Constitution of Ohio - Knowledge (XXG)

587:. The legislature can create additional courts as well. In 1968, voters adopted the "Modern Courts Amendment" which significantly revised this article. The key change was granting the Supreme Court administrative control of the state's judiciary. Before, each judge was largely independent of any oversight. This power extended to creating rules for judicial practice. Section 22 also gives the governor the power to appoint a five-member commission to hear cases appealed to the Supreme Court. The provision has been invoked twice in 1876 and 1883. Legal scholars Steven Steinglass and Gino Scarselli note that "with the creation of this commission, Ohio literally had two supreme courts functioning simultaneously." Decisions of this commission were considered equivalent to Supreme Court decisions and act as binding precedent. 536:. The original 1802 constitution made the legislature the most powerful branch of the state government. It appointed most executive branch officers and judges, and the governor lacked a veto over its decisions. The 1851 constitution eliminated this appointment power, although Ohio governors lacked a veto until 1903. Ohio judges still grant the legislature substantial leniency, however. The state supreme court, for example, considers that "all statutes are presumed constitutional." One unusual provision requires that legislative vacancies be filled by an appointment of the members of the former legislators' political member within the legislature (not an outside body). Ohio is the only state to use this method. 809:, various initiatives were proposed to amend the article. Attempts in 1981, 2005, and 2012 to create a non-partisan commission failed. In 2015, an initiative to create a bipartisan process passed. The amendment expanded the commission to seven members, including appointees of the state's legislative minority leaders. Support from members of both parties was required to pass a plan, though a partisan majority could pass a temporary proposal if no agreement was reached. Partisan gerrymandering is also now explicitly prohibited. 219:. Congress simply recognized the existence of the "state of Ohio" rather than passing a separate resolution declaring Ohio a state as it had done and would do with other new states. On February 19, 1803, President Jefferson signed the bill into law. It provided that Ohio "had become one of the United States of America," and that Federal law "shall have the same force and effect within the said State of Ohio, as elsewhere within the United States." Scholars Stephen H. Steinglass and Gino J. Scarselli suggest that St. Clair's 813:

anti-gerrymandering provisions. The commission then proceeded to adopt five additional plans, which the state supreme court rejected. A federal court finally intervened and ordered the adoption of one of the rejected plans to ensure a plan was in place for elections that fall. In September 2023, the commission finally reached an agreement to implement a bipartisan plan. Despite the agreement, Republicans remained favored in the new plan, and Democrats renewed calls for a fully non-partisan commission.

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required to pass an amendment. Since then, only a majority of those voting on the amendment is required). Second, amendments can be proposed by a constitutional convention. These conventions can be called either by a two-thirds majority of the legislature or by voters in referenda which must be held every twenty years. No such convention has been held since 1912. The other method that can be used to amend the constitution, initiative, is described in Article II.

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classifications for municipalities. In 1902, however, the state supreme court declared this system unconstitutional because the constitution also prohibited the state from granting special powers to corporations (which municipalities were deemed to be). The legislature passed a temporary solution, but city leaders found it inadequate. As a result, the 1912 convention adopted this new article to properly codify the classification system.

668:. The state legislature soon took action to rectify the matter by proposing a ballot initiative to raise sales taxes, which voters overwhelmingly rejected. Voters also approved a constitutional amendment in 1999 to permit the sale of bonds to fund Ohio schools. The supreme court again held the system to be unconstitutional, however. Other attempts to rectify the matter legislatively were rejected, but the court eventually granted a 710: 966:

four members, including two members from each of the two largest political parties. If the commission cannot reach an agreement, the legislature may pass a plan by a simple majority vote. The article also lays out certain requirements for districts, including mandating partisan neutrality and limiting county and municipality splits. The state supreme court has sole jurisdiction over the constitutionality of any plan passed.

25: 780:. Both entities were created by the Northwest Ordinance and retained following statehood. When passed initially in 1851, the article contained little detail beyond granting local governments the authority to tax. In 1933, however, a substantial revision was passed which introduced home rule to the state. Counties must adopt charters, however, before utilizing their home rule authority. 974:

rejected the maps, finding it unconstitutionally favored Republicans. The legislature refused to adopt new maps, sending the process back to the commission. The commission adopted the final set of maps in March 2022. In July, the state supreme court again rejected the maps. However, because congressional primaries had already occurred, the maps will be used for the 2022 election.

