1845:
exercise legislative power, convene the
Supreme People's Assembly, interpret the constitution, supervise the observance of the laws, organize elections, appoint or remove members of the Cabinet and judges and people's assessors of the Central Court, approve or nullify treaties, decide on the appointment and recall of diplomatic representatives to the Republic, institute and confer decorations, medals and honors in the name of the Republic and grant general amnesty. The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the SPA is tasked to receive the credentials and letters of recall of foreign diplomatic representatives to the Republic upon full consent of the office of the presidency of the SAC.
3780:
2346:"Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent North Korea" by Andrei Lankov. "...even the North Korean constitution was edited by Stalin himself and became law of the land only after a lengthy discussion in Moscow, where Shytkov and Stalin sat together looking through the draft of the country’s future supreme law. They approved it, but not completely, since some articles were rewritten by Soviet supervisors. So Shytkov, together with Stalin himself, can be seen as the authors of the North Korean constitution."
141:
2092:
tasked to receive the credentials and letters of recall of foreign diplomatic representatives to the
Republic, with the President of the SAC now having the responsibility to appoint and relieve these diplomats. The orders of the President of the SAC were made superior to the ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly save for more important ordinances which the President may now enact, alongside the decrees and decisions made by the State Affairs Commission.
482:
3605:
2179:
2165:
1282:
5390:
4994:
5400:
35:
1833:. The President directs overall state affairs, guides the work of the State Affairs Commission, appoint or remove important state officials, ratify or rescind major treaties with foreign countries, grant special pardons, proclaim a state of emergency, a state of war and mobilization order, organize the National Defense Committee in wartime, and issue orders.
1758:(Article 69), right to work (Article 70), right to relaxation (Article 71), right to free medical care (Article 72), right to free education (Article 73), freedom in scientific, literary and artistic pursuits (Article 74), freedom of residence and travel (Article 75) and inviolability of the person and home and privacy of correspondence (Article 79).
1782:
participate in work and observe work discipline and working hours (Article 83), take care of state and social cooperative properties and manage the national economy (Article 84), increase their revolutionary vigilance and fight for state security (Article 85) and to defend the country and serve in the armed forces (Article 86).
2091:
The
President of the State Affairs Commission was designated as the head of state, cannot stand as a candidate for election as a deputy to the SPA, and is elected and relieved by a majority vote in its plenary sessions. The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly is still
1904:
Since its adoption in 1972, the
Socialist Constitution has been amended eight times in 1992, 1998, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2019. Amendments to the North Korean constitution are usually considered as an entirely new constitution due to the extent of the changes made to the original document.
1606:
Article 10 states that North Korea is based on the "political and ideological unity" of the people who are in a working class-led worker-peasant alliance, and that the people will be revolutionized and assimilated by the state into a single united society. Article 12 adds that the North Korean state
1538:
Kim Il Sung is credited as the "founder of the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea and father of socialist Korea" who founded the Juche idea and turned North Korea into a socialist country. Kim Jong Il is credited as the "peerless patriot and defender of socialist Korea" who had kept Kim Il Sung's
1443:
as the highest government institution in North Korea with various powers such as the passing of laws and the election of the
Cabinet, the Supreme Court and the Procurator General. The Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly was tasked with exercising the powers of the assembly during its
1987:
The amendment also attempted to address North Korea's economic difficulties by introducing provisions on the reduction of objects that can be owned by the state, the expansion of social cooperative properties and private properties, the legalization of citizens earning income through legal economic
1855:
Section 6 describes the local people's assemblies as the local organs of state power in provinces, municipalities, cities, district and counties, while
Section 7 describes the local people's committees as local organs of state power when the local people's assemblies are not in session and as local
1840:
as the supreme policy-oriented leadership institution consisting of the
President, vice-president and members. The commission decides on important state policies, issue decisions and directives, and supervise the fulfillment of the orders of the president of the Commission and the SAC decisions and
1753:
Article 63 states that the rights and duties of North Korean citizens are based on the collectivist principle of "one for all and all for one", with
Article 64 guaranteeing the rights and well-being of citizens as well as expanding their rights and freedom based on the consolidation and development
1950:
The amendment also introduced economic provisions aimed at emphasizing an independent national economy and developing science and technology. It also introduced provisions for joint ventures between the country's institutions, enterprises and organizations and foreign corporations and individuals.
1781:
Citizens have the duty to defend "the political and ideological unity and solidarity of the people" and to work for the good of society and the people (Article 81), observe state laws and the socialist standards of life and defend the honour and dignity of being North Korean citizens (Article 82),
1757:
Article 65 provides that all North Korean citizens have equal rights. Citizens have the right to elect and be elected (Article 66), freedom of speech, the press, assembly, demonstration and association (Article 67), freedom of religious belief (Article 68), right to submit complaints and petitions
1683:
Article 44 provides for public education, cadre training, technological education and education in work. Article 45 provides for a universal compulsory 12-year education, with
Article 46 providing scientific and technical training. Articles 47, 48 and 49 provides for free education, allowances for
1625:
Article 18 states that the laws of North Korea are the "reflection of the wishes and interests" of the people, and that it should be observed by every institution, enterprise, organization and person in the country. The state is tasked with perfecting the socialist law system and strengthening the
1980:
The amendment included a preamble that enshrined Kim Il Sung as the eternal President and named the constitution as the "Kim Il-sung Constitution" that is based on the former leader's ideas and achievements. It also abolished the office of the President and the Central People's Committee with the
2076:
The First Chairman of the National Defense Commission was replaced with the President of the State Affairs Commission, while the National Defense Commission was replaced with the State Affairs Commission which is designated as the supreme policy-oriented leadership body of the Republic, with its
1667:
Article 36 states that foreign trade in North Korea is conducted by state institutions, state enterprises and social cooperatives with the objective of maintaining credibility in foreign trade, improving trade structure and developing trade relations with foreign countries. Article 37 encourages
1999:
The amendment was seen as an attempt to cement Kim Jong Il's position as concerns were raised following his suffering of a stroke in August 2008. It designated the chairman of the National Defense Commission as the supreme leader of North Korea and was expanded his powers to guide overall state
1981:
President's powers as head of state being transferred to the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (with the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly being designated as head of state) while the President's powers on state administration being transferred to the Cabinet.
