include
854:
827:
746:
724:
599:
597:Water resources
591:Main articles:
589:
549:
530:
521:
492:
454:Bodies of water
445:
440:
435:
426:Salinity levels
400:
370:Water pollution
303:vascular plants
249:bodies of water
245:surface runoffs
163:containing low
150:
149:
148:
147:
123:
122:
121:
112:
111:
110:
101:
100:
99:
84:
73:
67:
64:
53:
41:
28:
21:water resources
17:
12:
11:
5:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3811:(perpetuation)
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3764:Nature reserve
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:climate change
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3209:Bioprospecting
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:Clean Air Act
2846:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2741:
2740:External links
2738:
2735:
2734:
2705:
2656:
2617:
2583:
2576:
2544:
2537:
2501:
2482:
2459:
2429:
2380:
2325:
2296:(6): 545–559.
2290:Earth's Future
2276:
2211:
2196:
2157:
2137:
2110:
2104:
2077:
2049:
2008:
2001:
1975:
1968:
1946:
1932:978-0127447605
1931:
1910:
1888:
1869:
1846:
1833:
1801:
1782:
1769:
1740:
1688:
1677:on 11 May 2006
1654:
1643:on 6 June 2011
1620:
1594:
1564:
1534:
1504:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1453:
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1444:
1443:
1433:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1370:water scarcity
1337:
1334:
1306:Main article:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1216:water resource
1212:drinking water
1133:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1097:
1094:
1069:Climate change
1034:desert climate
1014:Water scarcity
1011:
1007:Water scarcity
1003:
1001:
998:
972:Main article:
969:
966:
855:
847:
826:
823:
742:Main article:
723:
720:
588:
585:
581:hyporheic zone
553:lentic systems
548:
545:
529:
526:
523:
522:
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
494:
493:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
459:
456:
455:
451:
450:
437:Brackish water
428:
427:
423:
422:
414:
413:
411:Water salinity
407:
406:
399:
396:
366:water scarcity
336:. Much of the
292:water resource
221:precipitations
181:brackish water
165:concentrations
125:
124:
115:
114:
113:
104:
103:
102:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
44:
42:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3842:
3841:Non-renewable
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Urban ecology
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
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3733:
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3731:
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3721:
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3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
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3670:
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3666:
3665:
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3661:
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3655:
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3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Privatization
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:Surface water
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
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3470:
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3424:
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3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3383:
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3372:
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3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
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3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
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3095:
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3090:
3087:
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3077:
3073:
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3069:
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3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3009:peak farmland
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
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2891:
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2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
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2858:
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2344:
2340:
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2295:
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2287:
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2268:
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2258:
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2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:(1–3): 5–22.
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2105:9780123747945
2101:
2097:
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2081:
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2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2002:1-55963-476-6
1998:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1969:0-471-74178-7
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:Gleick, Peter
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1836:
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1826:
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1818:
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1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1330:environmental
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:point sources
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:surface water
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:results when
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:deforestation
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:The other is
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
999:
997:
995:
991:
985:
981:
975:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
852:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:precipitation
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:surface water
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
736:
728:
721:
719:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:precipitation
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
541:
539:
535:
527:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
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495:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
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461:
460:
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457:
452:
448:
443:
438:
433:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
415:
412:
408:
404:
403:
397:
395:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
345:environment.
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:potable water
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:contained in
274:
271:, as well as
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:of dissolved
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
119:
108:
97:
82:
79:
71:
68:November 2022
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This section
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3899:Water supply
3839: /
3713:Exploitation
3598:Conservation
3541:Desalination
3476:
3417:
3369:conservation
3204:Biodiversity
3152:conservation
2999:Agricultural
2927:Fossil fuels
2723:A/RES/71/313
2673:
2669:
2659:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2610:18 September
2608:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2554:
2547:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2494:12 September
2492:. Retrieved
2472:
2468:Peter Gleick
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2203:IWMI (2007)
2199:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2113:
2087:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2028:(1): 75–99.
2025:
2021:
2011:
1993:Island Press
1986:
1978:
1955:
1949:
1922:
1902:
1891:
1872:
1849:
1838:, retrieved
1816:
1785:
1774:, retrieved
1752:
1743:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1666:
1663:"Freshwater"
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1632:
1629:"Freshwater"
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1597:
1587:17 September
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1577:www.usgs.gov
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1516:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1419:
1339:
1332:activities.