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legislature's proposal was intended to ward off a competing proposal by animal rights groups. The legislature's proposal was seen as more friendly to agribusiness than the alternative. Despite this tension, voters overwhelmingly approved the measure. The new article established the thirteen-member board and gave it the power to establish standards for livestock care. The

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laws" to be passed for municipal governments. (Originally, the text read "special laws," but legal scholar Harvey Walker states that delegates found this language "obnoxious"). Additionally, municipalities can adopt home rule charters laying out their powers. The remainder of the article deals primarily with public utilities and other broad instances of municipal power.

342:'s backlog of cases. The proposed document also made these circuits the final arbiter of facts. Waite took a leading role in this specific proposal. It was soundly defeated by the voters in August 1873. A key provision which led to the defeat was another attempt to permit the licensing of liquor sales. Prohibition advocates rallied popular support against the proposal. 493:

document of independent force," however. Ohio courts are free to grant Ohioans greater rights than those afforded under federal law. Additionally, the Ohio Constitution contains several rights not found in the U.S. Constitution. For example, the 1851 constitution outlawed slavery, but slavery remained legal under the U.S. Constitution until the passage of the

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The article creates a two-tiered system of classification. Municipalities with over 5,000 people are deemed cities, while those with less than 5,000 people are considered villages. The legislature still passes a general law to provide for municipal powers, but this article also allows for "additional

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Article XVII lays out general rules for elections. Elections for state and county offices occur in even-numbered years, while those for local offices occur in odd-numbered years. Terms are limited to four years in length (six for judges) but can be shorter. Additionally, the governor has the power to

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Many of the rights found within the state constitution align with the U.S. Constitution. These include the right to assemble (section 3), the right to bear arms (section 4), and protections against cruel and unusual punishment (section 9). The Ohio Supreme Court holds that "the Ohio Constitution is a

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in 2018. It passed with nearly 75% of the vote. The article requires a 3/5 vote of the state legislature to approve any redistricting plan, provided that half of each party votes in favor. If the legislature cannot reach an agreement, a commission creates a plan. This plan must receive approval from

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Article VI details the state's powers regarding education. Ohio has a long history of education being a public service. The initial 1802 constitution prohibited laws to prevent poor children from receiving an education. Federal law at the time also granted the state significant lands to sell for the

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A similar commission, the Ohio Constitution Modernization Commission, was established in 2011. The legislature failed to propose most of its recommendations and terminated it before its intended sunset date of 2020. The main success of the commission came in reforming the process of apportionment in

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This article discusses finance and taxation. The original 1802 constitution gave the legislature nearly unlimited leeway in terms of taxing Ohioans, but the 1851 constitution imposed significant restrictions on that power. The majority of the article deals with specific forms of taxation, including

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Article III details the state's executive branch, including the governor and other statewide officers. Initially, the governor lacked substantial power, and Ohioans were slow to expand the power of that office. It was not until 1903, for example, that governors gained a veto power. The article also

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On September 3, 1912, despite strong conservative opposition, voters adopted 34 of the 42 proposed amendments. It was so sweeping a change to the 1851 Constitution that most legal scholars consider it to have become a new "1912 Constitution." Among the eight losing proposed amendments were female

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that year. The legislature failed to create a plan, forcing the redistricting commission to take charge. The commission also failed to reach an agreement, turning the job back to the legislature. Eventually, the legislature passed a new map by simple majority vote. However, the state supreme court

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to the state's municipalities. The original 1851 constitution gave the legislature to enact general laws for the establishment of municipalities. Over time, however, the need to differentiate between municipalities arose based on population. The legislature thus enacted laws that created different

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Two key issues debated at the convention were African American suffrage and prohibition of alcohol. Delegates rejected proposals to allow Black suffrage in the state. They did not decide on prohibition, however. Instead, a second question asked Ohio voters if they wished to permit the licensing of