1546:
Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il were described by the preamble to have always worked for the people under their motto of "the people are heaven," and are credited for making North Korea as a unique country in the world for accomplishing the tasks for building a prosperous and independent state. The
1844:
Section 4 describes the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly as the highest institution of state power when the Supreme People's Assembly is in recess. The SC-SPA consists of the Chairman of the Standing Committee, vice-chairmen of the committee and members and has the power to
1704:
Article 55 requires the state to prepare the people for work and national defense through sports. Article 56 provides the people with access to free healthcare to protect their health, while Article 57 provides them with access to hygienic living and working conditions through environmental
1924:. This made the chairman of the National Defense Commission the highest military authority. These provisions allowed for Kim Jong Il to assume the positions of supreme commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 1991 and chairman of the National Defense Commission on 9 April 1993.
1614:
Article 13 states that North Korea will resolve the country's issues by finding solutions from the masses through the revolutionary work system, while Article 14 institutionalizes mass movements such as the Three-Revolution Red Flag movement to push socialist construction in the country.
1402:
organized a 31-member committee to enact a provisional constitution. A draft provisional constitution was presented to the People's Assembly of North Korea in February 1948, and it was decided to submit it to an "all-people discussion" that was held from 11 February until 25 April 1948.
1801:
as the highest institution of state power that exercises legislative power. It consists of deputies elected through universal, equal and direct suffrage through secret ballot for a five-year term. It has the power to amend the constitution, adopt or amend laws, elect or recall the
1690:
Article 52 states that North Korea has a Juche-oriented, revolutionary art and literature that has nationalist form and socialist content that allows for the production of ideological and artistic works and the broad participation of the masses in literary and artistic activities.
1900:
According to Chapter 6, Section 1, Article 97 of the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the constitution can be amended through the approval of more than two-thirds of the total number of deputies in the Supreme People's Assembly.
1734:
Article 60 states that North Korea's defense is based on the line of self-reliant defense, with Article 61 requires the state to establish a revolutionary command system and military climate, strengthen military discipline and maintain military traditions.
1463:
North Korea began drafting the present Socialist Constitution as there was a need to set into law the expanding socialist policies and the political, economic and social changes in the country, which are no longer being reflected in the 1948 constitution.
1943:
being stated to have a leading role in the country's activities. It also removed the foreign policy clause of international cooperation with socialist states and adopted independence, peace and solidarity as the basis for North Korea's foreign policy.
2039:
politics. It enshrined Kim Jong Il as the eternal Chairman of the National Defense Commission and also recognized that his ideas and achievements were also the basis for the constitution which is now known as the Kim Il Sung-Kim Jong Il Constitution.
1362:
The constitution consists of seven chapters and 172 articles and codifies North Korea's basic principles on politics, economy, culture and national defense, the basic rights and duties of the country's citizens, the organization of the
1599:
Article 8 provides a "people-centered" social system for North Korea that turns "workers into masters of everything" and "everything in society serve the workers," and tasks the state to respect and defend the people's human rights.
2026:
The Socialist Constitution was amended for the fifth time at the 5th session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 13 April 2012. The amendment was approved to introduce changes to North Korea's government system following the
3765:
3755:
1659:
Article 33 states that the North Korean economy will be managed by the producer masses under the Cabinet based on the "socialist system of responsible business management" and on economic levers such as cost, price and profit.
1663:
Article 34 states that North Korea has a planned economy which the state shall develop based on socialist principles. Article 35 provides a requirement for a state budget based on North Korea's plans for economic development.
4227:
1504:
The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea consists of a preamble and 172 articles organized into seven chapters as of 11 April 2019. The constitution is considered as unique for combining strong
1852:, and consists of vice-premiers, chairmen, ministers and other required members. It is responsible for implementing state policies, drafting the state plan for national economic development and compiling the state budget.
2212:
2061:
Compulsory education was revised from 10 years to 12 years following the approval of the law on extending North Korea's compulsory education at the 6th session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 25 September 2012.
1621:
Article 17 establishes the principles of independence, peace and friendship as the basis for North Korea's foreign relations, and declares that the country will support foreign struggles for independence and liberation.
1371:
1679:
Article 39 states that North Korea has a socialist culture, which in Article 40 states to be training the people into builders of socialism. Article 41 provides that this socialist culture is popular and revolutionary.
3625:
1811:
776:
1573:
Article 1 states that North Korea, which has an official name of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is an independent socialist state, with Article 2 also stating it as a revolutionary state. Article 3 makes
1358:
at its first session on 27 December 1972, and has been amended and supplemented in 1998, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2019 (twice), and in 2023. It replaced the country's first constitution which was approved in 1948.
2034:
The preamble was revised to include Kim Jong Il, who was credited with defending Kim Il Sung's policies and turned North Korea into a politico-ideological power, a nuclear state and a military power through
697:
660:
2231:
1550:
The preamble states that Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il's ideas and achievements are "lasting treasures of the Korean revolution" and the basic guarantee for North Korea's prosperity, while setting up the
1747:
1859:
Section 8 provides the power of investigation and prosecution to public prosecutors offices under the Central Public Prosecutors Office, and the judicial power to the courts under the Central Court.
3970:
693:
656:
1075:
1063:
607:
1387:
North Korea began to draft its first constitution following the convention of the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly on 12 December 1946 which began to draft an interim constitution for
4292:
770:
2088:
The Socialist Constitution was amended for the eighth and ninth times, respectively, at the 1st and 2nd plenary sessions of the 14th Supreme People's Assembly on 11 April and 29 August 2019.
1668:
joint ventures with foreign corporations and individuals and the creation of businesses in special economic zones. Article 38 establishes a tariff policy to protect the North Korean economy.
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
1547:
preamble also praises both leaders as the "saviors of the nation" who have worked for Korean reunification, and as "veteran world statesmen" for developing North Korea's foreign relations.
4053:
1589:
and the local people's assemblies. Article 6 and 7 states that these representatives are elected by the people based on universal, equal and direct suffrage, and are responsible to them.
1585:
Article 4 gives the sovereignty of the country to the working people consisting of workers, peasants, soldiers and talented personnel who exercise it through their representatives in the
1527:
The preamble describes North Korea, which has the official name of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, as the "socialist state of Juche" that applies the ideas and achievements of
725:
3014:
1471:
591:
3594:
2118:
Provisions on foreign trade were expanded to include the maintenance of foreign trade credibility, the improvement of trade structure and the expansion of foreign trade relations.
1731:, as well as the interests of the working people, the socialist system, the gains of the revolution and the freedom, peace and independence of the country from foreign aggression.
1496:
The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has been amended ten times: in 1992, 1998, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2016, April 2019, August 2019, and 2023.
1485:
The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was adopted at the 1st session of the 5th Supreme People's Assembly on 27 December 1972, the same date that
766:
1618:
Article 15 provides representation for overseas Koreans by North Korea, and Article 16 guarantees that the interests of foreigners within North Korea are guaranteed by the state.