1326:recreational
1314:agricultural
1311:
1290:power plants
1172:contaminants
1140:water bodies
1134:
1105:
1046:North Africa
1038:Central Asia
1025:
1021:
1012:
987:
864:
828:
807:Amazon River
747:
707:
703:north Africa
679:
659:
627:water bodies
600:
573:groundwaters
550:
542:
531:
442:Saline water
434:(< 0.05%)
431:
391:Green Sahara
383:fossil water
374:desalination
347:
327:
296:
281:subterranean
156:
152:
151:
128:Amazon River
74:
65:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3884:Fresh water
3832:Nationalism
3804:Common-pool
3445:Hydrosphere
3438:remediation
3423:Groundwater
3018:Degradation
1840:19 December
1776:19 December
1681:27 November
1647:27 November
1517:Environment
1429:Lake Kariba
1346:sustainable
1230:storm drain
1192:degradation
1188:groundwater
1164:groundwater
1071:(including
957:macrophytes
799:Lake Baikal
758:groundwater
756:and saline
651:groundwater
593:Water cycle
432:Fresh water
398:Definitions
354:water cycle
273:groundwater
153:Fresh water
132:Lake Baikal
130:, Russia's
3878:Categories
3827:Extraction
3786:Wilderness
3747:accounting
3730:Management
3696:ecological
3684:tragedy of
3603:Peak water
3588:Efficiency
3561:Sanitation
3503:Stormwater
3496:harvesting
3472:Irrigation
3374:management
3332:gene banks
3273:management
3251:management
3167:resilience
3133:phosphorus
3089:industrial
3067:Management
3043:soundscape
2949:Geothermal
2452:20 October
2130:24 October
1469:References
1318:industrial
1302:Human uses
1246:pesticides
1204:irrigation
1180:stormwater
1160:reservoirs
1116:ecosystems
1108:streamflow
1030:ecosystems
968:Challenges
839:metabolism
815:ice sheets
623:atmosphere
607:atmosphere
483:Brine pool
358:reservoirs
311:amphibians
219:, natural
213:snowfields
201:ice sheets
189:chalybeate
171:and other
157:freshwater
136:Everglades
134:, and the
3894:Hydrology
3837:Renewable
3822:Depletion
3809:Conflict
3691:Economics
3669:enclosure
3628:Resources
3608:Pollution
3525:Watershed
3428:pollution
3359:Seed bank
3354:Rangeland
3236:Fisheries
3221:Biosphere
3214:biopiracy
3157:fertility
3033:cityscape
3028:Landscape
2935:peak coal
2922:Resources
2873:Emissions
2651:0048-9697
2400:: 71–82.
2253:2375-2548
2044:1543-5938
1557:29 August
1527:29 August
1497:29 August
1441:reserves.
1398:Limnology
1382:mountains
1322:household
1278:inorganic
1262:turbidity
1238:oil spill
1168:pollution
1042:West Asia
1022:physical.
1018:resources
797:, 22% in
671:magnesium
605:from the
559:, lakes,
468:Salt lake
439:(0.05–3%)
305:and most
299:organisms
197:meltwater
3863:Category
3796:Resource
3735:adaptive
3633:improved
3593:Conflict
3578:Security
3573:Scarcity
3566:improved
3556:Leaching
3433:recharge
3413:Drinking
3364:Wildlife
3231:Bushmeat
3226:Bushfood
3179:planning
3084:gemstone
3079:Minerals
3060:property
3048:viewshed
3038:seascape
2969:sunlight
2943:peak oil
2939:peak gas
2766:Archived
2754:Archived
2726:Archived
2700:17666391
2604:Archived
2488:Archived
2446:Archived
2444:. 2013.
2424:24374780
2375:37062764
2367:10894773
2320:30377623
2271:26933676
2072:25031419
1941:46393244
1880:Archived
1857:Archived
1793:Archived
1551:Archived
1491:Archived
1449:Subnotes
1392:See also
1386:drylands
1378:wetlands
1266:salinity
1210:such as
1166:. Water
1156:aquifers
1073:droughts
1050:aquifers
938:wetlands
898:wetlands
766:glaciers
667:chloride
655:aquifers
639:rainfall
577:aquifers
478:Salt pan
463:Seawater
387:aquifers
315:reptiles
277:aquifers
253:wetlands
251:such as
229:snowfall
225:rainfall
223:such as
217:icebergs
209:glaciers
205:ice caps
187:such as
177:seawater
3664:Commons
3653:Related
3618:Quality
3534:Aspects
3460:glacial
3401:Aquifer
3307:Pasture
3258:Forests
3184:reserve
2959:Nuclear
2929: (
2885:Trading
2880:Airshed
2691:2610176
2402:Bibcode
2347:Bibcode
2339:Science
2311:6204262
2262:4758739
2233:Bibcode
2179:Bibcode
1711:Bibcode
1286:coolant
1274:organic
1258:hypoxia
945:cholera
930:streams
890:springs
886:streams
835:rodents
831:mammals
819:deserts
715:La Niña
711:El Niño
675:sulfate
647:streams
587:Sources
547:Systems
394:mined.