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This article discusses the apportionment of the Ohio Legislature. (Apportionment for congressional districts are discussed by Article XIX). Unlike in most states, where legislatures control the redistricting process, Ohio has a long history of using a commission to apportion the state legislative

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Unusually, the constitution once prohibited the Supreme Court from striking down laws as unconstitutional unless six out of the seven justices agreed. The justices could also uphold an appellate court's ruling that a law was unconstitutional. This created the unusual situation that a law could be

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Article V outlines the state's electoral system, including voting rights and term limits. Section 1 establishes the requirements to vote in the state, including requiring voters to register at least thirty days before an election and mandating the removal of inactive voters after four years. The

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In 1969, the General Assembly established the Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission. This commission made a number of recommendations to the General Assembly regarding amendments to the constitution. The legislature ended up submitting sixty amendments to the people, many of which were passed.

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This process was first implemented during the 2021-22 redistricting cycle. The commission failed to reach a bipartisan agreement, so a 5-2 Republican majority implemented a temporary plan. In January 2022, however, the Ohio Supreme Court rejected the plan, finding that it violated the article's

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This article lays out the two original ways that the constitution can be amended. First, the state legislature can propose amendments by a three-fifths vote. Voters then either approve or reject the proposed amendment. (Before 1912, a majority of voters who voted in the election as a whole was

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Article XVI also lays out general rules for amendments. Specifically, it requires that ballot language be approved by a five member board consisting of the Secretary of State and four others. (The four other members are appointed by the state's legislative leaders to ensure partisan balance).

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supported the measure, which permitted the establishment of four casinos in the state, citing the potential for economic growth. Several groups opposed the measure, including religious conservatives and horse racetrack owners, who feared competition for horse racing and charitable bingoes.

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Article XIII was adopted in 1851 largely as a response to a series of entanglements between the state government and corporations in the early nineteenth century. The article institutes general regulations for corporations and prohibits the legislature from granting special powers such as

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In 2009, the legislature proposed to create the Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board and decided to include it under Article XIV in the constitution. Proponents of the measure argued that the board would ensure Ohio livestock were properly cared for. Journalist Jim Provance noted that the

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This article obligates the state government to support institutions to treat those with mental illness, blindness, or deafness. It has never been amended, and efforts to do so have repeatedly failed to pass the legislature. The state continues to operate these facilities, viz. the

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advocates successfully lobbied the convention delegates to recognize education as a right of every child, and every draft of the constitution included such a requirement, which is still present in section 2. Even so, the Ohio Supreme Court has suggested the education is in fact,

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Since 1912, this article has been frequently amended. One notable amendment in 1918 gave voters the power to review legislative ratification of amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court, however, found this provision unconstitutional two years later in

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Much of Ohio's bill of rights has been in place since the passage of the Northwest Ordinance. The writers of the 1802 constitution borrowed heavily from this document, and those of the 1851 constitution made few changes. Voters approved only nine amendments since then.

361:. The delegates were generally progressive in their outlook, and noted Ohio historian George W. Knepper wrote, "It was perhaps the ablest group ever assembled in Ohio to consider state affairs." Several national leaders addressed the convention, including President 555:

contains little information on the power of other constitutional officers. The powers of officials such as the attorney general is usually construed based on "common law" interpretations thereof. Most of the article deals with the powers and duties of the governor.

647:. Section 3 gives the state ultimate responsibility over public schools, though it also allows the creation of local school districts by referendum. This provision was added in 1912 in order to prevent local governments from refusing to establish public schools. 457:

The original 1851 constitution had 16 articles and 169 sections. The present document has 19 articles and 225 sections. There have been 170 amendments made. Most amendments occurred after 1912, when the requirements for passing amendments loosened.

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Recalling how the 1873 convention's work had all been for naught, the 1912 convention drafted and submitted to the voters a series of amendments to the 1851 Constitution. The amendments expanded the state's bill of rights, provided for voter-led

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as other influences. Provisions in the constitution included a ban on slavery but also included a prohibition on African American suffrage. The constitution provided for amendment only by convention. An attempt in 1819 was rejected by voters.