3276:
Green, Christopher K. (2017). "Wrapped in a Fog: On the DPRK Constitution and the Ten Principles". In Cathcart, Adam; Winstanley-Chesters, Robert; Green, Christopher K. (eds.).
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4124:
4119:
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4037:
4032:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3872:
3867:
3862:
1724:
1475:
587:
566:
555:
371:
361:
5355:
4706:
4701:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3750:
1830:
1319:
650:
3521:
3492:
3469:
3452:
3425:
3397:
3760:
1433:
1656:
Article 30 provides for an eight-hour work day for workers which the state will fully utilize, while Article 31 prohibits work for those who are below 16 years old.
1650:
Article 25 states that North Korea shall continually increase the living standards of its people who shall be provided by the state with food, clothing and housing.
4310:
611:
601:
1913:
The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was first amended at the 3rd session of the 9th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 1992.
2003:
The amendment removed any mention of communism in the constitution and recognized North Korea as a socialist state that is also guided by Kim Jong Il's policy of
559:
3118:
2239:
646:
1848:
Section 5 describes the Cabinet as the administrative and executive institutions of state power responsible for overall state management. It is headed by the
1684:
university and college students, social education, conditions for study to all workers and nurseries and kindergartens for preschool children from the state.
5129:
3677:
3554:
1774:
Article 80 provides foreigners fighting for peace, democracy, independence, socialism and freedom of scientific and cultural pursuits with the right to seek
753:
52:
1482:
said in a report during the meeting that there was a need to codify the "socialist revolution and construction" and their achievements in the constitution.
5365:
2130:
1921:
1193:
597:
1761:
Article 76 provides special protection from the state and society to revolutionary fighters, families of revolutionary and patriotic martyrs, families of
1603:
Article 9 provides North Korea with the task to achieve "the complete victory of socialism" in the northern half of Korea and the reunification of Korea.
3567:
1467:
The need for a new constitution had been discussed since the mid-1960s. In the 1970s, the creation of a new constitution was made into an urgent matter.
1175:
1171:
4064:
3981:
3894:
3807:
3587:
2121:
The defense of the Party Central Committee headed by Kim Jong Un was included in the mission of the Korean People's Army and its reserve organizations.
1947:
The amendment hinted at co-existence between North Korea and South Korea by changing its stance of revolutionary unification into peaceful unification.
1653:
Article 26 states that North Korea has an independent national economy in which Article 27 states that science and technology will have a leading role.
4906:
2192:
2080:
The Supreme Court was renamed as the Central Court, while the Supreme Public Prosecutors Office was renamed as the Central Public Prosecutors Office.
1803:
1432:
The 1948 constitution consisted of 10 chapters and 104 articles. It codified the reforms being implemented in North Korea since the establishment the
1265:
1155:
865:
246:
5279:
4952:
2394:
998:
993:
988:
317:
1920:
a separate institution from the Central People's Committee. It also no longer made the President the supreme commander of the armed forces and the
5304:
4836:
2350:
1837:
1807:
1038:
853:
2018:
The amendment renamed the Central Court as the Supreme Court and the Central Public Prosecutors Office as the Supreme Public Prosecutors Office.
582:
3883:
2109:
The Chongsanri spirit and the Chongsanri method were replaced with the revolutionary work method as the principle for North Korea's activities.
5324:
3089:
4997:
3580:
3500:
3285:
3266:
3213:
3187:
1436:
in 1946, such as land reforms, the nationalization of industries and resources, and the provision of various freedoms and rights to Koreans.
1312:
5031:
3796:
3572:
715:
4114:
4109:
4027:
4022:
3944:
3939:
3857:
3852:
3377:"Development of North Korea's legal regime governing foreign business cooperation: A revisit under the new socialist constitution of 1998"
1637:
Article 19 states that North Korea relies on the socialist relations of production and the foundation of an independent national economy.
99:
1970:
The Socialist Constitution was amended for the second time at the 1st session of the 10th Supreme People's Assembly on 5 September 1998.
4957:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
1988:
activities, the recognition of cost, price and profit as basis of economic management, and the establishment of special economic zones.
1608:
1407:
1399:
720:
570:
71:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
829:
2070:
The Socialist Constitution was amended for the seventh time at the 4th session of the 13th Supreme People's Assembly on 29 June 2016.
4891:
2043:
The position of Chairman of the National Defense Commission was replaced with the First Chairman of the National Defense Commission.
2015:
The Socialist Constitution was amended for the fourth time at the 2nd session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2010.
1743:
Chapter 5 of the Socialist Constitution consists of 24 articles that list the rights and duties of citizens(gongmin) in North Korea.
5434:
5429:
5114:
2272:
2051:
The Socialist Constitution was amended for the sixth time at the 7th session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 1 April 2013.
1996:
The Socialist Constitution was amended for the third time at the 1st session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly on 9 April 2009.
1826:, approve the state plan for national economic development, approve the state budget, and ratify or annul treaties presented to it.
1250:
1020:
1015:
1010:
118:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
3486:
3442:
3376:
3241:
1790:
Chapter 6 of the Socialist Constitution consists of 80 articles organized into eight sections that outline the organization of the
1562:, and that the constitution would consist of their ideas and achievements which makes it the Kim Il Sung-Kim Jong Il Constitution.
746:
78:
2149:, the SAC began the process to remove references to reunification from its constitution, effectively recognizing the existence of
2077:
duties now expanded to cover other matters of national concern, making it a de facto successor to the Central People's Committee.
5360:
4980:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
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4340:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
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4195:
4190:
4185:
3342:
1768:
Article 77 provides women with the same social status and rights as men, as well as special protection for mothers and children.
1305:
1148:
5319:
5224:
4721:
3040:
2202:
1932:
1713:
Chapter 4 of the Socialist Constitution consists of four articles that outline the national defense structure of North Korea.
1607:
will "adhere to the class line" and "defend the people's power and the socialist system" from "hostile elements" through the "
1410:
adopted the draft constitution as the Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, which was implemented by the
17:
2058:, which has been designated as a monument to the immortality of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il and a national symbol for Korea.
1829:
Section 2 describes the President of the SAC-DPRK as the supreme leader of the country, as well as the head of state and the
1559:
1260:
1106:
524:
439:
85:
56:
4811:
4806:
2968:
2872:
823:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
2776:
2709:
2515:
2456:
5329:
4851:
4846:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4209:
4204:
1095:
1069:
1055:
859:
3515:
5274:
5239:
5194:
3608:
3604:
3312:
Hazard, John N. (1974). "A Comparativist's View of the 1972 Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea".