319:mammals
307:insects
269:streams
241:graupel
140:Florida
3674:global
3638:policy
3583:Supply
3546:Floods
3513:Sewage
3486:Marine
3478:huerta
3312:Plants
3302:Meadow
3162:health
3140:rights
3128:copper
3106:mining
3004:arable
2904:Energy
2844:Indoor
2698:
2688:
2649:
2574:
2535:
2480:
2422:
2373:
2365:
2318:
2308:
2269:
2259:
2251:
2151:. In:
2102:
2070:
2042:
1999:
1966:
1939:
1929:
1831:
1767:
1613:14 May
1358:SDG 15
1236:or an
1176:sewage
1152:oceans
1148:rivers
1077:floods
1044:, and
949:sewage
936:) and
934:rivers
920:, and
910:Lentic
896:, and
882:rivers
843:cereal
791:rivers
787:swamps
750:oceans
699:Sahara
682:desert
663:sodium
649:, and
643:rivers
561:swamps
444:(3–5%)
362:clouds
334:humans
284:rivers
265:rivers
243:, and
193:frozen
3817:Curse
3623:Right
3465:polar
3455:bergs
3418:Fresh
3386:Water
3099:metal
3023:Field
2974:shade
2964:Solar
2954:Hydro
2839:Index
2371:S2CID
2068:JSTOR
1411:Notes
1354:SDG 6
1144:lakes
992:to a
926:lotic
922:lakes
918:ponds
914:pools
878:ponds
874:lakes
783:lakes
762:Earth
635:lakes
631:ponds
569:lotic
565:mires
557:ponds
538:salts
447:Brine
338:earth
323:birds
288:lakes
261:lakes
257:ponds
237:sleet
169:salts
161:water
3752:good
3701:land
3679:land
3491:Rain
3347:wood
3322:food
3285:Game
3196:Life
3147:Soil
3123:peak
3116:sand
2991:Land
2981:Wind
2856:(US)
2833:(US)
2696:PMID
2647:ISSN
2612:2021
2572:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2496:2009
2478:ISBN
2454:2013
2420:PMID
2363:PMID
2316:PMID
2267:PMID
2249:ISSN
2132:2011
2100:ISBN
2040:ISSN
1997:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1937:OCLC
1927:ISBN
1842:2023
1829:ISBN
1778:2023
1765:ISBN
1683:2009
1649:2009
1615:2006
1589:2021
1559:2022
1529:2022
1499:2022
1384:and
1340:The
1328:and
1276:and
1232:, a
1162:and
982:and
961:fish
959:and
932:and
906:salt
894:bogs
789:and
775:soil
754:seas
713:and
695:iron
690:dust
688:and
686:sand
673:and
619:snow
617:and
615:rain
611:mist
595:and
563:and
376:and
321:and
286:and
239:and
233:hail
215:and
195:and
179:and
3551:Law
3450:Ice
3290:law
3268:law
3246:law
3174:Use
3111:law
3094:ore
3055:Law
2931:gas
2917:Law
2912:Bio
2849:Law
2814:Air
2686:PMC
2678:doi
2674:363
2639:doi
2635:407
2564:doi
2523:doi
2442:WWF
2410:doi
2355:doi
2343:289
2306:PMC
2298:doi
2257:PMC
2241:doi
2187:doi
2092:doi
2030:doi
1821:doi
1757:doi
1729:hdl
1719:doi
1288:by
1224:or
1194:of
1186:or
1079:),
1075:or
924:),
841:of
781:in
770:ice
701:in
680:In
199:in
155:or
142:of
138:in
58:by
3880::
2941:,
2937:,
2933:,
2708:^
2694:.
2684:.
2672:.
2668:.
2645:.
2633:.
2629:.
2594:.
2570:.
2562:.
2558:.
2531:.
2513:.
2486:.
2440:.
2418:.
2408:.
2398:64
2396:.
2392:.
2369:.
2361:.
2353:.
2341:.
2337:.
2314:.
2304:.
2292:.
2288:.
2265:.
2255:.
2247:.
2239:.
2227:.
2223:.
2185:.
2175:80
2173:.
2169:.
2140:^
2098:,
2064:22
2062:.
2038:.
2026:36
2024:.
2020:.
1995:.
1991:.
1962:.
1958:.
1935:.
1913:^
1863:,
1827:,
1815:,
1804:^
1763:,
1751:,
1727:.
1717:.
1707:17
1705:.
1701:.
1669:.
1665:.
1635:.
1631:.
1575:.
1549:.
1545:.
1515:.
1489:.
1485:.
1380:,
1324:,
1320:,
1316:,
1256:,
1254:pH
1248:,
1218:.
1158:,
1154:,
1150:,
1146:,
1118:.
1083:,
1067:.
1040:,
955:,
916:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
880:,
876:,
821:.
785:,
768:,
752:,
705:.
669:,
665:,
657:.
645:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
613:,
567:;
540:.
317:,
313:,
309:,
279:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
231:,
227:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
2945:)
2798:e
2791:t
2784:v
2732:)
2721:(
2702:.
2680::
2653:.
2641::
2614:.
2580:.
2566::
2541:.
2525::
2519:6
2498:.
2456:.
2426:.
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