282:, and partisan squabbling greatly reduced the ability of state government to do its work. The legislature widely came to be perceived as corrupt, subsidizing private companies and granting special privileges in corporate charters. State 2121:

Tobias, Andrew J; Pelzer, Jeremy (January 15, 2022). "Ohio Supreme Court again draws the line on gerrymandering The court rejects congressional maps two days after tossing legislative ones; it orders lawmakers to come up with a new one".

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A major portion of the article deals with gambling laws. The original 1851 document prohibited lotteries in the state. Over time, rules have been relaxed. In the early twentieth century, both horse racing and bingo became

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on June 17, 1851, taking effect on September 1 of that year. This is the same constitution under which the state of Ohio operates. The later "constitutions" were viewed as such, but in reality were large-scale revisions.

546:. More generally, article II also grants voters powers of initiative and referenda. This power extends to the creation of new counties, but no new county has been created since the constitution was ratified in 1851. 437:. Voters also rejected a proposal to strike the word "white" from the 1851 Constitution's definition of voter eligibility. Although black people could vote in all State and Federal elections in Ohio due to the 614:. Section 6 prohibits "idiot" and "insane person" from voting. Attempts to remove this provision have failed, although Ohio statutes require a judicial examination of an individual before ineligibility occurs. 277:

In the early decades of statehood, it became clear that the General Assembly was disproportionately powerful as compared to the executive and judicial branches. Much of state business was conducted through

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districts. This commission was implemented by the original 1851 Constitution and consisted of the governor, the state auditor, and the secretary of state. Between 1903 and the Supreme Court's decision in

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While the preamble does not enact any positive laws, the Ohio Supreme Court has established that it creates a presumption that the legislature enacts law to promote Ohioans' "general welfare."

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Article XV contains several miscellaneous provisions. These provisions include naming Columbus as the state capital and mandating the regular publication of the state's financial accounts.

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benefit of schools. The funds from these antebellum land sales are still held in trust for the state's schools. The 1851 constitution required the establishment of a public school system.

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Section 8 previously imposed term limits on federal representatives and senators. In 1995, this section was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in

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is the custodian of amendments to the Ohio constitution (see Art. XVI, § 1 and O.R.C. § 3501.05 and § 111.08), and maintains an online copy of the current, complete constitution here:

494: 438: 156:, establishing a territorial government and providing that "here shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five states." The Ordinance prohibited 2157: 760:

under the command of the governor. Section 1 states that all Ohioans between the ages of 17 and 67 are eligible to be called upon to serve. In practice, however, the organized

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We, the people of the State of Ohio, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, to secure its blessings and promote our general welfare, do establish this Constitution

748:. Thirty amendments to the constitution have been passed by voters, with twenty-five dealing solely with giving the state government more authority to borrow money. 507: 900:

One final amendment came in 2009 with the legalization of casino gambling. Several prior attempts at legalizing gambling had failed. Major gambling companies like

857:. It created a three-person commission to devise a code of civil procedure for the state. The commission met in 1852 and crafted such a code based on New York's 829:(which are prohibited by section 1), property taxes, and sales taxes. Two sections also deal with the payment of debts by both the state and local governments. 197: 497:

in 1865. Additionally, in 2011, voters passed an amendment prohibiting residents from being required to purchase health insurance. This amendment targeted the

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The Ohio territory's population grew steadily in the 1790s and early 19th century. Congress passed an enabling bill to establish a new state, which President

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Blackmore II, Josiah H. (2004). "Not From Zeus's Head Full-Blown: The Story of Civil Procedure in Ohio". In Benedict, Michael Les; Winkler, John F. (eds.).

441:, the text of the State Constitution was not changed until 1923. Urban voters propelled most the amendments to passage. Rural voters rejected most of them. 2314: 1131: 921:

Additionally, the state supreme court has original jurisdiction over disputes over the approved language. Both of these elements were added in 1974.

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except for capital offenses. Ohio courts have noted that the Northwest Ordinance "was ever considered as the fundamental law of the territory."

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Johnson, Alan (November 4, 2009). "Livestock-care board, help for veterans sail through - Statewide issues pass by overwhelming margins".