2936:
2904:
2840:
2808:
1984:
The amendment expanded the authority of the National Defense Commission to include general control of national defense.
1823:
1798:
1586:
1470:
On 23 October 1972, a committee to draft the Socialist Constitution was organized during the 5th plenary meeting of the
1440:
1411:
1355:
1292:
1183:
1117:
740:
381:
300:
288:
259:
67:
4345:
4335:
2744:
2660:
2623:
2570:
1694:
Article 53 requires the state to provide cultural facilities for the people for their mental and physical improvement.
819:
5424:
5164:
5054:
4934:
4876:
4691:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
2115:
The Taean work system of economic management is replaced with the socialist system of responsible business operation.
1917:
1867:
Chapter 7 of the Socialist Constitution consists of four articles that designate the national symbols of North Korea.
1647:
Article 24 allows for citizens to have private property, which the state shall protect and guarantee its inheritance.
1235:
929:
911:
795:
4751:
4716:
4711:
1570:
Chapter 1 of the Socialist Constitution consists of 18 articles that outline the political structure of North Korea.
4896:
4651:
1676:
Chapter 3 of the Socialist Constitution consists of 18 articles that outline the cultural structure of North Korea.
1634:
Chapter 2 of the Socialist Constitution consists of 19 articles that outline the economic structure of North Korea.
1374:, which some claim have come to supersede the constitution and in practice serve as the supreme law of the country.
805:
5284:
5259:
5174:
5154:
5104:
5074:
5064:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
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4491:
2055:
1940:
1579:
1552:
1198:
549:
3551:
1644:
are owned by the state and social cooperatives, and lists provisions for state and social cooperative properties.
45:
5370:
5249:
5244:
5124:
1791:
1575:
1364:
1245:
1230:
4531:
4526:
4521:
3297:"Multifunctional Juche: A Study of the Changing Dynamic between Juche and the State Constitution in North Korea"
3062:
1539:
policies and turned North Korea into a politico-ideological power, a nuclear state and a military power through
834:
5314:
5264:
5219:
5199:
5189:
5089:
5046:
5024:
4929:
4881:
3736:
3641:
3150:
1240:
1050:
974:
790:
759:
340:
3779:
5289:
5204:
5184:
5069:
5059:
1762:
1720:
472:
5334:
5269:
5234:
5169:
5149:
5139:
5099:
5084:
5079:
4871:
4481:
1849:
1822:, the Prosecutor General of the Central Public Prosecutors Office, the President and Chief Justice of the
1819:
1815:
1449:
1445:
917:
905:
276:
272:
453:
92:
5375:
5294:
5254:
5229:
5209:
5144:
5119:
5109:
5094:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
3546:
2073:
The preamble was revised to enshrine Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il as the eternal leaders of Juche Korea.
1871:
1593:
1188:
799:
4616:
4611:
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4601:
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4586:
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2347:
1936:
2777:"SECTION 2. THE CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE AFFAIRS COMMISSION OF THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA"
5214:
5179:
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2146:
2028:
1974:
1211:
267:
2419:
944:
140:
5344:
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1928:
1875:
1641:
1490:
253:
5399:
810:
3094:
2235:
2197:
2184:
2129:
In September 2023, the SAC unanimously adopted a new amendment to enshrine the country's ongoing
1973:
The amendment was approved to introduce changes to North Korea's government system following the
1286:
1255:
1493:, a similarly autocratic document providing legal endorsement for a pre-existing dictatorship.
1455:
The 1948 constitution was amended five times in April 1954, October 1954, 1955, 1956 and 1962.
1128:
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3473:
3429:
3401:
3329:
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3262:
3228:
3209:
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2268:
1916:
The amendment solidified Kim Jong Il's position as the successor to Kim Il Sung by making the
295:
231:
2295:
2262:
1716:
Article 58 states that North Korea has an all-people and nationwide national defense system.
954:
3363:
3321:
3296:
1422:
216:
3558:
3067:
2354:
1955:
1939:
in the constitution, and constitutionalized the philosophical principle of Juche with the
1775:
1698:
1687:
Articles 50 and 51 emphasizes that North Korea should develop its science and technology.
1337:
1206:
213:
2366:
2000:
affairs. It also designated the military to defend the "headquarters of the revolution".
3506:
3456:
3358:
Kim Yong-soo (1977). "The 1972 Socialist Constitution of the Korean People's Republic".
3718:
3712:
3665:
3653:
3647:
880:
781:
622:
195:
2095:
National defense is no longer emphasized on the role of the State Affairs Commission.
481:
5418:
5393:
3730:
3724:
3700:
3325:
2207:
2134:
1418:
939:
706:
684:
637:
241:
210:
3257:— (2014). "Constitutional Change in North Korea". In Albert H. Y. Chen (ed.).
3659:
1347:
1161:
934:
185:
3063:"North Korea Amends Constitution to Enshrine Permanent Growth of Nuclear Arsenal"
5403:
3706:
3635:
2164:
2150:
1728:
1592:
Article 5 states that government institutions are created and operated based on
1532:
1528:
1510:
1486:
1479:
1388:
1351:
959:
949:
922:
890:
870:
679:
669:
632:
627:
617:
575:
534:
529:
312:
34:
3525:
3433:
3333:
2371:
2170:
2160:
1814:, the members of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, the
205:
3477:
3232:
2978:
2946:
2914:
2882:
2850:
2818:
3367:
2786:
2754:
2719:
2670:
2633:
2580:
2525:
2466:
1889:
1506:
283:
3405:
2133:
into its constitution, citing the program and right as a deterrent against
1555:
as a monument to the leaders' immortality and a national symbol for Korea.
1417:
According to Andrei Lankov, the 1948 constitution was personally edited by
3394:
On the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
3119:"North Korea amends constitution on nuclear policy, cites US provocations"
1444:
recess, as well as to represent the country in its foreign relations. The
1395:
due to the collapse of the US-Soviet Joint Commission on 21 October 1947.
2296:
Wrapped in a Fog: On the North Korean Constitution and the Ten Principles
1429:, with some of its articles being rewritten later by Soviet supervisors.
219:
5009:
2397:[Plenary Meeting of the Party Central Committee – 5th Session].
2232:"N. Korea revises leadership ideology to legitimize rule of Kim Jong-un"
1558:
The preamble concludes by enshrining Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il as the
3694:
3562:
3123:
2973:
2941:
2909:
2877:
2845:
2813:
2781:
2749:
2714:
2665:
2628:
2575:
2520:
2461:
2213:
Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System
1959:
1882:
1372:
Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System
1578:
as the country's guide for its activities, while Article 11 makes the
444:
3688:
3090:"North Korean parliament enshrines nuclear ambitions in constitution"
2036:
2004:
1540:
1426:
514:
407:
3517:
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
3488:
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
3466:
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
3422:
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1812:
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly
1334:
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
401:
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
134:
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1746:
Article 62 states that North Korean citizenship is regulated by a
1515:
1392:
503:
423:
170:
1771:
Article 78 provides state protection for marriages and families.
1448:
was instituted to be the highest executive institution, with its
1391:
and the failure to establish a unified provisional government in
5013:
3576:
3242:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"
3015:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"
3146:"Reunification with South? No, says North Korea's Kim Jong-un"
3041:"Reforming North Korea: Law, Politics, and the Market Economy"
2420:
Documents show Park Chung-hee informed NK of Yushin in advance
28:
18:
Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
3225:
The Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2321:
2145:
After Kim Jong Un unilaterally announced he no longer seeks
2112:
The Cabinet is given a leading role in economic management.
3261:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–117.
3259:
Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century
2841:"SECTION 4. THE PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY"
4953:
Standing Committee of the People's Assembly of North Korea
1856:
administrative and executive institutions of state power.
1697:
Article 54 requires the state to protect and develop the
458:
3381:
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
3206:
Constitutions of the Countries of the World: North Korea
2969:"SECTION 8. THE PUBLIC PROSECUTORS OFFICE AND THE COURT"
2098:
Intellectuals are no longer referred in Korean as 근로인테리
1927:
The amendment's introduction was also a response to the
1425:, the head of the Soviet occupation of North Korea, in
2710:"CHAPTER V. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS"
2153:
as a separate state while declaring it a hostile one.
2299:
1954:
The amendment revised the national emblem to include
1739:
Chapter 5 – Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens
1414:
throughout the Korean peninsula on 8 September 1948.
3117:
Choi, Soo-Hyang; Shin, Hyonhee (27 September 2023).
446:
Joseon Minjujuui Inmin Gonghwaguk Sahoejuui Heonbeop
5343:
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59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1874:, while Article 170 provides descriptions for the
460:Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk Sahoejuŭi Hŏnpŏp
3343:"The 1972 Socialist Constitution of North Korea"
3204:Blaustein, Albert P.; Flanz, Gisbert H. (1991).
1725:Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
1513:tendencies as well as referencing the country's
1476:Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
372:Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
362:Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
3227:. Washington: Library of Congress Law Library.
3278:Change and Continuity in North Korean Politics
5025:
3588:
1434:Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
1313:
8:
1863:Chapter 7 – Emblem, Flag, Anthem and Capital
1341:
429:
413:
156:
4892:Director of the Supreme Procurator's Office
1922:chairman of the National Defense Commission
5032:
5018:
5010:
4477:
4148:
3791:
3621:
3595:
3581:
3573:
2745:"SECTION 1. THE SUPREME PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY"
2302:, June 5, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
2147:peaceful reunification of the entire Korea
1870:Article 169 provides descriptions for the
1320:
1306:
467:
139:
4907:President of the State Affairs Commission
3444:Socialist Constitution of the Democratic
2937:"SECTION 7. THE LOCAL PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE"
2809:"SECTION 3. THE STATE AFFAIRS COMMISSION"
1804:President of the State Affairs Commission
247:President of the State Affairs Commission
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2905:"SECTION 6. THE LOCAL PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY"
2054:The preamble was revised to include the
1452:being designated as head of government.
3341:Kim, Chin; Kearley, Timothy G. (1976).
3280:. New York: Routledge. pp. 23–38.
2264:Kim Jong-il's Leadership of North Korea
2223:
470:
3182:(3rd ed.). Washington: CQ Press.
2618:
2565:
2563:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2430:
2322:"12/27 사회주의헌법절 – ① 북한 헌법의 역사는 어떻게 될까?"
2193:Charter of the Workers' Party of Korea
2102:(or working intellectuals) but as 지식인
1831:commander-in-chief of the armed forces
1582:lead all of the country's activities.
396:
130:
3061:Herskovitz, Jon (27 September 2023).
3048:Stanford Journal of International Law
3034:
3032:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2739:
2737:
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2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
1929:Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe
7:
3761:Standing Committee Secretary-General
3547:PDF booklet of the 2016 Constitution
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1719:Article 59 lists the mission of the
1370:North Korea is also governed by the
1367:and the country's national symbols.
716:Organization and Guidance Department
57:adding citations to reliable sources
721:Propaganda and Agitation Department
3522:Foreign Languages Publishing House
3493:Foreign Languages Publishing House
3470:Foreign Languages Publishing House
3453:Foreign Languages Publishing House
3426:Foreign Languages Publishing House
3398:Foreign Languages Publishing House
1640:Articles 20 to 23 states that the
1609:dictatorship of people's democracy
25:
3756:Presidium Honorary Vice President
3246:Fordham International Law Journal
3208:. New York: Oceana Publications.
3019:Fordham International Law Journal
2238:. August 12, 2013. Archived from
1705:protection efforts by the state.
5398:
5389:
5388:
4993:
4992:
4981:National Assembly of South Korea
4958:People's Assembly of North Korea
3778:
3766:Standing Committee Vice Chairman
3603:
3314:Studies in Comparative Communism
2177:
2163:
1765:soldiers and disabled soldiers.
1439:The constitution instituted the
1408:People's Assembly of North Korea
1400:People's Assembly of North Korea
1280:
480:
33:
3552:Text of the Latest Constitution
3347:Texas International Law Journal
2203:National symbols of North Korea
1933:dissolution of the Soviet Union
44:needs additional citations for
5356:British Indian Ocean Territory
4897:President of the Central Court
2661:"CHAPTER IV. NATIONAL DEFENSE"
1786:Chapter 6 – State Organization
1560:eternal leaders of North Korea
1342:
430:
414:
157:
1:
3568:Text of the 2009 Constitution
3375:Lee, Eric Yong-Joong (2000).
2267:. United Kingdom: Routledge.
1354:. It was approved by the 6th
68:"Constitution of North Korea"
3326:10.1016/0039-3592(74)90025-8
2401:(in Korean). 30 October 2013
1709:Chapter 4 – National Defense
1626:socialist law-abiding life.
4976:Constitution of North Korea
4935:National Defence Commission
4877:Vice Premier of North Korea
3627:Standing Committee Chairman
1918:National Defence Commission
1156:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
694:Central Auditing Commission
657:Central Military Commission
459:
445:
5451:
3448:People's Republic of Korea
3179:Constitutions of the World
3176:Maddex, Robert L. (2012).