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Several provisions of the article also deal with funding for education. Section 5, for example, permits the state government to provide

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legalize bingo. (The legislature had already decriminalized bingo in 1943). Similarly, in 1973, the article was amended to create the

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Bischoff, Laura A. (February 10, 2022). "Redistricting must go back to the commission - Lawmakers can't come up with enough votes".

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Ravenscraft, Patricia; Reilly, Elizabeth. "Perspectives on Ohio Bingo Regulation: An Historical Analysis and Proposals for Change".

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for higher education, though it does not do so in practice. Section 6, meanwhile, creates a tuition credit system similar to a

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had ruled heavy-handedly, the constitution provided for a "weak" governor and judiciary, and vested virtually all power in a

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in 1964, the constitution mandated that state legislative districts be based on county lines. This practice continued as a

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alcohol sales, who rejected the proposition. This did not constitute a complete prohibition on alcohol, however.

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Delliger, Walter (December 1983). "The Legitimacy of Constitutional Change: Rethinking the Amendment Process".

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Milligan, William W.; Pohlman, James E. (1968). "The 1968 Modern Courts Amendment to the Ohio Constitution".

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held unconstitutional in one appellate district but not others. The 1968 amendment repealed this provision.

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in appropriation bills. Other amendments empowered the legislature to fix the hours of labor, establish a

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Beech, Patricia (November 5, 2015). "Issue 1 approved by Ohio voters - Voters Reject Political Monopoly".

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Hancock, Aimee; Gaines, Jim (November 20, 2021). "DeWine signs bill establishing new congressional map".

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Recommendations for Amendments to the Ohio Constitution - Final Report: Index to Proceedings and Research

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for the governor which could be overridden by a three-fifths vote of each house, establishment of state

216: 2296: 338:, and restrictions on municipal debt. Delegates proposed the creation of circuit courts to relieve the 2287:

Cleveland-Marshall College of Law Professor Steven Steinglass and Law Librarian Sue Altmeyer maintain

1268:"Ohio voters enshrine abortion access in constitution in latest statewide win for reproductive rights" 520: 2633: 2566: 2421: 2089: 1421:

Miller II, Clinton J.; Miller, Terry M. (1976). "Constitutional Charter of Ohio's Attorney General".

690: 410: 253: 658:. On a broader note, in 1997, the state supreme court ruled against the state's traditional use of 2291:. The site has links to historical versions of the Constitution and Constitutional Conventions; a 2072:

Amiri, Farnoush (September 30, 2021). "Ohio lawmakers set to miss another redistricting deadline".

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affiliation played a key role in the hasty passage, given that most Ohioans sided with Jefferson's

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Welsh-Huggins, Andrew (May 27, 2022). "Judges impose voided Statehouse map, set Aug. 2 primary".

901: 370: 326:, proposed a new constitution that would have provided for annual sessions of the legislature, a 161: 563: 311: 2689: 2224: 2190: 2162: 2141: 2106: 1967: 1838:

Provance, Jim (June 24, 2009). "Ohio lawmakers rush ballot issue to regulate livestock care".

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Article IV describes the state's judicial system. The constitution creates three tiers—the

2281: 2256: 2158:"Ohio Republicans pass a new congressional map. Will it pass Ohio Supreme Court scrutiny?" 1640:

Obhof, Larry J. (2005). "DeRolph v. State and Ohio's Long Road to an Adequate Education".

1135: 854: 525: 354: 2220: 2186:"Redistricting: Ohio Supreme Court rejects congressional map used in May, orders new one" 1199: 449:

Ohio, which eventually led to the establishment of the state's redistricting commission.

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Fortney, Eric (November 4, 2009). "Issue 3 passes with 53 percent of the vote in Ohio".

1294:"Ohio voters approved reproductive rights. Will the state's near-ban on abortion stand?" 772:

This article lays out the structure of local government in the state, which is based on

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Litigation continues as to the constitutionality of an existing statutory ban, however.

1513: 842: 806: 542: 426: 402: 2306: 1219:. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. 709: 2663: 1485:. New York: The American Historical Society. pp. 222–223 – via HeinOnline. 1112: 651: 633: 434: 398: 386: 382: 331: 279: 239: 166: 2087:

Borchardt, Jackie (October 29, 2021). "Ohio Redistricting Commission punts on map".

2037:"Ohio votes to reform congressional redistricting; Issue 1 could end gerrymandering" 894: 745: 600:

latter requirement was added in 1977. In 2014, it was challenged for violating the

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Principles, institutions and law of political governance in the U.S. state of Ohio

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also exploded between 1825 and 1840. A new constitution, greatly redressing the

983: 834: 741: 430: 249:, on March 1, 1803. This has come to be considered the date of Ohio statehood. 231: 212: 24: 2250:

https://www.sos.state.oh.us/globalassets/publications/election/constitution.pdf

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in 1850-51, as directed by the voters, and subsequently adopted in a statewide

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O'Brien, Molly; Woodrum, Amanda (2004). "The Constitutional Common School".

414: 209: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1316: 1314: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1007:, 121 Ohio Misc. 2d 99, 103 (Cleveland Muni. Ct. 2002). 641:, a right guaranteed to Ohioans by the state's constitution in the case of 926: 826: 818: 740:

The longest and most frequently amended article, Article VIII deals with

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resolution that confirmed Ohio's status as a state retroactive to 1803).

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Article XIX first took effect in January 2021 and governed the state's

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In the original 1851 constitution, Article XIV dealt with the rules of

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allowed, though it was not until 1975 that an amendment was passed to

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use this as an argument that Ohio was not a state until 1953. But see

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amendment was proposed for Ohio cities with populations over 5,000.

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Walker, Harvey (1948). "Municipal Government in Ohio before 1912".

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Nash, James (April 14, 2009). "Casino backers can start petition".

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The current state constitution contains the following articles:

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920 F. Supp. 623 n.1 (E.D. Pa. 1995) (discussing the 1953 joint

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system, and address a number of other progressive measures. A

2295:, with ballot or amendment language, where available; current 704: 18: 1063:. Internal Revenue Service. November 30, 2006. Archived from 245:

The first General Assembly first met in Chillicothe, the new

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Article II lays out the power of Ohio's legislature, the

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was the primary author of the document. He used the 1796

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In 1903, an amendment granted the governor veto powers.

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Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission (May 1, 1977).

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Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services

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A constitutional convention in 1873, chaired by future

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Ohio was created from the easternmost portion of the

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The original constitution documents are held by the