2056:Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
1553:Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
820:Central Public Prosecutors
5384:
4989:
3776:
3746:
3610:Supreme People's Assembly
3295:Hale, Chrisopher (2002).
2106:(or talented personnel).
1935:. It removed mentions of
1892:is the national capital.
1799:Supreme People's Assembly
1792:government of North Korea
1754:of the socialist system.
1721:North Korean armed forces
1587:Supreme People's Assembly
1576:Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism
1441:Supreme People's Assembly
1412:Supreme People's Assembly
1356:Supreme People's Assembly
741:Supreme People's Assembly
521:("military-first" policy)
399:
382:Supreme People's Assembly
301:Supreme People's Assembly
260:Supreme People's Assembly
138:
5435:Socialism in North Korea
5430:Constitutions by country
5105:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4930:President of North Korea
3392:Masao Fukushima (1975).
3151:South China Morning Post
3039:Zook, Darren C. (2012).
2873:"SECTION 5. THE CABINET"
1962:as the national anthem.
1888:Article 172 states that
1885:as the national anthem.
1881:Article 171 states that
1838:State Affairs Commission
1836:Section 3 describes the
1808:State Affairs Commission
1797:Section 1 describes the
1039:Administrative divisions
854:State Affairs Commission
5366:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3524:. 2016 . Archived from
3455:. 1998 . Archived from
3368:10.1163/157303577X00219
3360:Review of Socialist Law
3154:. dpa. 31 December 2023
2353:April 17, 2015, at the
2261:Lim, Jae-Cheon (2008).
2141:Proposed 2024 amendment
1941:Workers' Party of Korea
1580:Workers' Party of Korea
1535:on state construction.
1365:North Korean government
726:United Front Department
550:Workers' Party of Korea
473:Politics of North Korea
4872:Premier of North Korea
3751:Assembly Vice Chairman
3223:Cho Sung Yoon (1986).
3013:Yoon, Dae-kyu (2003).
2624:"CHAPTER III. CULTURE"
1459:Socialist Constitution
1398:In November 1947, the
1287:North Korea portal
1172:Diplomatic missions of
5040:Constitutions of Asia
3240:Dae-kyu Yoon (2003).
2571:"CHAPTER II. ECONOMY"
2516:"CHAPTER I. POLITICS"
2294:Green, Christopher. "
1818:, the members of the
1806:, the members of the
1594:democratic centralism
1406:On 10 July 1948, the
877:First Vice President
5280:United Arab Emirates
2949:on 28 September 2020
2917:on 23 September 2020
2853:on 28 September 2020
2821:on 23 September 2020
2757:on 28 September 2020
2583:on 22 September 2019
2029:death of Kim Jong-il
1975:death of Kim Il-Sung
1763:Korean People's Army
1566:Chapter 1 – Politics
1212:Korean reunification
440:Revised Romanization
358:Commissioned by
226:Government structure
53:improve this article
5307:limited recognition
4852:14th (2019–onwards)
4827:14th (2019–onwards)
4753:Procurator's Office
4642:14th (2019–onwards)
4557:14th (2019–onwards)
4463:14th (2019–onwards)
4376:14th (2019–onwards)
4293:14th (2019–onwards)
4210:14th (2019–onwards)
4130:14th (2019–onwards)
4043:14th (2019–onwards)
3960:14th (2019–onwards)
3873:14th (2019–onwards)
3098:. 27 September 2023
2789:on 24 February 2021
2722:on 16 December 2019
2528:on 24 February 2019
2469:on 17 December 2019
2395:"당중앙위원회 전원회의 – 제5기"
1672:Chapter 3 – Culture
1642:means of production
1630:Chapter 2 – Economy
1491:Yushin Constitution
1135:(workers' district)
196:Date effective
5425:Law of North Korea
4220:Standing Committee
4004:6th none (1977–82)
4001:5th none (1972–77)
3557:2021-08-15 at the
2328:. 27 December 2015
2236:Yonhap News Agency
2198:Law of North Korea
2185:North Korea portal
1343:조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법
1251:Illicit activities
767:Standing Committee
415:조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법
159:조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법
5412:
5411:
5349:other territories
5007:
5006:
4916:
4915:
4384:
4383:
4138:
4137:
3774:
3773:
3679:Assembly Chairman
3502:978-9946-0-1099-1
3459:on 26 April 2013.
3287:978-1-134-81104-5
3268:978-1-107-04341-1
3215:978-0-379-00467-0
3189:978-1-4522-6729-6
2885:on 5 January 2020
2007:alongside Juche.
1958:, and recognized
1723:as to defend the
1699:national language
1383:1948 Constitution
1330:
1329:
1266:Security Ministry
1194:Visa requirements
1149:Foreign relations
981:Recent elections
588:Central Committee
567:General Secretary
466:
465:
454:McCune–Reischauer
431:朝鮮民主主義人民共和國社會主義憲法
395:
394:
391:1948 Constitution
353:28 September 2023
313:First legislature
296:Electoral college
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
5442:
5402:
5392:
5391:
5361:Christmas Island
5047:Sovereign states
5034:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4969:
4946:
4923:
4922:Abolished organs
4863:
4839:
4812:11th (2003–2009)
4754:
4694:
4693:National Defence
4654:
4653:Central People's
4627:11th (2003–2009)
4569:
4542:11th (2003–2009)
4484:
4478:
4474:
4448:11th (2003–2009)
4391:
4361:11th (2003–2009)
4304:
4278:11th (2003–2009)
4221:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4115:11th (2003–2009)
4058:
4056:
4028:11th (2003–2009)
3975:
3973:
3945:11th (2003–2009)
3888:
3886:
3858:11th (2003–2009)
3801:
3799:
3792:
3782:
3682:
3680:
3628:
3622:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3510:
3505:. Archived from
3481:
3460:
3437:
3409:
3388:
3371:
3354:
3337:
3308:
3291:
3272:
3253:
3236:
3219:
3193:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3010:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2977:. Archived from
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2945:. Archived from
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2913:. Archived from
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2881:. Archived from
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2849:. Archived from
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2817:. Archived from
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2785:. Archived from
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2753:. Archived from
2741:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2718:. Archived from
2706:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:on 4 August 2020
2669:. Archived from
2657:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2636:on 4 August 2020
2632:. Archived from
2620:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2579:. Archived from
2567:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2524:. Archived from
2512:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2465:. Archived from
2453:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2242:on June 10, 2016
2228:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2167:
1937:Marxism–Leninism
1778:in North Korea.
1423:Terentii Shtykov
1345:
1344:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1101:
1084:
1081:
756:
520:
510:(state ideology)
509:
484:
468:
462:
448:
433:
432:
417:
416:
397:
335:27 December 1972
327:27 December 1972
318:25 December 1972
200:27 December 1972
190:27 December 1972
162:
161:
160:
143:
131:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5380:
5348:
5339:
5320:Northern Cyprus
5306:
5299:
5041:
5038:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4985:
4967:
4962:
4944:
4939:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4886:
4861:
4856:
4837:
4831:
4752:
4746:
4692:
4686:
4652:
4646:
4567:
4561:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4389:
4380:
4302:
4297:
4219:
4214:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4054:
4052:
4047:
3972:Foreign Affairs
3971:
3969:
3964:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3797:
3795:
3783:
3770:
3742:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3626:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3559:Wayback Machine
3543:
3531:
3529:
3514:
3509:on 8 June 2016.
3503:
3485:
3464:
3441:
3420:
3416:
3391:
3374:
3357:
3340:
3311:
3294:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3256:
3239:
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3198:Further reading
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2084:2019 amendments
2068:
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2013:
1994:
1968:
1911:
1898:
1872:national emblem
1865:
1788:
1748:nationality law
1741:
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1472:5th convocation
1461:
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1293:Other countries
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1207:Korean conflict
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1184:Nationality law
1180:
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987:Parliamentary:
977:
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887:Vice President
856:
846:
845:
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733:
732:
552:
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525:Eternal leaders
518:
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324:First executive
180:23 October 1972
158:
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62:
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4854:
4849:
4847:13th (2016–19)
4843:
4841:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4822:13th (2014–19)
4819:
4817:12th (2009–14)
4814:
4809:
4807:10th (1998–03)
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
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4756:
4748:
4747:
4745:
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4742:13th (2014–16)
4739:
4737:11th (2009–14)
4734:
4732:11th (2003–09)
4729:
4727:10th (1998–03)
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
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4674:
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4658:
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4648:
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4637:13th (2014–19)
4634:
4632:12th (2009–14)
4629:
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4609:
4604:
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4473:Elected bodies
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4458:13th (2014–19)
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4453:12th (2009–14)
4450:
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4405:
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4394:
4392:
4386:
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4371:13th (2014–19)
4368:
4366:12th (2009–14)
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4356:10th (1998–03)
4353:
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4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
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4290:
4288:13th (2014–19)
4285:
4283:12th (2009–14)
4280:
4275:
4273:10th (1998–03)
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
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4240:
4235:
4230:
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4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4198:
4196:12th (2009–14)
4193:
4191:11th (2003–09)
4188:
4186:10th (1998–03)
4183:
4178:
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4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4125:13th (2014–19)
4122:
4120:12th (2009–14)
4117:
4112:
4110:10th (1998–03)
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4038:13th (2014–19)
4035:
4033:12th (2009–14)
4030:
4025:
4023:10th (1998–03)
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3955:13th (2014–19)
3952:
3950:12th (2009–14)
3947:
3942:
3940:10th (1998–03)
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3879:
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3876:
3875:
3870:
3868:13th (2014–19)
3865:
3863:12th (2009–14)
3860:
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3853:10th (1998–03)
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3789:
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3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3739:(2023–onwards)
3734:
3728:
3722:
3719:Yang Hyong-sop
3716:
3713:Hwang Jang-yop
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:(2019–onwards)
3666:Choe Ryong-hae
3663:
3657:
3654:Yang Hyong-sop
3651:
3648:Hwang Jang-yop
3645:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3571:
3570:
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3542:
3541:External links
3539:
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3501:
3482:
3461:
3438:
3415:
3414:Original texts
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2981:on 20 May 2019
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2200:
2195:
2189:
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2174:
2158:
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2142:
2139:
2126:
2125:2023 amendment
2123:
2085:
2082:
2067:
2066:2016 amendment
2064:
2048:
2047:2013 amendment
2045:
2023:
2022:2012 amendment
2020:
2012:
2011:2010 amendment
2009:
1993:
1992:2009 amendment
1990:
1967:
1966:1998 amendment
1964:
1910:
1909:1992 amendment
1907:
1897:
1894:
1864:
1861:
1787:
1784:
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1224:Related topics
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1222:
1219:
1218:
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1214:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1179:
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1176:in North Korea
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1113:(neighborhood)
1103:
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1056:Special cities
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945:Kim Song-ryong
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881:Choe Ryong-hae
875:
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839:
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782:Choe Ryong-hae
764:
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739:
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735:
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730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
712:
711:
710:
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691:
690:
689:
688:
687:
682:
676:Vice Chairman
674:
673:
672:
654:
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643:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:Choe Ryong-hae
620:
585:
580:
579:
578:
571:Supreme Leader
553:
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153:Original title
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9:
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3:
2:
5447:
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5405:
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5387:
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5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:South Ossetia
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
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5313:
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5310:
5308:
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5296:
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5158:
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5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
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5128:
5126:
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5118:
5116:
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5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
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5050:
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5044:
5035:
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5028:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5002:
5001:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:State Affairs
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:9th (1990–98)
4800:
4798:
4797:8th (1986–90)
4795:
4793:
4792:7th (1982–86)
4790:
4788:
4787:6th (1977–82)
4785:
4783:
4782:5th (1972–77)
4780:
4778:
4777:4th (1967–72)
4775:
4773:
4772:3rd (1962–67)
4770:
4768:
4767:2nd (1957–62)
4765:
4763:
4762:1st (1948–57)
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:9th (1990–98)
4720:
4718:
4717:8th (1986–90)
4715:
4713:
4712:7th (1982–86)
4710:
4708:
4707:6th (1977–82)
4705:
4703:
4702:5th (1972–77)