1925:. August 23, 2009. pp. 4G – via NewsBank. 1099:. Columbus: Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission. 2619: 2605: 2344: 2022: 1981: 1955: 1874: 1800: 1785: 1773: 1705: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1654: 1560: 1500: 1444: 1408: 1320: 1181: 1150: 1047: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2211:Steinglass, Steven H.; Scarselli, Gino J. (2022). 1642:Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal 1582:. Columbus: Ohio Auditor of State. pp. 58–59. 1111: 129:, which in 1803 became the 17th state to join the 1842:. Toledo, Ohio. pp. A3 – via NewsBank. 849:Article XIV - Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board 802:rule during the late twentieth century, however. 357:, pent-up demand for reform led to convening the 125:is the basic governing document of the State of 2297:Ohio Supreme Court decisions and upcoming cases 1018:The Heirs of Israel Ludlow v. C. and J. Johnson 933:appoint certain officials in cases of vacancy. 905:Ultimately, the amendment was narrowly passed. 505:to guarantee access to abortion in the wake of 468: 2289:The Ohio Constitution Law and History Web Site 571:in Columbus, home of the Supreme Court of Ohio 2322: 865:practice. This article was repealed in 1953. 768:Article X - County and Township Organizations 8: 1748:Hendrickson, Samantha (September 27, 2023). 508:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 196:signed into law on April 30, 1802. A state 1483:A History of the Courts and Lawyers of Ohio 1114:Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character 701:Article VIII - Public Debt and Public Works 2329: 2315: 2307: 2299:pertaining to the Ohio Constitution and a 1395:Article II, Section 1a, 1b, and 1c of the 1994: 1992: 1990: 1591: 1589: 1356:National Conference of State Legislatures 957:Article XIX - Congressional Redistricting 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2685:State constitutions of the United States 1635: 1633: 1631: 805:Following several instances of partisan 401:protections, and granted the governor a 2269:(O.R.C. § 111.08). The OHS has online 995: 944:This article was added in 1912 to give 334:, eligibility of women for election to 2293:Table of Proposed Amendments and Votes 1817:. Ohio University Press. p. 447. 1722:. West Union, OH – via NewsBank. 1266:Smyth, Julie Carr (November 7, 2023). 1457: 1455: 1453: 359:Ohio Constitutional Convention (1912) 188:Ohio Constitutional Convention (1802) 7: 1470:(4): 811–848 – via HeinOnline. 1240:Marshall, Aaron (November 9, 2011). 1085: 1083: 1081: 569:Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center 385:; and Ohio's own reform-minded Gov. 373:; three-time presidential candidate 47:adding citations to reliable sources 2338:State constitutions (United States) 1910:. pp. 1B – via NewsBank. 1857:. pp. 1A – via NewsBank. 1644:(1): 83–150 – via HeinOnline. 1604:(3 & 4) – via HeinOnline. 756:Article IX establishes the state's 365:, an Ohioan; former president (and 2221:10.1093/oso/9780197619728.001.0001 2145:. p. A1 – via NewsBank. 2093:. p. B1 – via NewsBank. 1292:Smyth, Julie Carr (May 19, 2024). 1129:Amendments submitted to the voters 1118:. New York: Macmillan. p. 88. 620:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 606:Supreme Court of the United States 321:Chief Justice of the United States 14: 2215:(2nd ed.). Oxford Academic. 2184:Balmert, Jessie (July 14, 2022). 2156:Balmert, Jessie (March 1, 2022). 2128:. p. 1 – via NewsBank. 2007:(1): 1–17 – via HeinOnline. 676:Article VII - Public Institutions 662:to fund education in the case of 123:Constitution of the State of Ohio 1895:(4): 656 – via HeinOnline. 1481:Marshall, Carrington T. (1934). 1429:(4): 803 – via HeinOnline. 1385:(2): 404 – via HeinOnline. 1217:The Republic for Which It Stands 873:is responsible for enforcement. 708: 152:of the United States passed the 23: 2303:of relevant books and articles. 2023:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1982:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1956:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1875:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1801:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1786:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1774:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1706:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1691:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1679:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1667:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1655:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1561:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1501:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1445:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1409:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1352:"Filling Legislative Vacancies" 1321:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1182:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1151:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1048:Steinglass & Scarselli 2022 1004:State v. Bob Manashian Printing 764:serves as the state's militia. 