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4682:9th (1990–98)
4680:
4678:
4677:8th (1986–90)
4675:
4673:
4672:7th (1982–86)
4670:
4668:
4667:6th (1977–82)
4665:
4663:
4662:5th (1972–77)
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:9th (1990–98)
4615:
4613:
4612:8th (1986–90)
4610:
4608:
4607:7th (1982–86)
4605:
4603:
4602:6th (1977–82)
4600:
4598:
4597:5th (1972–77)
4595:
4593:
4592:4th (1967–72)
4590:
4588:
4587:3rd (1962–67)
4585:
4583:
4582:2nd (1957–62)
4580:
4578:
4577:1st (1948–57)
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:Central Court
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:9th (1990–98)
4530:
4528:
4527:8th (1986–90)
4525:
4523:
4522:7th (1982–86)
4520:
4518:
4517:6th (1977–82)
4515:
4513:
4512:5th (1972–77)
4510:
4508:
4507:4th (1967–72)
4505:
4503:
4502:3rd (1962–67)
4500:
4498:
4497:2nd (1957–62)
4495:
4493:
4492:1st (1948–57)
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:9th (1990–98)
4436:
4434:
4433:8th (1986–90)
4431:
4429:
4428:7th (1982–86)
4426:
4424:
4423:6th (1977–82)
4421:
4419:
4418:5th (1972–77)
4416:
4414:
4413:4th (1967–72)
4411:
4409:
4408:3rd (1962–67)
4406:
4404:
4403:2nd (1957–62)
4401:
4399:
4398:1st (1948–57)
4396:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:9th (1990–98)
4349:
4347:
4346:8th (1986–90)
4344:
4342:
4341:7th (1982–86)
4339:
4337:
4336:6th (1977–82)
4334:
4332:
4331:5th (1972–77)
4329:
4327:
4326:4th (1967–72)
4324:
4322:
4321:3rd (1962–67)
4319:
4317:
4316:2nd (1957–62)
4314:
4312:
4311:1st (1948–57)
4309:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:9th (1990–98)
4266:
4264:
4263:8th (1986–90)
4261:
4259:
4258:7th (1982–86)
4256:
4254:
4253:6th (1977–82)
4251:
4249:
4248:5th (1972–77)
4246:
4244:
4243:4th (1967–72)
4241:
4239:
4238:3rd (1962–67)
4236:
4234:
4233:2nd (1957–62)
4231:
4229:
4228:1st (1948–57)
4226:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:SAC (2016–19)
4203:
4202:NDC (2014–16)
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:9th (1990–98)
4179:
4177:
4176:8th (1986–90)
4174:
4172:
4171:7th (1982–86)
4169:
4167:
4166:6th (1977–82)
4164:
4162:
4161:5th (1972–77)
4159:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:9th (1990–98)
4103:
4101:
4100:8th (1986–90)
4098:
4096:
4095:7th (1982–86)
4093:
4091:
4090:6th (1977–82)
4088:
4086:
4085:5th (1972–77)
4083:
4081:
4080:4th (1967–72)
4078:
4076:
4075:3rd (1962–67)
4073:
4071:
4070:2nd (1957–62)
4068:
4066:
4065:1st (1948–57)
4063:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:9th (1990–98)
4016:
4014:
4013:8th (1986–90)
4011:
4009:
4008:7th (1982–86)
4006:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:4th (1967–72)
3995:
3993:
3992:3rd (1962–67)
3990:
3988:
3987:2nd (1957–62)
3985:
3983:
3982:1st (1948–57)
3980:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:9th (1990–98)
3933:
3931:
3930:8th (1986–90)
3928:
3926:
3925:7th (1982–86)
3923:
3921:
3920:6th (1977–82)
3918:
3916:
3915:5th (1972–77)
3913:
3911:
3910:4th (1967–72)
3908:
3906:
3905:3rd (1962–67)
3903:
3901:
3900:2nd (1957–62)
3898:
3896:
3895:1st (1948–57)
3893:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:9th (1990–98)
3846:
3844:
3843:8th (1986–90)
3841:
3839:
3838:7th (1982–86)
3836:
3834:
3833:6th (1977–82)
3831:
3829:
3828:5th (1972–77)
3826:
3824:
3823:4th (1967–72)
3821:
3819:
3818:3rd (1962–67)
3816:
3814:
3813:2nd (1957–62)
3811:
3809:
3808:1st (1948–57)
3806:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:Pak Thae-song
3729:
3726:
3725:Choe Thae-bok
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:Choe Won-taek
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3642:Choe Yong-gon
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3528:on 2016-10-09
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3491:. Pyongyang:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:. Pyongyang:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:. Pyongyang:
3450:
3449:
3446:[sic]
3445:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:. Pyongyang:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:. Pyongyang:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3307:(3): 283–308.
3306:
3302:
3301:Korea Journal
3298:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
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3226:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2562:
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2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
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2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
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2446:
2444:
2442:
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2432:
2427:
2424:
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2416:
2413:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2274:9780203884720
2270:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Socialist law
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2137:provocation.
2136:
2135:United States
2132:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:kŭllo int'eri
2096:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1876:national flag
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1824:Central Court
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Joseph Stalin
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1335:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
986:
985:
983:
982:
980:
979:
976:
971:
970:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:Jon Hyon-chol
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
907:
902:
901:
892:
889:
888:
886:
882:
879:
878:
876:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
863:
862:
861:
855:
850:
849:
836:
835:Kim Myong-gil
833:
832:
831:
828:
827:
825:
821:
818:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
796:Central Court
794:
793:
792:
789:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
774:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
757:
755:
751:
750:
749:
748:
742:
737:
736:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
708:
707:Kim Jae-ryong
705:
704:
702:
701:
699:
695:
692:
686:
685:Ri Pyong-chol
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
671:
668:
667:
665:
664:
662:
658:
655:
652:
648:
645:
639:
638:Ri Pyong-chol
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
613:
609:
606:
605:
603:
599:
596:
595:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
577:
574:
573:
572:
568:
565:
564:
563:
561:
557:
551:
546:
545:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
523:
517:
516:
512:
506:
505:
501:
500:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
479:
478:
474:
469:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
402:
398:
390:
386:
383:
380:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
314:
310:
305:
302:
299:
297:
293:
290:
289:Central Court
287:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
243:
242:Head of state
239:
235:
233:
229:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
155:
151:
146:
142:
137:
132:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5345:Dependencies
5275:Turkmenistan
5240:Saudi Arabia
5159:
4991:
4975:
4945:Predecessors
3660:Kim Yong-nam
3530:. Retrieved
3526:the original
3516:
3507:the original
3487:
3465:
3457:the original
3447:
3443:
3421:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3320:(1): 73–82.
3317:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3277:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3224:
3205:
3178:
3156:. Retrieved
3149:
3140:
3130:30 September
3128:. Retrieved
3122:
3112:
3102:30 September
3100:. Retrieved
3093:
3084:
3074:30 September
3072:. Retrieved
3066:
3056:
3047:
3022:
3018:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:the original
2972:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2940:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:the original
2908:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:the original
2876:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2844:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:the original
2812:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:the original
2780:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:the original
2748:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:the original
2713:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2664:
2638:. Retrieved
2634:the original
2627:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2574:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2519:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:the original
2460:
2426:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2370:
2367:"한없이 고결한 풍모"
2361:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2325:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2263:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2226:
2144:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1956:Mount Paektu
1953:
1949:
1946:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1887:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1841:directives.
1835:
1828:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1773:
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3362:: 281–296.
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950:Ri Song-hak
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891:Kim Tok-hun
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