683:Ohio State School for the Blind 602:National Voter Registration Act 581:Ohio District Courts of Appeals 34:needs additional citations for 871:Ohio Department of Agriculture 595:Article V - Elective Franchise 307:1873 Constitutional Convention 1: 528:, where the legislature meets 200:was held in November 1802 in 150:Congress of the Confederation 1617:Board of Education v. Walter 1576:The Official Ohio Lands Book 1141:see page 6, November 6, 1923 644:Board of Education v. Walter 611:Husted v. Randolph Institute 429:, the regulation of outdoor 315:Chief Justice Morrison Waite 2213:The Ohio State Constitution 2062:Ohio Constitution, art. XIX 2035:Exner, Rich (May 9, 2018). 1573:Knepper, George W. (2002). 1399: (1851 (amended 1912)) 1339:113 Ohio St. 3d 148 1202:, 42 (August 11, 1993). 1195:Arnold v. City of Cleveland 961:Article XIX was added by a 585:Ohio Courts of Common Pleas 475:Ohio Constitution, Preamble 290:of power, was drafted by a 2706: 1623:58 Ohio St. 2d 368 1598:Cleveland State Law Review 1110:Magrath, C. Peter (1963). 877:Article XV - Miscellaneous 817:Article XII - Finance and 672:to halt the case in 2003. 608:upheld the requirement in 484:Article I - Bill of Rights 260:as a model, with those of 185: 2280:also maintains an online 1200:67 Ohio St. 3d 35 395:initiative and referendum 258:constitution of Tennessee 198:constitutional convention 2639:Northern Mariana Islands 2265:, as mandated by Ohio's 687:Ohio School for the Deaf 516:Article II - Legislative 381:'s progressive governor 236:Bowman v. United States, 174:, and the right to make 131:United States of America 2273:of the originals' text. 2263:Ohio Historical Society 2201:– via Yahoo News. 1815:The History of Ohio Law 1139:Ohio Secretary of State 550:Article III - Executive 2125:Cleveland Plain-Dealer 2042:Cleveland Plain-Dealer 2001:Ohio State Law Journal 1464:Ohio State Law Journal 1423:Ohio State Law Journal 939:Municipal Corporations 845:to private companies. 627:Article VI - Education 572: 529: 478: 375:William Jennings Bryan 316: 133:. Ohio has had three 58:"Constitution of Ohio" 2675:Legal history of Ohio 2110:– via NewsBank. 2076:– via NewsBank. 1940:– via NewsBank. 1923:The Columbus Dispatch 1908:The Columbus Dispatch 1855:The Columbus Dispatch 1827:– via ProQuest. 1737:– via NewsBank. 691:psychiatric hospitals 577:Supreme Court of Ohio 566: 559:Article IV - Judicial 523: 433:and abolition of the 314: 2670:Constitution of Ohio 2284:of the constitution. 2090:Akron Beacon Journal 1397:Constitution of Ohio 752:Article IX - Militia 453:Current constitution 411:workers compensation 254:Charles Willing Byrd 43:improve this article 2649:U.S. Virgin Islands 1358:. February 16, 2023 1067:on October 18, 2007 971:redistricting cycle 762:Ohio National Guard 670:writ of prohibition 499:Affordable Care Act 439:Fifteenth Amendment 363:William Howard Taft 288:checks and balances 154:Northwest Ordinance 146:Northwest Territory 2680:Government of Ohio 2255:2019-01-29 at the 2246:Secretary of State 1379:Harvard Law Review 1134:2012-01-31 at the 902:Penn Entertainment 720:. You can help by 573: 530: 371:Theodore Roosevelt 340:Ohio Supreme Court 317: 162:freedom of worship 2657: 2656: 2191:Columbus Dispatch 2163:Columbus Dispatch 2142:Columbus Dispatch 2107:Dayton Daily News 1720:People's Defender 1516:(June 11, 2018). 1341:, 150 (2007). 738: 737: 349:1912 Constitution 324:Morrison R. Waite 273:1851 Constitution 202:Chillicothe, Ohio 182:1802 Constitution 160:and provided for 119: 118: 111: 93: 2697: 2613:Washington, D.C. 2607:Federal district 2331: 2324: 2317: 2308: 2267:General Assembly 2234: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2009: 2008: 1996: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1942: 1941: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1889:Akron Law Review 1884: 1878: 1872: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1754:Associated Press 1745: 1739: 1738: 1735:Associated Press 1730: 1724: 1723: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1626: 1620: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1547: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1459: 1448: 1442: 1431: 1430: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1298:Associated Press 1289: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1272:Associated Press 1263: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1246:The Plain Dealer 1237: 1231: 1230: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1168: 1166: 1164:Palmer v. 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Bozcar 1332: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1153:, Introduction. 1149: 1145: 1136:Wayback Machine 1127: 1123: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1089: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1050:, introduction. 1046: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1002: 1001: 997: 992: 980: 959: 942: 930: 925:Article XVII - 914: 879: 855:civil procedure 851: 838: 833:Article XIII - 822: 789: 770: 754: 734: 728: 725: 718:needs expansion 703: 678: 629: 597: 561: 552: 526:Ohio Statehouse 518: 486: 477: 474: 467: 455: 427:voting machines 355:Progressive Era 351: 309: 275: 215:, known as the 190: 184: 164:, the right of 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2629:American Samoa 2625: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2547:South Carolina 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2512:North Carolina 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2285: 2274: 2259: 2240: 2239:External links 2237: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2205: 2204: 2176: 2148: 2131: 2113: 2096: 2079: 2064: 2055: 2027: 2010: 1986: 1974: 1971: §3505.061 1968:Ohio Rev. 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